spore: profile
id: stainless-310
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-austenitic
name: Stainless steel 310S
abbreviation: 310S (UNS S31008, EN 1.4845)
role: heat-resistant structural alloy
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  Type 310S is the low-carbon version of the 24 to 26 percent chromium, 19 to 22 percent nickel austenitic grade 310 (Wikipedia; Atlas Steels). Its low carbon makes it less prone to embrittlement and sensitisation in service than 310 (Righton Blackburns). The producer Aperam gives a typical annealed tensile strength of 610 MPa and yield of 290 MPa at 20 °C, and a maximum continuous service temperature of 1,050 °C in air with sulphur content at or below 2 g/m3 (Aperam). Above 2 g/m3 of sulphur the limit falls to 950 °C (Aperam). The values in this profile are for 310S, not for 310 (UNS S31000, carbon up to 0.25 percent).
best_for: Furnace and heat-treatment parts that run hot in oxidising air up to about 1,050 °C, with good creep strength and oxidation resistance
weakest_at: Sulphur-bearing hot gases, which cut the service limit to 950 °C, and long exposure between 650 and 900 °C, which causes sigma-phase embrittlement and chromium-carbide sensitisation
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, 24 to 26 Cr, 19 to 22 Ni, max 0.08 C, max 2.00 Mn, max 1.50 Si, max 0.045 P, max 0.030 S (wt%, ASTM A240 composition for 310S)
  source: atlas-310
  where: Composition Specification table, row 310S (single values are maxima)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S31008
      source: atlas-310
      where: Grade Specification Comparison table, UNS No column, row 310S
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4845'
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Grade designation table, European designation column (EN 10095)
    - system: EN name
      code: X8CrNi25-21
      source: atlas-310
      where: Grade Specification Comparison table, Euronorm Name column, row 310S
    - system: DIN
      code: X8CrNi25-21
      source: teamedelstahl-14845
      where: Normen und Bezeichnungen table, DIN row
    - system: AISI
      code: 310S
      source: righton-310s
      where: Alloy designations list, AISI 310S
    - system: SAE
      code: 310S
      source: wiki-sae-310s
      where: Article title, SAE 310S stainless steel
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: righton-310s
      where: Chemical composition heading, ASTM A240, S31008 Plate
    - system: JIS
      code: SUS 310S
      source: atlas-310
      where: Grade Specification Comparison table, Japanese JIS column, row 310S
    - system: SS
      code: '2361'
      source: atlas-310
      where: Grade Specification Comparison table, Swedish SS column, row 310S
    - system: BS
      code: 310S24
      source: aircraftmaterials-310s
      where: Specifications and Standards Listed, BS 970 entry
    - system: AFNOR
      code: Z12CN25-20
      source: aircraftmaterials-310s
      where: Specifications and Standards Listed, AFNOR entry
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - thermal-control
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 310S cold rolled and annealed sheet
    value: 7.8
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845, S31008)
      form: cold rolled and annealed sheet
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: kg/dm³
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet (typical value)
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row, 20 °C
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 310S
    value: 8.03
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 0.29 lb/in³
    method: Value printed on a stockholder's AISI 310S page
    status: ground
    note: The producer sheet gives 7.8 kg/dm3 for the same grade. The two differ by about 3 percent, so both are recorded.
    source: goodfellow-310s
    where: Physical properties section, density figure
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point (liquidus), 310S
    value: 1410
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      point: liquidus
      unit_in_source: °C
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting temperature row, Liquidus
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity at 20 °C, 310S
    value: 480
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      form: cold rolled and annealed sheet
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: J/kg·K
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Specific heat row, 20 °C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, 310S (producer)
    value: 13
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      form: cold rolled and annealed sheet
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: W/m·K
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal conductivity row, 20 °C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, 310S (distributor)
    value: 15
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 1.4845 / 310S
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: W/m K
    method: Value printed in a German stockholder's 1.4845 data sheet, physical properties at 20 °C
    status: ground
    note: Two datasheets give 13 and 15 W/(m·K) at 20 °C, so the value is about 13 to 15.
