spore: profile
id: stainless-410
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-martensitic
name: Stainless steel 410
abbreviation: 410 (UNS S41000)
role: structural alloy
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  Type 410 is the basic hardenable martensitic stainless steel, with about 12 percent chromium and 0.08 to 0.15 percent carbon (Rolled Alloys). It is magnetic, and its strength depends on heat treatment. Annealed it is soft and easy to form. Hardened from 1010 C and tempered at 260 C it reaches 1331 MPa tensile strength in AMS 5504 typical data, against about 450 to 510 MPa annealed (UPMET typical range). Rolled Alloys says heat treated 410 has mechanical properties comparable to AISI 4130 alloy steel, with good corrosion resistance.
best_for: Hardened and tempered valve, shaft and fastener parts that need strength and a magnetic response
weakest_at: Chloride, marine and strong-acid service, and toughness after tempering at 482 to 538 C
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, 11.5 to 13.5 Cr, 0.08 to 0.15 C, max 1.0 Mn, max 1.0 Si, max 0.75 Ni, max 0.04 P, max 0.03 S (wt%, ASTM A240 limits as printed by Rolled Alloys)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S41000
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4006'
    - system: EN name
      code: X12Cr13
    - system: JIS
      code: SUS410
    - system: ASTM
      code: A276 Type 410
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
    - system: AISI
      code: '410'
    - system: AMS
      code: '5504'
  source: rolled-410
  where: Chemistry and Specifications tables (Rolled Alloys); X12Cr13 printed by Alloys International, JIS SUS410 and ASTM A276 Type 410 printed by Saky Steel
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
    - mechanisms
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.73
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20 C column, printed as 7.73 g/cm3
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Density row, At 20 C column)
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.75
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
    method: Properties table, printed as 7.75 g/cm3 for the EN 10088-3 bar
    status: ground
    source: aalco-14006
    where: Properties table (Density row)
    note: Aalco prints no test temperature; distributor datasheet.
  - benchmark: melting_point
    value: 1482
    value_high: 1532
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: melting range as printed, 2700 to 2790 F
    method: Physical properties table, range printed as 2700-2790 F (1482-1532 C)
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Melting Range row)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20 C column, printed as 200 GPa
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Modulus of Elasticity row)
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    value: 0.28
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 0.280
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Poisson Ratio row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 9.9
    unit: µm/m-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 100 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 9.9 µm/m-°C (0-100 °C)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Coefficient of Expansion row)
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 11.6
    unit: 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 600 C
    method: Mean coefficient table, printed as 11.6 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C for 20 to 600 C
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table (20-600 C row)
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 24.9
    unit: W/m-K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 100 C
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 24.9 W/m-K at 100 C
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Thermal Conductivity row)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 0.46
    unit: kJ/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 100 C (32 to 212 F)
    method: Ulbrich table, printed as 0.11 (0.46) BTU/lb/F (kJ/kg K) for 32 to 212 F
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-410
    where: Physical properties table (Specific Heat row)
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 480
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C
    method: Thermal properties table, printed as 480 J/(kg K) at 20 C
    status: ground
    source: idealtek-410
    where: Thermal properties table (Specific heat capacity row)
    note: Average laboratory values; this sheet's thermal conductivity and resistivity conflict with other sources, so they are not used.
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 57
    unit: µohm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C (At 20 C column)
    method: Physical properties table, At 20 C column, printed as 57 µohm-cm
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Physical Properties table (Electrical Resistivity row)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 0.57
    unit: 10-6 ohm.m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
    method: Properties table, printed as 0.57 x10^-6 ohm.m
    status: ground
    source: aalco-14006
    where: Properties table (Electrical Resistivity row)
    note: Aalco prints no test temperature.
