spore: profile
id: stainless-302
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-austenitic
name: AISI 302 stainless steel (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310)
abbreviation: '302'
role: 18-8 austenitic spring and wire stainless steel with a higher carbon content than 304
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  AISI 302 (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310) is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel with 17 to 19 % chromium and 8 to 10 % nickel, and up to 0.15 % carbon (Elgiloy nominal composition). Its datasheets give a density of 7.90 g/cm3 at 20 degC and an elastic modulus of 200 GPa, with a mean thermal expansion of 16.6 um/m.K from 20 to 100 degC. Annealed typical values are a 0.2 % yield strength of 290 MPa and a tensile strength of 655 MPa. The grade is used for springs, washers, screens and cables, and cold working makes it magnetic.
best_for: Springs, washers, screens and wire parts that need an 18-8 stainless steel with more carbon than 304 for strength, while keeping ductility (Elgiloy datasheet)
weakest_at: Strength in the annealed state (about 290 MPa typical yield), and ductility after heavy cold work (elongation falls from 48 % at 0 % cold work to 2.2 % at 80 % cold work, fwmetals table)
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, Cr 17.0 to 19.0 wt %, Ni 8.0 to 10.0 wt %, C max 0.15 wt %, Mn max 2.0 wt %, Si max 0.75 wt %, P max 0.045 wt %, S max 0.030 wt %, N max 0.10 wt % (Elgiloy nominal composition)
  source: elgiloy-302
  where: Nominal Composition table, min and max rows for C, Mn, P, S, Si, Cr, Ni, N and Fe
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S30200
      source: elgiloy-302
      where: 'Datasheet header, UNS: S30200'
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4310'
      source: agst-4310
      where: Designations list, EN 1.4310
    - system: EN name
      code: X10CrNi18-8
      source: agst-4310
      where: Designations list, EN short name X10CrNi18-8
    - system: AISI
      code: '302'
      source: alloywire-302
      where: Page text, "Stainless Steel 302 is also known as AISI 302."
    - system: ASTM
      code: A313
      source: fwmetals-302
      where: Chemical composition table, column header "ASTM A313 %"
    - system: ASTM
      code: A580
      source: alloywire-302
      where: Designations list, ASTM A313, ASTM A580
    - system: AMS
      code: '5688'
      source: alloywire-302
      where: Designations list, AMS 5688
    - system: SAE
      code: '302'
      source: agst-4310
      where: Other listed designations, SAE 302
    - system: Trade name
      code: V2A
      source: hsm-stahl-1-4310
      where: Standards and designations list, special designation V2A
    - system: Trade name
      code: Alloy 302
      source: elgiloy-302
      where: Datasheet title, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - mechanisms
    - structures
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 7.9
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 0.285 lb./in3 at 70 °F
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table, At 20 °C column
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, 1.4310 at 20 °C (AGST datasheet)
    value: 7.9
    unit: kg/dm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 1.4310 / AISI 302
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 7,9 kg/dm³
    method: Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties table, and repeated in the intro text
    status: ground
    source: agst-4310
    where: Intro paragraph, density of 7.9 kg/dm³ (at 20°C); Physical properties table, Density (kg/dm³) row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, 302 (Alloy Wire International)
    value: 1420
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      unit_in_source: 2590 °F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer alloy details table
    status: ground
    source: alloywire-302
    where: Alloy Details table, Melting Point row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, 302 (RoyMech)
    value: 1400
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: not printed
      unit_in_source: 2552 °F (printed value has a formatting error in the imperial column)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table; the page prints no test condition
    status: ground
    note: The RoyMech page gives 1400 °C; the Alloy Wire page gives 1420 °C. Both are kept because the sources do not state the same basis.
    source: roymech-302
    where: Thermal Properties table, Melting Point row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity in tension, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 200 x 10^3 MPa in tension
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Elastic modulus, annealed strip (AZoM)
    value: 193
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed strip
      unit_in_source: 193 GPa (28000 ksi)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip
    status: ground
    note: The Elgiloy datasheet gives 200 GPa and AZoM gives 193 GPa, so the two values are kept separately.