    source: teamedelstahl-14845
    where: Physikalische Eigenschaften table, Wärmeleitfähigkeit column, bei 20°C
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 200 °C, 310S
    value: 16.5
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      temperature: 20 to 200 °C
      unit_in_source: 10 -6/K
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Mean thermal expansion coefficient, row 20-200°C
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 1000 °C, 310S
    value: 18.3
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      temperature: 20 to 1000 °C
      unit_in_source: 10 -6/K
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Mean thermal expansion coefficient, row 20-1,000°C
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C, 310S
    value: 15.9
    unit: µm/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      temperature: 20 to 100 °C
      unit_in_source: µm/m·K
    method: Value printed on a stockholder's AISI 310S page
    status: ground
    source: goodfellow-310s
    where: Physical properties section, thermal expansion row, 68 to 212 °F
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, 310S
    value: 0.86
    unit: Ω·mm²/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: Ω mm2 /m
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Electric resistivity row, 20 °C
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Young's modulus at 20 °C, 310S
    value: 195
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      temperature: 20 °C
      form: cold rolled and annealed sheet
    method: Value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Physical Properties table, Young's modulus row, 20 °C
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity at 20 °C, 1.4845
    value: 196
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4845'
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: kN / mm²
    method: Value printed in a German stockholder's 1.4845 data sheet, mechanical properties at 20 °C
    status: ground
    source: teamedelstahl-14845
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften table, Elastizitätsmodul column, bei 20°C
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength Rm, typical, 310S annealed
    value: 610
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845, S31008)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 20 °C
      basis: typical value, length 50 mm for thickness below 3 mm
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Mechanical Properties section, table row 310S, column Rm (MPa), in the annealed condition
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, typical, 310S annealed
    value: 290
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845, S31008)
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 20 °C
      basis: typical value
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Mechanical Properties section, table row 310S, column Rp0.2 (MPa), in the annealed condition
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation A, typical, 310S annealed
    value: 42
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845, S31008)
      temper: annealed
      basis: typical value, length 50 mm for thickness below 3 mm
    method: Typical value printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Mechanical Properties section, table row 310S, column A (%), in the annealed condition
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, specified minimum, ASTM A240 flat product
    value: 515
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      form: flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) to ASTM A240
      basis: minimum specified
      unit_in_source: ksi 75 min
    method: Minimum specified value printed in a distributor's data sheet
    status: ground
    source: atlas-310
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table, row 310S, column Tensile Strength min
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 percent proof, specified minimum, ASTM A240 flat product
    value: 205
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      form: flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) to ASTM A240
      basis: minimum specified
      unit_in_source: ksi 30 min
    method: Minimum specified value printed in a distributor's data sheet
    status: ground
    source: atlas-310
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table, row 310S, column Yield Strength 0.2% Proof min
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, specified minimum, ASTM A240 flat product
    value: 40
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      form: flat rolled product to ASTM A240
      gauge_length: 50 mm
      basis: minimum specified
    method: Minimum specified value printed in a distributor's data sheet
    status: ground
    source: atlas-310
    where: Mechanical Property Specification table, row 310S, column Elongation % in 50mm min
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, EN 1.4845 at 20 °C, annealed tube
    value: 500
    value_high: 750
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 1.4845 / 310S
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: N / mm²
      basis: range printed in a datasheet
    method: Range printed in a German stockholder's data sheet, mechanical properties at 20 °C
    status: ground
    source: teamedelstahl-14845
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften table, Zugfestigkeit Rm column, 500 - 750
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2 at 20 °C, minimum, 1.4845
    value: 210
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 1.4845 / 310S
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: N / mm²
      basis: minimum printed
    method: Minimum printed in a German stockholder's data sheet