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    value: 649
    unit: °C
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: upper service limit where resistance to scaling and oxidation is required, printed as 1200 F (649 C)
    method: Product description paragraph, printed as 1200 F (649 C)
    status: ground
    source: carpenter-410
    where: Product description paragraph
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 205
    value_high: 290
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: typical range, printed as 30 (205) to 42 (290) ksi (MPa)
    method: Typical Annealed Properties table, 0.2 percent offset yield column
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Typical Annealed Properties (Yield Strength column)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 450
    value_high: 510
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: typical range, printed as 65 (450) to 74 (510) ksi (MPa)
    method: Typical Annealed Properties table, tensile strength column
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Typical Annealed Properties (Tensile Strength column)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 20
    value_high: 34
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      gauge: 2 in (51 mm)
      basis: typical range
    method: Typical Annealed Properties table, elongation column
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Typical Annealed Properties (Elongation column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 30
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: minimum, ASTM A240 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A240 column, 0.2 percent offset yield printed as 30 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A240, 0.2% Yield Strength row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 65
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: minimum, ASTM A240 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A240 column, printed as 65 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A240, Ultimate Tensile Strength row)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 20
    unit: '%'
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: minimum, ASTM A240 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A240 column, printed as 20 percent
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A240, Elongation row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 40
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: minimum, ASTM A276 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A276 column, 0.2 percent offset yield printed as 40 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A276, 0.2% Yield Strength row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 70
    unit: ksi
    bound: lower
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: minimum, ASTM A276 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A276 column, printed as 70 ksi
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A276, Ultimate Tensile Strength row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 276
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical mechanical properties table, Annealed row, printed as 45 ksi (276 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, 0.2% Offset Yield Strength)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 448
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical mechanical properties table, Annealed row, printed as 70 ksi (448 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, Ultimate Tensile Strength)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 25
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      gauge: 2 in (50.8 mm)
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240
    method: Typical mechanical properties table, Annealed row, printed as 25%
    status: ground
    source: combmet-410
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (Annealed row, Elongation)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 217
    unit: HB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: maximum, ASTM A240 column
    method: Mechanical properties table, A240 column, Hardness MAX Brinell row
    status: ground
    source: rolled-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table (Specification A240, Hardness MAX Brinell row)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 88
    unit: HRB
    bound: upper
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: maximum, printed as Rb 88 max
    method: Mechanical properties list for annealed wire, Hardness row
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-410
    where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature (Properties Annealed, Hardness row)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 82
    value_high: 96
    bound: range
    unit: HRB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: A (annealed)
      basis: typical range
    method: Typical Annealed Properties table, HRB column
    status: ground
    source: upmet-410
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Typical Annealed Properties (HRB column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 1089
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 260 C (500 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, Alloy 410 bar, 0.2 percent yield at the 260 C (500) tempering row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 260 C (500) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1331
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 260 C (500 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 260 C (500) tempering row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 260 C (500) row)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 17
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 260 C (500 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, elongation in 2 in at the 260 C row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 260 C (500) row, Elongation column)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 401
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 260 C (500 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, Hardness Brinell at the 260 C row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 260 C (500) row, Hardness Brinell column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 1069
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 317 C (700 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, 0.2 percent yield at the 317 C (700) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 317 C (700) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1296
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 317 C (700 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 317 C (700) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 317 C (700) row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 1014
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 482 C (900 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, 0.2 percent yield at the 482 C (900) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 482 C (900) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1303
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 482 C (900 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 482 C (900) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 482 C (900) row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 917
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 538 C (1000 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, 0.2 percent yield at the 538 C (1000) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 538 C (1000) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 965
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 538 C (1000 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 538 C (1000) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 538 C (1000) row)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 285
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 538 C (1000 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, Hardness Brinell at the 538 C row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 538 C (1000) row, Hardness Brinell column)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 724
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 593 C (1100 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, 0.2 percent yield at the 593 C (1100) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 593 C (1100) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 827
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 593 C (1100 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 593 C (1100) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 593 C (1100) row)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 634
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 649 C (1200 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, 0.2 percent yield at the 649 C (1200) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 649 C (1200) row)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 731
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 649 C (1200 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, tensile strength at the 649 C (1200) row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 649 C (1200) row)
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 21
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 649 C (1200 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, elongation in 2 in at the 649 C row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 649 C (1200) row, Elongation column)
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 223
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: T
      hardening: 1010 C (1850 F), 30 min, oil quench
      tempering: 649 C (1200 F), 4 h
      basis: typical
    method: Typical Mechanical Properties table on the AMS 5504 page, Hardness Brinell at the 649 C row
    status: ground
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (tempering 649 C (1200) row, Hardness Brinell column)
corrosion:
  - environment: Atmosphere, potable water and mild chemicals
    headline: Good resistance to atmosphere and mild chemicals from a tightly adherent oxide film; the best resistance comes from hardening and polishing.