    source: azom-302
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio, annealed strip (AZoM)
    value: 0.27
    value_high: 0.3
    bound: range
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed strip
      unit_in_source: 0.27-0.30
    method: Range printed in a reference property table for annealed strip
    status: ground
    source: azom-302
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's ratio row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 16.6
    unit: µm/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 20 to 100 °C
      unit_in_source: 16.6 μm/m-oC (20-100oC)
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 0 to 100 °C (RoyMech)
    value: 17.3
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 0 to 100 °C
      unit_in_source: 17.3 x 10-6 °C-1
    method: Value printed in a reference property table
    status: ground
    note: The Elgiloy datasheet gives 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C, so the two temperature bases differ slightly.
    source: roymech-302
    where: Thermal Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Linear) row, @ 0-100°C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, 302 at 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 16.2
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 100 °C
      unit_in_source: 16.2 W/m-K (100oC)
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, 16.2 W/m-K (100oC) entry
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, 302 at 22 °C (fwmetals datasheet)
    value: 16.3
    unit: W/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: 302 (ASTM A313)
      temperature: 22 °C
      unit_in_source: 113 BTU·in/(hr·ft²·°F)
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical properties table, footnoted as calculated at 22 °C
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal conductivity row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity, 1.4310 at 20 °C (HSM Stahl)
    value: 500
    unit: J/kg K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: J/kg K
    method: Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties at 20 °C block
    status: ground
    source: hsm-stahl-1-4310
    where: Physical properties at 20 °C table, Specific heat row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 72
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '302'
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 72 μ ohm.cm
    method: Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table, At 20oC column
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistance per length, 1.4310 at room temperature (HSM Stahl)
    value: 0.73
    unit: Ω·mm²/m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temperature: room temperature
      unit_in_source: 0,73 (ohm) mm²/m
    method: Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties table
    status: ground
    note: The same value appears on the AGST page as electronic resistance at room temperature in Ω mm²/m. It equals 73 µΩ·cm, close to the 72 µΩ·cm in the Elgiloy datasheet.
    source: hsm-stahl-1-4310
    where: Physical properties at 20 °C table, Electrical resistance row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 290
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240 per the datasheet note
      unit_in_source: 42 ksi (290 MPa)
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table
    status: ground
    note: Typical, not a minimum. A specification minimum for solution-annealed 1.4310 is recorded separately.
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, 0.2% YS column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0.200 % strain, annealed strip (AZoM)
    value: 275
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed strip
      measure: 0.200 % strain
      unit_in_source: 275 MPa (39900 psi)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip
    status: ground
    note: The Elgiloy typical annealed value is 290 MPa. The two are different sources and forms and are not averaged.
    source: azom-302
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Yield strength (@strain 0.200%) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, Rp0.2, solution annealed, minimum, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)
    value: 195
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temper: solution annealed
      diameter: up to 40 mm
      basis: minimum, EN ISO 6931-1
      unit_in_source: ≥ 195 N/mm2
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: agst-4310
    where: Mechanical properties table, Yield strength Rp0.2 in Mpa row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0 % cold worked wire, typical (fwmetals datasheet)
    value: 338
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      cold_work: 0 %
      basis: typical, values may not represent all diameters
      unit_in_source: 338 MPa [49 ksi]
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Mechanical properties table, first row
    status: ground
    note: Cold-worked rows in the same table rise to 1165 MPa at 37 % cold work; only the 0 % row is entered here.
    source: fwmetals-302
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 cold worked %, Yield strength column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 655
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      basis: typical, based on ASTM A240 per the datasheet note
      unit_in_source: 95 ksi (655 MPa)
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, Tensile Strength (UTS) column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, annealed strip (AZoM)
    value: 620
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed strip
      unit_in_source: 620 MPa (89900 psi)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip
    status: ground
    note: Differs from the 655 MPa typical in the Elgiloy datasheet; the two are for different forms.
    source: azom-302
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, solution annealed, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)
    value: 500
    value_high: 700
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temper: solution annealed
      diameter: up to 40 mm
      unit_in_source: 500-700 N/mm2
    method: Range printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    note: The AGST PDF of the same sheet prints 500-750 N/mm2 for the same condition; the webpage figure of 500-700 is used here.