    status: ground
    source: teamedelstahl-14845
    where: Mechanische Eigenschaften table, Dehngrenze Rp0,2 column, ≥ 210
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength at 649 °C, annealed 310S
    value: 393
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 649 °C (1200 °F)
      basis: value printed in a table of tensile properties at temperature
    method: Value printed in a stockholder's table of tensile properties at temperature
    status: ground
    source: goodfellow-310s
    where: Tensile properties at temperature table, row 649 °C (1200 °F), Tensile Strength column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength at 649 °C, annealed 310S
    value: 178
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 649 °C (1200 °F)
      basis: value printed in a table of tensile properties at temperature
    method: Value printed in a stockholder's table of tensile properties at temperature
    status: ground
    source: goodfellow-310s
    where: Tensile properties at temperature table, row 649 °C (1200 °F), Yield Strength column
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum continuous service temperature in air with sulphur at or below 2 g/m3
    value: 1050
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      service: continuous
      atmosphere: sulphur content of 2 g/m3 or less
      peak: 1,100 °C peak temperature (same source)
    method: Typical working temperature printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: High Temperatures Properties text, first paragraph
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum service temperature in sulphur above 2 g/m3
    value: 950
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S (1.4845)
      atmosphere: sulphur content above 2 g/m3
      service: maximum limit
    method: Limit printed in a producer's product data sheet
    status: ground
    source: aperam-310s
    where: High Temperatures Properties text, sentence on sulphur contents higher than 2 g/m3
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Continuous service temperature, 310S
    value: 1100
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 310S
      service: continuous
      atmosphere: not stated
      unit_in_source: 2010 °F
    method: Value printed on a stockholder's AISI 310S page
    status: ground
    note: Aperam gives 1,050 °C continuous for sulphur at or below 2 g/m3. The stockholder page gives about 1,100 °C without a condition.
    source: goodfellow-310s
    where: Service and processing temperatures list, continuous service
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Service temperature in oxidising air, 1.4845
    value: 1050
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4845'
      atmosphere: oxidising air, not sulphur-bearing
      service: heat resistant range up to about 1050 °C
    method: Value printed in a German stockholder's data sheet
    status: ground
    source: teamedelstahl-14845
    where: Kurzbeschreibung paragraph, Anwendungsbereich bis ca. 1050 °C
corrosion:
  - environment: Sulphur-bearing hot gases, oxidising or reducing
    headline: Sulphur in the hot gas cuts the usable temperature of 310S from 1,050 °C to 950 °C.
    effect: Aperam says sulphur contents above 2 g/m3 decrease the maximum temperature to 950 °C. The German datasheet says 1.4845 has only low resistance in oxidising and reducing sulphur-bearing atmospheres.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      atmosphere: sulphur content above 2 g/m3 at high temperature
      basis: limit printed in producer and stockholder datasheets
    source: aperam-310s
    where: High Temperatures Properties text, sulphur contents higher than 2g/m3
  - environment: Long exposure at high temperature, then aqueous service
    headline: After long exposure at high temperature, 310S can suffer intergranular corrosion from chromium carbide precipitation.
    effect: Aperam says grade 310S can be susceptible to intergranular corrosion after a long period of exposure to high temperature because of chromium carbide precipitation. Goodfellow gives a sensitisation range of 427 to 899 °C.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: 427 to 899 °C (800 to 1650 °F), sensitisation range
      exposure: long period, duration not stated
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Corrosion section, first paragraph
  - environment: Cyclic oxidation in air at 1,000 °C
    headline: 310S resists repeated heating and cooling in air at 1,000 °C well.
    effect: Aperam ran a thermal cycle between 600 and 1,000 °C with 33 h dwell to reach 3,000 h total at 1,000 °C. It reports very high oxidation resistance. The mass-gain curve is in the source as a figure only.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      environment: 1,000 °C air, thermal cycle 600 to 1,000 °C
      total_dwell: 3,000 h at 1,000 °C
    source: aperam-310s
    where: High Temperatures Properties text, Cyclic Oxidation box
  - environment: Carburising atmospheres at high temperature
    headline: Sources disagree on carburising resistance, so test before using 310S in carburising service.
    effect: Aperam gives excellent resistance to carburising. The German datasheet says 1.4845 is not suited to carburising conditions at high temperatures, and Righton says it can be used in moderately carburising atmospheres.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: statements in three datasheets, no measured rate given
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Key features list, Excellent resistance to carburizing
  - environment: Chloride and sea water, aqueous
    headline: Atlas says 310 family grades resist sea water at about 22 °C about as well as 316.