    effect: Rolled Alloys calls 410 highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion and says maximum corrosion resistance is obtained by hardening and polishing. AircraftMaterials says the oxide film protects the surface in potable water, food acids and mildly corrosive chemicals. Combined Metals adds fresh water and various alkalis and mild acids.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
      service: atmospheric and mild chemical service
    source: rolled-410
    where: Description paragraph (Rolled Alloys)
  - environment: Non-chloride environments
    headline: Aalco prints moderate corrosion resistance in non-chloride environments.
    effect: Aalco's Corrosion Resistance field for the 1.4006 bar reads moderate in non-chloride containing environments. It is a stockist's wording, not a test result.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
    source: aalco-14006
    where: Corrosion Resistance field
  - environment: Chloride, marine and strong-acid service
    headline: Saky Steel says 410 is usually not selected for severe chloride, marine or strong acid environments.
    effect: Compared with 304 and 316, 410 has less chromium and no significant nickel (Saky Steel). The sources give no measured corrosion rate, so the moderate rating is a judgement from that wording.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: not printed
    source: saky-410
    where: Introduction section (chromium and nickel comparison)
  - environment: Simulated concrete pore solution with added chloride
    headline: More chloride lowered both the corrosion potential and the pitting potential of AISI 410 in a 2015 electrochemical study.
    effect: In 0.1 M NaOH plus 0.1 M KOH with NaCl added, potentiodynamic tests showed that more chloride ion lowered the corrosion and pitting potentials of AISI 410. Impedance data showed the protective trend reversed once chloride was present. This is laboratory data in a simulated solution, not a service test.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      solution: 0.1 M NaOH + 0.1 M KOH (simulated concrete pore), NaCl added
      method: potentiodynamic polarisation, Mott-Schottky analysis and EIS
    source: issiran-2015
    where: Abstract
  - environment: Scaling and oxidation in hot service
    headline: Carpenter gives 649 C as the upper service limit where scaling and oxidation resistance is needed.
    effect: Carpenter says 410 can be used up to 1200 F (649 C) where resistance to scaling and oxidation is required.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 649 C (1200 F)
    source: carpenter-410
    where: Product description paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem notifications for elemental chromium include H317 (20.7%), H319 (19.1%) and H334 (20.3%, signal word Danger). Other notifications add H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410. These are records for the element, not for 410 steel, and no safety data sheet for 410 was read.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H334
        - H335
        - H341
        - H371
        - H400
        - H410
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification, aggregated notifications (CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Cracking in the weld from air hardening
      trigger: Welding without the 350 to 400 F preheat, or without a full anneal straight after welding
      consequence: The metal hardens and cracking is likely (Rolled Alloys).
      severity: high
      source: rolled-410
      where: Description paragraph (welding)
    - mode: Loss of impact toughness after tempering at 482 to 538 C
      trigger: Tempering in the 482 to 538 C band (900 to 1000 F)
      consequence: Typical Charpy impact falls to 38 J at 482 C and 33 J at 538 C, against 76 J at 260 C and 119 J at 649 C (AMS 5504 data, hardened 1010 C, tempered 4 h).
      severity: moderate
      source: ams5504-page
      where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (Charpy V Notch column)
    - mode: Chloride pitting
      trigger: Chloride ions in the service water or electrolyte
      consequence: A higher chloride level lowered the pitting potential of AISI 410 in the 2015 study, so pits start at lower potentials.
      severity: moderate
      source: issiran-2015
      where: Abstract
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Preheat to at least 350 to 400 F before welding, and give a full anneal straight after welding, before the weldment cools. Matching filler metals are AWS E410 covered electrodes and ER410 bare wire (Rolled Alloys).
      source: rolled-410
      where: Description paragraph (welding)
    - text: Annealed material can be formed by most cold working methods (Combined Metals).
      source: combmet-410
      where: Description paragraph
    - text: The alloy is magnetic in both annealed and hardened conditions (Ulbrich).