    source: agst-4310
    where: Mechanical properties table, Strength / tensile strength Rm in Mpa row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, spring temper, approximate (Alloy Wire International)
    value: 1300
    value_high: 2200
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: spring temper
      basis: approximate, as supplied
      unit_in_source: 1300 – 2200 N/mm²
    method: Range printed in a manufacturer properties table for spring temper
    status: ground
    source: alloywire-302
    where: Properties table, Spring Temper, Approx. tensile strength row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation in 2 in, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)
    value: 55
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      gauge_length: 2 in (50.8 mm)
      basis: typical
    method: Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, Elongation% in 2 column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at break, longitudinal, minimum, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)
    value: 40
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temper: solution annealed
      diameter: up to 40 mm
      unit_in_source: 40 %
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    source: agst-4310
    where: Mechanical properties table, Elongation at break A in % (longitudinal) row
  - benchmark: hardness_brinell
    label: Hardness, Brinell maximum, solution annealed (EN ISO 6931-1)
    value: 230
    bound: upper
    unit: HB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      temper: solution annealed
      diameter: up to 40 mm
    method: Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table
    status: ground
    note: hardness_brinell is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml; see gaps.
    source: agst-4310
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hardness in HB row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum service temperature, continuous, in air (RoyMech)
    value: 925
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      exposure: continuous, in air
      unit_in_source: 925 °C (1697 °F)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table
    status: ground
    note: The AGST page gives "up to 300 °C" as the maximum use temperature. The two figures conflict and both are kept.
    source: roymech-302
    where: Thermal Properties table, Service Temperature in Air Continous row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum service temperature, intermittent, in air (RoyMech)
    value: 870
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      exposure: intermittent, in air
      unit_in_source: 870 °C (1598 °F)
    method: Value printed in a reference property table
    status: ground
    source: roymech-302
    where: Thermal Properties table, Service Temperature in Air Intermittent row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Maximum use temperature (AGST datasheet)
    value: 300
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: '1.4310'
      unit_in_source: up to 300 °C
    method: Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet introduction
    status: ground
    note: Conflicts with the 925 °C continuous figure from RoyMech. The basis of the AGST figure is not stated on the page.
    source: agst-4310
    where: Intro paragraph, Max. use temperature, "up to 300 °C"
  - benchmark: min_service_temp
    label: Approximate operating temperature, lower limit, annealed (Alloy Wire International)
    value: -200
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: annealed or spring temper
      unit_in_source: '-200 to +300 °C (-330 to +570 °F)'
    method: Approximate range printed in a manufacturer properties table; the upper limit of 300 °C is the same figure as the AGST datasheet
    status: ground
    source: alloywire-302
    where: Properties table, Approx. operating temperature row, Annealed
corrosion:
  - environment: Wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments
    headline: Useful corrosion resistance in a wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments.
    effect: The RoyMech page says the alloy "provides useful resistance to corrosion on a wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments" and that its corrosion resistance is comparable to 304. No test result or rate is given.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statement, no test result or rate given
    source: roymech-302
    where: Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section, Corrosion bullet
  - environment: General corrosion and fabricability
    headline: Excellent combination of corrosion resistance and fabricability (Elgiloy).
    effect: The Elgiloy datasheet says the alloy "represents an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and fabricability". The datasheet notes that 304 has largely replaced 302 because lower carbon is now easily reached with AOD melting.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statement, no test result or rate given
    source: elgiloy-302
    where: Introduction paragraph
  - environment: Pitting resistance, PREN
    headline: PREN value printed as 16.0 to 23.4 in the AGST datasheet.
    effect: The AGST page prints a PREN value of 16.0 to 23.4 in its introduction and corrosion section. The page gives no test method or environment for the value.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: PREN value as printed, no test condition given
    source: agst-4310
    where: Intro text and Corrosion resistance section, PREN value line
  - environment: Welded and forged parts, intergranular attack
    headline: Post-weld annealing dissolves chromium carbide to improve intergranular resistance.
    effect: The AZoM page says post-weld annealing dissolves chromium carbide "so as to provide maximum resistance to inter-granular attack", and that forgings "should be fully annealed after all operations so as to maintain full corrosion resistance".