    effect: Atlas gives a pitting resistance equivalent of about 25 and says sea water resistance at about 22 °C is similar to grade 316. Atlas says this is for the 310 family, not for 310S alone. No pitting rate for 310S was read.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: family-level statement, no test conditions printed
    source: atlas-310
    where: Corrosion Resistance section, first paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Welding stainless steel gives off hexavalent chromium, a well-established carcinogen, and nickel, a possible carcinogen. The CDC source says these are more serious concerns than the other fume components. The CDC source names source reduction and local exhaust ventilation as the controls.
      ghs: []
      source: cdc-welding-fume
      where: Introductory text on stainless steel welding fume, and control measures
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Intergranular corrosion after long high-temperature exposure
      trigger: Long exposure between about 427 and 899 °C, for example in a furnace that runs for many hours in that band
      consequence: Chromium carbide forms at grain boundaries, so the steel can corrode between the grains in aqueous service
      severity: moderate
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Corrosion section, first paragraph
    - mode: Sigma-phase embrittlement
      trigger: Long service between 650 and 900 °C
      consequence: The steel loses toughness. Atlas says heating to 1,040 to 1,150 °C restores ductility after each 1,000 hours above 650 °C.
      severity: moderate
      source: atlas-310
      where: Heat Resistance section, sigma phase sentence, and Heat Treatment section
    - mode: Loss of service limit in sulphur-bearing gas
      trigger: Hot gas with sulphur content above 2 g/m3
      consequence: Maximum service temperature falls from 1,050 °C to 950 °C
      severity: critical
      source: aperam-310s
      where: High Temperatures Properties text, sulphur sentence
    - mode: Hot cracking during welding
      trigger: Welding at high interpass temperature or high heat input
      consequence: The producer says 310S is somewhat susceptible to hot cracking, and recommends interpass temperature below 150 °C and low heat input
      severity: moderate
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Welding section, paragraph on hot cracking
  side_effects:
    - text: Nickel supply is concentrated in Indonesia, which the USGS estimates at about two thirds of 2025 world mine production, and nickel is a main cost of the grade.
      affects: Cost and availability of the alloy
      source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
      where: Events, Trends and Issues, and Substitutes sections
  handling:
    - text: Weld with argon shielding. Hydrogen and nitrogen shielding gases are forbidden for 310S by the producer. The welds must be mechanically descaled and cleaned.
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Welding section, shielding gas table and paragraph on weld cleaning
    - text: Pickle with 10 % HNO3 plus 2 % HF at ambient temperature or up to 60 °C, or with 10 % H2SO4 plus 0.5 % HNO3 at 60 °C. Passivate with 20 to 25 % HNO3 at 20 °C.
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Heat Treatment and Finishing section, Pickling and Passivation
    - text: Use local exhaust ventilation when welding indoors, and respiratory protection where ventilation is not adequate.
      source: cdc-welding-fume
      where: Control measures section
  mitigations:
    - text: Anneal at 1,050 °C plus or minus 25 °C for a couple of minutes after cold forming and welding, then air cool or water quench.
      source: aperam-310s
      where: Heat Treatment and Finishing section, Annealing
uses:
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Industrial furnace and boiler components, furnace doors, fans, piping and recuperators
    example: Aperam lists industrial furnace and boiler components, tubes and expansion bellows, and heat exchangers among its applications for 310S. The German datasheet lists furnace construction and high-temperature apparatus.
    source: aperam-310s
    where: Applications list
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Heat exchangers and furnace parts
    example: Atlas lists furnace parts, oil burner parts and heat exchangers as typical applications of the 310 family.
    source: atlas-310
    where: Typical Applications paragraph
  - application: structures
    device: Carburising boxes, heat treatment baskets and jigs
    example: Atlas lists carburising boxes, heat treatment baskets and jigs among typical applications. Righton lists annealing covers and boxes, burner grids and muffles and retorts under thermal processing.
    source: atlas-310
    where: Typical Applications paragraph; see also righton-310s Applications list
supply:
  - subject: Nickel production by country
    abundance: World nickel mine production was an estimated 3.9 million t in 2025, and world reserves are more than 140 million t (USGS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,600,000 t of 3,900,000 t mine production (estimated), computed from printed tonnage
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 270,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 200,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is stainless-steel scrap (USGS).
    substitutes:
      - Low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction (USGS).