      source: ulbrich-410
      where: Description paragraph
    - text: 'Specify the condition on the order: annealed for machining and forming, hardened and tempered when the part needs more strength (Saky Steel).'
      source: saky-410
      where: Heat treatment section
  mitigations:
    - text: Temper in the 450 to 1350 F range, chosen for the hardness, strength, toughness or corrosion resistance needed (Combined Metals).
      source: combmet-410
      where: Description paragraph
    - text: Where impact toughness matters, temper at 649 C rather than in the 482 to 538 C band. The AMS 5504 typical Charpy impact is 119 J at 649 C against 33 to 38 J in the band.
      source: ams5504-page
      where: Typical Mechanical Properties table (Charpy column)
    - text: Use 410 for dry, atmospheric or mildly corrosive service, not for chloride or marine service (Saky Steel).
      source: saky-410
      where: Introduction section
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Gate valves and valve components
    example: Rolled Alloys lists gate valves among its applications, and Combined Metals lists valves. The AMS 5504 data sheet also names valve components.
    source: rolled-410
    where: Applications list (Gate valves)
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Nuclear reactor control rod mechanisms
    example: The AMS 5504 data sheet lists nuclear reactor control rod mechanisms among the uses of 410. It names no reactor.
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Opening paragraph (uses list)
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Steam and gas turbine blades and buckets
    example: Listed by the AMS 5504 data sheet, and Combined Metals lists turbine blades. These are power-plant and engine parts, not spacecraft hardware.
    source: ams5504-page
    where: Opening paragraph (uses list)
  - application: structures
    device: Aerospace structures and bolts, nuts, springs and fasteners
    example: UPMET lists both as industry applications for Alloy 410. The sheet does not name a spacecraft part.
    source: upmet-410
    where: Industry Applications list
supply:
  - subject: Chromium
    abundance: World mine production was about 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 23,000 of 51,000 thousand t gross weight (2025e), computed
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 9,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 7,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 3,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Finland
        share_percent: 3.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 1,900 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026).
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves (2025e); World Resources; Substitutes; Recycling
  - subject: Chromium import reliance
    abundance: 'US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite ore imports 2021 to 2024: South Africa 96 percent, Turkey 3 percent, other 1 percent (USGS 2026).'
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24)
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Rolled Alloys: 410 Stainless Steel Data Sheet (UNS S41000, W. Nr./EN 1.4006)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/410_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys-1.pdf
    year: 2023
  - title: 'United Performance Metals: Alloy 410 datasheet (AMS 5504, UNS S41000)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/410-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Combined Metals Company: Alloy 410 Stainless Steel Data Sheet (rev. 2024-01-16)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CM-410-data-sheet-2024-01-16.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: 'Ulbrich Stainless Steels: 410 Stainless Steel Wire, UNS S41000 data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/410-Stainless-Steel-Wire-UNS-S41000-Wire.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: 'Ideal-tek: Technical data sheet, stainless steel type 410 (TDS 228)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ideal-tek.com/public/files/228-TDS_Stainless_steel_type_410.pdf
  - title: 'AircraftMaterials UK: Stainless Steel 410 (AMS 5504) technical data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/alstst/ams5504.html
  - title: 'Carpenter Technology: 410 specialty alloy page (UNS S41000)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/410
  - title: 'Alloys International: stainless steel grades (410, W.Nr 1.4006, X12Cr13)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://alloysintl.com/inventory/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-410/
  - title: 'Saky Steel: 410 Stainless Steel Bar: Heat Treatment and Magnetic Properties'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.sakysteel.com/news/410-stainless-steel-bar-heat-treatment-and-magnetic-properties
  - title: 'Aalco: Stainless Steel - Martensitic - 1.4006 Bar (EN 10088-3)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Stainless-Steel-14006-Bar_315.ashx
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
  - title: The Effect of Chloride Ions Concentration on the Electrochemical Behavior of AISI 410 Stainless Steels in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution (Int. J. Iron Steel Soc. Iran 11(1))
    type: paper
    url: https://journal.issiran.com/article_12099.html
    year: 2015
gaps:
  - 'Tempered (T) values come from one typical data set: hardened 1010 C, oil quench, tempered 4 h (AMS 5504 page). Other hardening cycles and minimum tempered values were not located.'