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statement from processing guidance, no test result
    source: azom-302
    where: Corrosion resistance text, first and second bullets
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'North American Stainless SDS for stainless steel products of all grades: the solid alloy is considered an article and not hazardous in its solid form. Cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous materials. The SDS lists carcinogenicity Category 1B (May cause cancer) for the hazardous elements that may be emitted during these processes. The SDS does not name AISI 302 and no grade-specific SDS was found.'
      ghs: []
      source: nas-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazard identification, Classification and Carcinogenicity rows
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of ductility after heavy cold work
      trigger: Heavy cold drawing or rolling of the alloy
      consequence: The fwmetals table gives elongation of 48 % at 0 % cold worked, 9.8 % at 20 %, 2.2 % at 80 % and 2.2 % at 90 % cold worked. Heavy cold work leaves little ductility for further forming.
      severity: moderate
      source: fwmetals-302
      where: Mechanical properties table, Cold worked % and Elongation % columns
    - mode: Loss of non-magnetic condition after cold work
      trigger: Cold forming or cold working
      consequence: The AZoM page says cold working causes the alloy to gain magnetic properties, so post-fabrication annealing is needed to restore a non-magnetic condition.
      severity: low
      source: azom-302
      where: Magnetism text
    - mode: Intergranular attack after welding or forging without annealing
      trigger: Welded or forged parts not annealed after processing
      consequence: The AZoM page says forgings should be fully annealed after all operations to maintain full corrosion resistance, and that post-weld annealing improves resistance to intergranular attack.
      severity: moderate
      source: azom-302
      where: Corrosion resistance text, forging and post-weld annealing bullets
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Solution anneal at 1000 to 1100 °C, cooling in air or water (AGST datasheet). Hot forming 1200 to 900 °C, cooling in air.
      source: agst-4310
      where: Heat treatment and hot forming rows of the processing table
    - text: Stress relieve at 250 °C for 1 hour, cooled in air, for annealed or spring-temper parts (Alloy Wire International).
      source: alloywire-302
      where: Heat treatment of finished parts table, Stress Relieve row
    - text: AZoM recommends resistance or shielded fusion welding methods, with filler AWS E/ER308 or 312.
      source: azom-302
      where: Welding section
    - text: Grade 302 requires slow speeds and high feeds to overcome its tendency to work harden (AZoM).
      source: azom-302
      where: Cold working and hardening section
  mitigations:
    - text: Anneal after forming to restore a non-magnetic condition (AZoM).
      source: azom-302
      where: Magnetism text
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Springs, washers, screens and cables
    example: AZoM says the alloy is widely used in stamping, spinning and wire forming and is used to form springs, washers, screens and cables.
    source: azom-302
    where: Applications and uses section
  - application: structures
    device: Building facades and architectural or structural parts in non-marine atmospheres
    example: The RoyMech page lists building facades and architectural or structural uses in non-marine atmospheres among its named uses.
    source: roymech-302
    where: Uses bullet in the Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping and process tanks
    example: The RoyMech page lists food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping, tanks and process equipment for fresh water among its named uses.
    source: roymech-302
    where: Uses bullet in the Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (mine production, 8 to 10 wt % of the grade)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000 (Indonesia), 270,000 (Philippines), 200,000 (Russia) and 140,000 (New Caledonia); Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs
  - subject: Chromium (mine production, 17 to 19 wt % of the grade)
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: recycled chromium, contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts, accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-chromium
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 51,000; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 23,000 (South Africa), 9,000 (Turkey), 7,000 (Kazakhstan) and 3,000 (India); Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs
documents:
  - title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet (UNS S30200), REV 2024 06 04
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197
  - title: Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/
  - title: AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 (1.4310, X10CrNi18-8) data sheet
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en
  - title: RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ
  - title: fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel
  - title: HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/
  - title: North American Stainless, Stainless Steel Products, All Grades, Safety Data Sheet (June 2015, revised March 2018)
    type: sds
    url: https://www.northamericanstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/NAS_SDS.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No outgassing, total mass loss, atomic oxygen erosion, radiation or thermal-cycling data for AISI 302 was found in the sources read, so the space-environment section is empty.
  - No pitting critical temperature, crevice or stress-corrosion test result was found; the corrosion section is qualitative apart from the AGST PREN value, which has no test basis printed.
  - The AGST datasheet prints thermal conductivity 15 for 1.4310 at up to 20 °C with no unit printed, so the value is not entered.
  - 'Silicon limit differs between sources: Elgiloy prints 0.75 % maximum, while AZoM, fwmetals and RoyMech print 1.00 % maximum. The Elgiloy value is used in the recipe; no silicon property is entered.'
  - 'Carbon limit differs between sources: Elgiloy and AZoM print 0.15 % maximum, fwmetals prints 0.12 % maximum for ASTM A313, and the EN range printed by AGST is 0.05 to 0.15 %. The Elgiloy nominal composition is used in the recipe.'