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column; Recycling and Substitutes sections
  - subject: Chromium supply
    abundance: Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026). South Africa was the leading chromite ore producer.
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 96
        basis: Share of US imports of chromite ores and concentrates, 2021 to 2024, as printed; not a world production share
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts supplied 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025 (USGS).
    substitutes:
      - Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys (USGS).
    source: usgs-mcs2026-chromium
    where: Import Sources (2021-24) line; Recycling; Substitutes; Events, Trends and Issues
documents:
  - title: Aperam Stainless Europe, Heat Resisting Austenitic Stainless Steel 310S (FT_310S.en, © 2025)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/FT_310S_en_web.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: Atlas Steels, Stainless Steel 310, 310S, 310H Grade Data Sheet (revised 23/04/2021)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://atlassteels.com.au/stainless-steel-310-310s-310h-grade-data-sheet-23-04-21
    year: 2021
  - title: Righton Blackburns, Stainless Steel S31008 (310S) Sheet and Plate datasheet (updated 05 August 2021)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rightonblackburns.co.uk/datasheets/view/Righton-Blackburns-Ltd_Stainless-Steel-S31008-310S-Sheet-and-Plate_272.pdf
    year: 2021
  - title: Team Edelstahl, Werkstoff Datenblatt 1.4845 (X8CrNi25-21, AISI 310S)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.teamedelstahl.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/1.4845.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: 'Goodfellow, AISI 310S Stainless Steel: Properties, Processing and Applications'
    type: database
    url: https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/resources/aisi-310s-stainless-steel-properties-processing-applications/
  - title: Aircraft Materials, Alloy 310S (WS 1.4845) technical data
    type: database
    url: https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/alstst/310stube.html
  - title: Wikipedia, SAE 310S stainless steel
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_310S_stainless_steel
    year: 2026
  - title: 'CDC/NIOSH, Source Reduction: Practical Issues in Minimizing Welding Fume Exposures'
    type: report
    url: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/211140
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No Outokumpu 310S datasheet was found by search, and the Aalco 310S datasheet link returned an aluminium 6063 page. Neither is cited.
  - The AZoM 310 property page returned an index only, so no AZoM value is used.
  - The Atlas physical properties row covers 310, 310S and 310H together, so its density, modulus, conductivity and resistivity values are not used for 310S alone.
  - The distributor datasheet gives carbon up to 0.10 percent (EN-style) against 0.08 percent (ASTM A240); both are noted, and the composition in the recipe follows ASTM A240.
  - Electrical resistivity from the German datasheet (0,85 ohm mm2/m) is not recorded because the decimal comma in the source could not be matched; the producer value 0.86 is used.
  - 'Hardness: the Atlas and German datasheets give 217 HB and 192 HB maxima, but hardness is not in the canonical property list, so it is left out.'
  - No electrical conductivity, outgassing (NASA total mass loss), cold-welding, or atomic oxygen data were found for 310S.
  - Cryogenic toughness is described qualitatively in the Righton and Atlas datasheets; no toughness value at low temperature was read.
  - Critical-minerals list status for nickel and chromium was not read in these USGS texts, so critical_lists is left empty.
  - Sigma-phase and cold-cracking statements come from the 310 family text in Atlas (its heat resistance paragraph refers to 310H), and are applied here to the 310 family.