  - No cryogenic, fatigue, fracture-toughness or creep values for 410 were read, and the tempered series stops at 649 C.
  - Hardness is not in the canonical property list, so the snake_case name hardness is used, as in the 316 profile. Charpy impact is quoted in the failure risks only.
  - Rolled Alloys' typical tempered table (400 to 1200 F) prints no hardening temperature, so it was not used. UPMET's hardening-response hardness (38 to 45 HRC) has no hardening or tempering condition printed, so it was not used.
  - Ideal-tek mechanical values (520 to 740 MPa tensile, 270 MPa minimum yield, 210 HV) and Aalco's EN 10088-3 values (450 MPa proof, 650 to 850 MPa tensile, 15 percent elongation) print no heat-treatment condition, so they were not used.
  - 'Modulus conflicts: Ideal-tek prints 190 GPa and Aalco prints 300 GPa, against 200 GPa in Combined Metals and UPMET. Only 200 GPa is used.'
  - 'Thermal conductivity: UPMET''s printed (0.249) W/m K does not match its own 14.4 Btu/(hr ft F), and Ideal-tek''s 30 W/m K at 20 C conflicts with 24.9 W/m K at 100 C from Combined Metals. Neither is used.'
  - Ideal-tek's resistivity of 0.06 E-6 ohm.m is about one tenth of the 57 microohm-cm printed by Combined Metals and Ulbrich, so it is not used. Ideal-tek's EN number is printed as 1.40006, a typo for 1.4006, so it is not used as a designation.
  - 'Manganese: Ideal-tek and Aalco print a maximum of 1.5 percent, against 1.0 percent in the ASTM A240 limits used for the recipe.'
  - 'Carbon: Rolled Alloys prints a minimum of 0.08 and a maximum of 0.15 percent. Aalco prints the same range; Carpenter and AircraftMaterials print only the maximum of 0.15.'
  - The 2025 USGS critical-minerals list page returned HTTP 403 in this run, so chromium's critical-list status is not recorded and critical_lists is empty.
  - No safety data sheet for 410 bar was read. The NIOSH welding-fume page returned 403, and an ASM case history on chloride pitting of AISI 410 tubing returned a bot check. Hazard data rest on the PubChem record for elemental chromium, which lists notifications, not a supplier classification.
  - No NASA or ESA source naming 410 in a spacecraft part was found. The uses come from datasheets and a supplier article and are not flight records.
  - Most physical and mechanical values are typical values from stockists and distributors (UPMET, Combined Metals, Aalco, AircraftMaterials). No mill test certificate was read.
  - The corrosion ratings are judgements from the wording of the sources. No measured corrosion rate for a commercial 410 product was read, and the 2015 study used simulated concrete pore solution.
  - Supply covers chromium only (USGS 2026). Nickel, molybdenum and copper supply were not read. Chromium producer shares are computed from printed tonnage, not printed as percentages.
  - JIS SUS410 and ASTM A276 Type 410 are printed by Saky Steel, a supplier article. The JIS G 4303 standard text and the ASTM A240 and A276 standards themselves were not read.