  - 'Chromium and nickel ranges differ: the EN 10088-3 basis printed by AGST and HSM Stahl gives 16 to 19 % Cr and 6 to 9.5 % Ni, while ASTM-based sources give 17 to 19 % Cr and 8 to 10 % Ni. The ASTM ranges are used in the recipe.'
  - hardness_brinell is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; it is used as a short name for the Brinell maximum of 230 HB from the AGST table.
  - The HSM Stahl page maps 1.4310 to AISI 301 and to BS 301S21 and JIS SUS 301, and lists UNS S30100 next to S30200. Those 301 designations are not entered for this grade. Only the UNS S30200 code is taken from the Elgiloy datasheet, and the V2A name is taken from the HSM page.
  - The RoyMech page lists DIN 1.4300 for this grade; that number is not entered because the page gives no basis for treating it as the same material.
  - The NAS SDS covers all stainless steel grades and does not name AISI 302; no grade-specific SDS was found for this grade.
  - Critical-mineral list membership for nickel and chromium was not printed in the USGS 2026 summaries opened for this run, so critical_lists is empty.
  - Titanium, molybdenum and manganese supply were not read; supply covers nickel and chromium only.
  - The fwmetals electrical resistivity is printed as 720 µohms*mm, a unit form that does not match the other sources; it is not entered.
  - The Elgiloy annealed hardness of 84 HRBW and the azom hardness of 85 HRB are not entered; no canonical Rockwell B name exists in the canon file.
  - The makeitfrom.com page for 302 returned HTTP 403 and was not read.
  - The AZoM page is an older article and gives 1.00 % silicon; the AZoM composition table is not used because the Elgiloy nominal composition is the more complete source.
sources:
  elgiloy-302:
    title: Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet
    id: UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04
    url: https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf
    year: 2024
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced
  azom-302:
    title: AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)
    id: Article 8197
    url: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197
    kind: web
    license: Reference article, cited not reproduced
  alloywire-302:
    title: Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302
    id: Alloy details, properties and designations
    url: https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier product page, cited not reproduced
  agst-4310:
    title: AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet
    id: DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet
    url: https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced
  roymech-302:
    title: RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties
    id: Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel
    url: https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ
    kind: web
    license: Reference page, cited not reproduced
  fwmetals-302:
    title: fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313 chemical composition and physical properties)
    id: ASTM A313 product page
    url: https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier product page, cited not reproduced
  hsm-stahl-1-4310:
    title: HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet
    id: Werkstoff 14310
    url: https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced
  nas-sds:
    title: North American Stainless, Stainless Steel Products, All Grades, Safety Data Sheet
    id: June 2015, revised March 2018
    url: https://www.northamericanstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/NAS_SDS.pdf
    year: 2018
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer SDS, cited not reproduced
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel, USGS'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US government, public domain
  usgs-mcs2026-chromium:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium, USGS'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: US government, public domain
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-25'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 29
  unreachable: 1
  caveats: 5
  note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: makeitfrom.com (403). Caveats: the datasheets disagree on density, elastic modulus, service temperature, silicon and carbon limits; the Elgiloy datasheet is a PDF read through text extraction; supply shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; no grade-specific SDS was found.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: AISI 302 is an iron-based alloy of chromium and nickel with about 0.15 % carbon, the 18-8 type austenitic family. The composition ranges are the nominal ASTM limits printed in the Elgiloy datasheet, in weight percent. The Elgiloy datasheet notes that 304, which has lower carbon, has largely replaced 302 in use.
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share: balance, printed as BAL in the Elgiloy nominal composition table
        role: The matrix of the alloy; the other elements are dissolved in it.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share: 17.0 to 19.0 wt %
        role: Gives the stainless steel its corrosion and oxidation resistance.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share: 8.0 to 10.0 wt %
        role: Keeps the structure austenitic and non-magnetic in the annealed state.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share: 0.15 wt % maximum
        role: Higher than in 304; it raises strength and makes 302 useful for temper-rolled spring products (Elgiloy datasheet).
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share: 2.0 wt % maximum
        role: Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share: 0.75 wt % maximum
        role: Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table; AZoM and fwmetals print 1.00 %.