  - Radiation effects on 310S were not looked up.
sources:
  aperam-310s:
    title: Aperam Stainless Europe, Heat Resisting Austenitic Stainless Steel 310S (FT_310S.en, 2025)
    id: EN 10095 1.4845, ASTM A240 S31008
    url: https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/FT_310S_en_web.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: producer product sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  atlas-310:
    title: Atlas Steels, Stainless Steel 310, 310S, 310H Grade Data Sheet
    id: Atlas Quality Management, revised 23/04/2021
    url: https://atlassteels.com.au/stainless-steel-310-310s-310h-grade-data-sheet-23-04-21
    year: 2021
    kind: datasheet
    license: distributor data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  righton-310s:
    title: Righton Blackburns, Stainless Steel S31008 (310S) Sheet and Plate datasheet
    id: S31008, 1.4845, AISI 310S, ASTM A240
    url: https://www.rightonblackburns.co.uk/datasheets/view/Righton-Blackburns-Ltd_Stainless-Steel-S31008-310S-Sheet-and-Plate_272.pdf
    year: 2021
    kind: datasheet
    license: stockholder datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  teamedelstahl-14845:
    title: Team Edelstahl, Werkstoff Datenblatt 1.4845, Austenitischer hitzebeständiger Edelstahl
    id: EN 1.4845, DIN X8CrNi25-21, AISI 310S, UNS S31008
    url: https://www.teamedelstahl.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/1.4845.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: stockholder datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  goodfellow-310s:
    title: 'Goodfellow, AISI 310S Stainless Steel: Properties, Processing and Applications'
    url: https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/resources/aisi-310s-stainless-steel-properties-processing-applications/
    kind: web
    license: supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  aircraftmaterials-310s:
    title: Aircraft Materials, Alloy 310S (WS 1.4845) technical data
    id: UNS S31008, BS 970 310S24, AFNOR Z12CN25-20
    url: https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/alstst/310stube.html
    kind: web
    license: web page (cited, not reproduced)
  wiki-sae-310s:
    title: Wikipedia, SAE 310S stainless steel
    id: SAE 310S
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_310S_stainless_steel
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  cdc-welding-fume:
    title: 'CDC/NIOSH, Source Reduction: Practical Issues in Minimizing Welding Fume Exposures'
    url: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/211140
    kind: report
    license: US government publication (public domain)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    id: mcs2026-nickel
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-chromium:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-25'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 26
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Caveats: producer and distributor values differ for density, thermal conductivity and expansion; service limits differ with sulphur content; the composition limits differ between ASTM (0.08 percent carbon) and EN-style (0.10 percent) sources; the supply shares for nickel are computed from printed tonnages.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The welding fume is the main health concern named in the sources. Nothing read says the solid steel is a health hazard.
      level: 1
      verdict: Welding fume
      points:
        - label: Welding fume
          line: Stainless steel welding releases hexavalent chromium and nickel. The CDC source calls these more serious concerns than the other fume components, and asks for local exhaust ventilation.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These are failure routes named in the sources. Most are heat-related and depend on time at temperature and on the gas.
      points:
        - label: Sulphur gas
          line: With sulphur above 2 g/m3 in the hot gas, the usable limit falls from 1,050 °C to 950 °C (Aperam).
        - label: Long heat exposure
          line: Between about 650 and 900 °C, long service can cause sigma-phase embrittlement, and between 427 and 899 °C it can cause chromium-carbide sensitisation (Atlas, Aperam, Goodfellow).
        - label: Welding
          line: 310S is somewhat prone to hot cracking, so the producer keeps the interpass temperature below 150 °C and the heat input low.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Shielding gas
          line: Use argon-based shielding. Hydrogen and nitrogen are forbidden for 310S welds (Aperam).
        - label: Restore the structure
          line: After cold forming or welding, anneal at 1,050 °C plus or minus 25 °C, then air cool or quench (Aperam).
  why: Type 310S is the 24 to 26 percent chromium and 19 to 22 percent nickel austenitic grade used for high-temperature service (Atlas; Aperam). The producer's typical annealed tensile strength is 610 MPa at 20 °C, and its yield is 290 MPa. In air it resists oxidation up to 1,050 °C continuous service with sulphur at or below 2 g/m3 (Aperam).
  uses:
    - where: Furnace and boiler parts
      line: Aperam lists industrial furnace and boiler components, tubes and expansion bellows, and heat exchangers as uses for 310S. Atlas lists furnace parts, oil burner parts and carburising boxes.