sources:
  rolled-410:
    title: 'Rolled Alloys: 410 Stainless Steel Data Sheet'
    id: UNS S41000; W. Nr./EN 1.4006
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/410_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys-1.pdf
    year: 2023
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  upmet-410:
    title: 'United Performance Metals: Alloy 410 datasheet (AMS 5504, UNS S41000)'
    id: AMS 5504; UNS S41000
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/products/datasheet/410-datasheet.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  combmet-410:
    title: 'Combined Metals Company: Alloy 410 Stainless Steel Data Sheet'
    id: REV 2024 01 16
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/CM-410-data-sheet-2024-01-16.pdf
    year: 2024
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  ulbrich-410:
    title: 'Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals: 410 Stainless Steel Wire, UNS S41000'
    id: UNS S41000 wire, revision 6.1.2015
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/410-Stainless-Steel-Wire-UNS-S41000-Wire.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  idealtek-410:
    title: 'Ideal-tek SA: Technical data sheet, stainless steel type 410'
    id: TDS 228
    url: https://www.ideal-tek.com/public/files/228-TDS_Stainless_steel_type_410.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  ams5504-page:
    title: 'AircraftMaterials UK: Stainless Steel 410 (AMS 5504) Technical Data Sheet'
    id: AMS 5504
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/alstst/ams5504.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  carpenter-410:
    title: 'Carpenter Technology: 410 specialty alloy page'
    id: UNS S41000
    url: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/alloy-finder/410
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  alloysintl-410:
    title: 'Alloys International: stainless steel grades (410)'
    id: W.Nr 1.4006, X12Cr13
    url: https://alloysintl.com/inventory/stainless-steel/stainless-steel-410/
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  saky-410:
    title: 'Saky Steel: 410 Stainless Steel Bar: Heat Treatment and Magnetic Properties'
    id: AISI 410 / UNS S41000 / X12Cr13 / SUS410
    url: https://www.sakysteel.com/news/410-stainless-steel-bar-heat-treatment-and-magnetic-properties
    kind: web
    license: cited, not reproduced
  aalco-14006:
    title: 'Aalco: Stainless Steel - Martensitic - 1.4006 Bar'
    id: EN 10088-3:2005
    url: https://www.aalco.co.uk/datasheets/Stainless-Steel-14006-Bar_315.ashx
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
  issiran-2015:
    title: The Effect of Chloride Ions Concentration on the Electrochemical Behavior of AISI 410 Stainless Steels in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution
    id: Int. J. Iron Steel Soc. Iran 11(1), 35-40
    url: https://journal.issiran.com/article_12099.html
    year: 2015
    kind: paper
    license: cited, not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 44
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: Rolled Alloys, UPMET, Combined Metals, Ulbrich and Ideal-tek datasheets; AircraftMaterials AMS 5504 page; Carpenter, Alloys International, Saky Steel and Aalco pages; ISSI 2015 paper; USGS MCS 2026 chromium; PubChem chromium record. Chromium shares are computed from printed tonnage. The 17 tempered values are typical data from one hardening cycle.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Type 410 is an iron-chromium-carbon alloy with about 12 percent chromium. Rolled Alloys gives the ASTM A240 limits as 11.5 to 13.5 percent chromium and 0.08 to 0.15 percent carbon, with small maxima for manganese, silicon, nickel, phosphorus and sulfur; iron is the balance. Saky Steel says the martensitic structure is what makes it magnetic and hardenable. The AMS 5504 data sheet gives a typical hardening cycle of 1010 C, oil quench, then tempering.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy. Hardening works by changing its crystal structure on quenching.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 11.5
        share_high: 13.5
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives basic stainless corrosion resistance (Saky Steel).
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0.08
        share_high: 0.15
        role: Part of the hardening chemistry; the maximum is 0.15 percent.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        limit: maximum
        role: Present in small amounts, maximum 1.0 percent.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        limit: maximum
        role: Present in small amounts, maximum 1.0 percent.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.75
        limit: maximum
        role: Kept low; Saky Steel says 410 has no significant nickel.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.04
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low, maximum 0.04 percent.
      - name: Sulfur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity held low, maximum 0.03 percent.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Element records flag sensitising and irritant hazards
      lead: No safety data sheet for 410 bar was read. The PubChem record for elemental chromium is the only hazard source here.
      points:
        - label: Chromium
          line: PubChem notifications for elemental chromium include H317, H319 and H334 (H334 with signal word Danger), plus H335, H341, H371, H400 and H410 in other notifications.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Chloride and marine service are the weak point
      lead: The sources say 410 is not usually chosen for chloride, marine or strong-acid service.
      points:
        - label: Chloride
          line: Saky Steel says 410 is usually not selected for severe chloride, marine or strong acid environments.
        - label: Lab result
          line: A 2015 study in simulated concrete pore solution found that more chloride lowered both the corrosion potential and the pitting potential of AISI 410.
        - label: Non-chloride
          line: Aalco prints moderate corrosion resistance in non-chloride environments.