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share: 0.10 wt % maximum
        role: Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The only hazard statement in the sources is the North American Stainless SDS for stainless steel of all grades. It classes the solid alloy as an article and not hazardous in solid form.
      level: 1
      verdict: Not classified as hazardous in solid form
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The NAS SDS says stainless steel is considered an article and not hazardous in its solid form. The SDS does not name AISI 302.
        - label: Processing
          line: The same SDS says cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous materials, and lists carcinogenicity Category 1B for the emitted elements.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: 'The failure routes in these sources are qualitative or tied to processing: heavy cold work, cold forming and missed annealing.'
      points:
        - label: Cold work
          line: The fwmetals table shows elongation falling from 48 % at 0 % cold work to 2.2 % at 80 % cold work.
        - label: Magnetism
          line: The AZoM page says cold working makes the alloy magnetic, so annealing restores a non-magnetic condition.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Solution anneal at 1000 to 1100 °C with air or water cooling, and stress relief at 250 °C for 1 hour.
        - label: Welding
          line: AZoM recommends resistance or shielded fusion welding with filler AWS E/ER308 or 312.
  why: AISI 302 is a higher-carbon version of 304 that keeps good ductility while gaining strength in cold-worked and spring tempers. Its datasheets give a density of 7.90 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 200 GPa (Elgiloy) or 193 GPa (AZoM), and a mean thermal expansion of 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C. Those figures are the reason the grade is chosen for springs and wire.
  uses:
    - where: Springs, washers and wire forms
      line: AZoM says the grade is widely used in stamping, spinning and wire forming, and is used for springs, washers, screens and cables.
    - where: Architectural and structural parts
      line: The RoyMech page lists building facades and architectural or structural uses in non-marine atmospheres.
    - where: Food and process equipment
      line: The RoyMech page lists food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping and process tanks.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry springs and wire
      value: 1300 to 2200 MPa spring temper tensile
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Alloy Wire International gives an approximate tensile strength of 1300 to 2200 N/mm2 for spring temper.
    - label: Stay in shape when warm
      value: 16.6 µm/(m·°C)
      benchmark: cte
      line: The mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet).
    - label: Hold load in the annealed state
      value: 290 MPa typical yield
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: The Elgiloy datasheet gives 290 MPa as the typical 0.2 % yield strength of the annealed grade, and the EN ISO 6931-1 minimum for solution-annealed 1.4310 is 195 MPa.
    - label: Survive short exposure to heat
      value: 925 °C continuous in air
      benchmark: max_service_temp
      line: The RoyMech page gives 925 °C for continuous service in air and 870 °C for intermittent service. The AGST page gives up to 300 °C; the two conflict.
  compare: The datasheets for AISI 302 agree broadly on density (7.90 g/cm3 from Elgiloy, 7.9 kg/dm3 from AGST) and on the 193 to 200 GPa modulus range. They differ on annealed strength (290 MPa Elgiloy typical yield, 275 MPa AZoM strip, 195 MPa EN minimum) and on the maximum service temperature (925 °C continuous in RoyMech, up to 300 °C in the AGST page). The values are for the grade as printed in each source and should be read as examples of spread, not a ranking.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
    - label: Tensile strength
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the product form and temper, since the strip, wire, spring-temper and annealed values differ.
    - Use the filler metal and welding guidance from the datasheet, and anneal welded or forged parts.
    - Anneal after cold forming when a non-magnetic condition is needed.
  good_for:
    - Springs, washers, screens and cables in an 18-8 austenitic steel with more carbon than 304 (AZoM, RoyMech).
    - Continuous service in air is listed up to 925 °C by RoyMech; AGST gives up to 300 °C.
    - Non-magnetic annealed stainless steel with a 200 GPa modulus (Elgiloy datasheet).
  watch_out:
    - Heavy cold work lowers ductility sharply (fwmetals table) and makes the steel magnetic (AZoM).
    - Welded and forged parts need annealing to keep full corrosion resistance (AZoM).
    - The datasheets disagree on the maximum service temperature, on silicon, and on the EN and ASTM composition ranges.
    - No space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation) was found for this grade in the sources read.
  verdict: AISI 302 is a higher-carbon 18-8 austenitic stainless steel for springs, washers and wire, with a density of 7.90 g/cm3, a modulus of 200 GPa in the Elgiloy datasheet, and a typical annealed yield of 290 MPa. It is harder to weld than 304 and loses ductility under heavy cold work. Its service-temperature figures conflict between sources, and this profile has no sourced space-environment data.