    - where: Heat treatment equipment
      line: Atlas lists heat treatment baskets and jigs. Righton lists annealing covers and boxes, burner grids, muffles and retorts.
  can_do:
    - label: Stand heat in air
      value: 1,050 °C continuous
      benchmark: max_service_temp
      line: Aperam gives 1,050 °C continuous with sulphur at or below 2 g/m3, and 1,100 °C peak. The German datasheet gives a range of use up to about 1,050 °C in oxidising conditions.
    - label: Strength when annealed
      value: 610 MPa tensile
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Typical annealed tensile strength is 610 MPa and yield is 290 MPa at 20 °C, with 42 percent elongation (Aperam). The minimum for flat product to ASTM A240 is 515 MPa tensile and 205 MPa yield.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 195 GPa
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Young's modulus is 195 GPa at 20 °C (Aperam) and 196 GPa in the German datasheet.
    - label: Density
      value: 7.8 kg/dm3
      benchmark: density
      line: The producer gives 7.8 kg/dm3 at 20 °C. Goodfellow gives 8.03 g/cm3 for the same grade, so the density is about 7.8 to 8.0.
  compare: Among the three rows below, the density is about 7.8 to 8.0 kg/dm3 and the thermal conductivity is about 13 to 15 W/(m·K) at 20 °C, both from the two datasheets that print them. The service limit is the sulphur-dependent figure from Aperam. Read the rows as examples of this grade only, because other profiles in this site are different alloys.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Maximum service temperature
      benchmark: max_service_temp
  handling:
    - Specify the composition as ASTM A240 310S (carbon max 0.08 percent), since EN-style supply can run to 0.10 percent carbon.
    - Keep long exposure between 650 and 900 °C in mind, and anneal after 1,000 hours above 650 °C if the part is critical (Atlas).
    - Keep sulphur out of the hot gas if the part must run near 1,050 °C.
  good_for:
    - Hot air and furnace service up to 1,050 °C continuous, with sulphur at or below 2 g/m3 (Aperam).
    - Parts that must keep strength and scale resistance at high temperature, such as heat-treatment baskets and jigs (Atlas).
    - Cryogenic toughness is claimed in the datasheets as austenitic toughness, but no low-temperature number was read.
  watch_out:
    - Sulphur in the hot gas cuts the usable limit to 950 °C.
    - Long exposure between 427 and 899 °C causes chromium-carbide sensitisation, and between 650 and 900 °C sigma-phase embrittlement.
    - 'Hot cracking during welding: keep the interpass temperature below 150 °C and the heat input low.'
    - Welding fume contains hexavalent chromium and nickel. Use local exhaust ventilation.
  verdict: Type 310S is an austenitic stainless steel for hot air and furnace parts up to about 1,050 °C, with a typical annealed tensile strength of 610 MPa at 20 °C. Its limits are sulphur-bearing gas, which drops the limit to 950 °C, and long time between 427 and 900 °C, which causes sensitisation and sigma-phase embrittlement. The producer and distributor values differ, so specify the grade and standard on the order.
  recipe:
    line: 310S is an iron-based austenitic stainless steel with chromium and nickel as the main alloying elements, and carbon kept low (max 0.08 percent) to limit carbide precipitation (Atlas; Righton). It is solution annealed at 1,040 to 1,150 °C and cooled rapidly for maximum corrosion resistance (Atlas).
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy, holding the austenite structure.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 24
        share_high: 26
        role: Gives the corrosion and oxidation resistance named in the datasheets (Aperam; Atlas).
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 19
        share_high: 22
        role: Stabilises the austenite structure.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.08
        limit: maximum
        role: Kept low (maximum 0.08 percent for 310S) to limit sensitisation; 310 and 310H allow higher carbon (Atlas; Righton).
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 2
        limit: maximum
        role: Deoxidiser and austenite former.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1.5
        limit: maximum
        role: Deoxidiser, as printed for the melt chemistry (Atlas specification).
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.045
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity, limited by the specification (Atlas).
      - name: Sulphur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        limit: maximum
        role: Impurity, limited by the specification (Atlas).