    - title: Welding and heat
      level: 2
      verdict: Preheat and anneal after welding, or it cracks
      lead: Heat history decides whether the weld cracks or the steel loses toughness.
      points:
        - label: Welding
          line: 'Rolled Alloys says 410 is air hardening: give it a preheat of at least 350 to 400 F before welding and a full anneal before the weldment cools, or cracking is likely.'
        - label: Tempering band
          line: AMS 5504 typical data show Charpy impact of 38 J after tempering at 482 C and 33 J at 538 C, against 76 J at 260 C and 119 J at 649 C.
  why: Type 410 is the basic hardenable martensitic stainless steel (Carpenter). It suits stainless parts that must be strong, hard and magnetic, where moderate corrosion resistance is enough (Saky Steel). Its properties depend on heat treatment. Annealed, it is easy to form. Hardened at 1010 C and tempered at 260 C it reaches about 1089 MPa yield and 1331 MPa tensile (AMS 5504 typical). Its weak points are chloride service and the toughness dip after tempering at 482 to 538 C.
  uses:
    - where: Valves, shafts and fasteners
      line: Saky Steel lists shafts, pump parts, valve components and fasteners. Rolled Alloys lists gate valves and distillation trays.
    - where: Steam and gas turbine blades
      line: The AMS 5504 data sheet lists steam and gas turbine blades and buckets, nuclear reactor control rod mechanisms and valve components among the uses of 410.
    - where: Aerospace structures and fasteners
      line: UPMET lists aerospace structures and bolts, nuts, springs and fasteners as industry applications. It does not name a spacecraft part.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength, annealed
      line: Typical annealed yield is 276 MPa and tensile 448 MPa (Combined Metals). ASTM A240 minimums are 30 ksi yield and 65 ksi tensile (Rolled Alloys).
    - label: Strength, hardened and tempered
      value: 1331 MPa tensile at 260 C temper
      line: Hardened at 1010 C, oil quenched and tempered 4 h at 260 C, typical yield is 1089 MPa and tensile 1331 MPa. Tempered at 649 C it falls to 634 MPa yield and 731 MPa tensile (AMS 5504 typical).
    - label: Heat limit
      line: Carpenter says 410 can be used up to 649 C where resistance to scaling and oxidation is required.
    - label: Magnetism
      line: The alloy is magnetic in both annealed and hardened conditions (Ulbrich).
  compare: Saky Steel contrasts 410 with the 304 and 316 austenitic grades, which are normally non-magnetic in the annealed condition, while 410 is martensitic, magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment. Compared with 304 and 316, 410 has less chromium and no significant nickel (Saky Steel), so it is not usually chosen for chloride service. Rolled Alloys says heat treated 410 has mechanical properties comparable to AISI 4130 alloy steel, with the additional benefit of good corrosion resistance.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Melting range
      benchmark: melting_point
    - label: Elastic modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
  handling:
    - 'Choose the condition when ordering: annealed for machining and forming, hardened and tempered when the part needs more strength (Saky Steel).'
    - Preheat to 350 to 400 F before welding and give a full anneal straight after welding, or cracking is likely (Rolled Alloys).
    - The alloy is magnetic in both annealed and hardened conditions (Ulbrich).
    - Annealed material can be formed by most cold working methods (Combined Metals).
  good_for:
    - Hardened and tempered valve, shaft and fastener parts that need strength and a magnetic response (Saky Steel, AMS 5504 data).
    - Parts used up to 649 C where resistance to scaling and oxidation is needed (Carpenter).
    - Cutlery and kitchen utensils, which the sources list among 410 uses (UPMET, Combined Metals).
  watch_out:
    - Chloride, marine and strong-acid service, where Saky Steel says 410 is not usually selected.
    - Tempering at 482 to 538 C, where typical Charpy impact falls to 33 to 38 J (AMS 5504 data).
    - 'Welding without preheat: air hardening can crack the weld (Rolled Alloys).'
    - Annealed and hardened values differ widely, so compare only like with like.
  verdict: 'Type 410 is the hardenable, magnetic stainless choice when strength matters more than chloride resistance. Pick the temper for the job: about 1331 MPa tensile after tempering at 260 C, or 119 J Charpy with 634 MPa yield after tempering at 649 C when toughness matters more.'