spore: profile
id: stainless-301
spore_version: 0.2
family: stainless-austenitic
name: Stainless steel 301
abbreviation: 301 (UNS S30100)
role: structural and spring alloy
category: metals
type: steels-and-stainless
summary: |
  Type 301 is a chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel, nominally 17 percent chromium and 7 percent nickel (ATI). It gains a great deal of strength when cold rolled: ATI prints minimum tensile strength rising from 515 MPa annealed to 1276 MPa full hard. It is used for springs and for light formed structures such as truck and trailer bodies and railway cars, and it resists corrosion less well than the 18-8 grades (ATI).
best_for: Springs, clips and light formed structures where cold-work strength matters more than corrosion resistance
weakest_at: Chloride pitting (critical pitting temperature below 10 C in Outokumpu's test) and carbide precipitation after welding or holding at 427 to 816 C
identity:
  formula: Fe balance, Cr 16.0 to 18.0, Ni 6.0 to 8.0, max 0.15 C, max 2.00 Mn, max 1.00 Si, max 0.045 P, max 0.030 S, max 0.10 N (wt%)
  source: upmet-301
  where: Chemical Composition table, minimum and maximum by element (UPMET); the ATI product page and ATI data sheet give the same limits except silicon, see gaps
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: S30100
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 4, UNS column, 4310 row
    - system: EN
      code: '1.4310'
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 4, EN column, 4310 row
    - system: AISI
      code: '301'
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 4, ASTM column (printed as 301), 4310 row
    - system: JIS
      code: SUS 301
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 4, JIS column, 4310 row
    - system: ISO
      code: 4310-301-00-I
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, ISO column, 4310 row
    - system: BS
      code: 301S21
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, BS/UK column, 4310 row
    - system: AFNOR
      code: Z11 CN 18-08
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, NF/France column, 4310 row
    - system: SS
      code: '2331'
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, SS/Sweden column, 4310 row
    - system: GB
      code: 1Cr17Ni7
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, GB/PR China column, 4310 row
    - system: KS
      code: STS 301
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, KS/Korea column, 4310 row
    - system: GOST
      code: 07X16H6
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 5, GOST/Russia column, 4310 row
    - system: ASTM
      code: A240
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Chemical Composition section, Represented by ASTM A240 and A666
    - system: ASTM
      code: A666
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Chemical Composition section, Represented by ASTM A240 and A666
    - system: ASME
      code: SA-240
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: ati-301-page
      where: Specifications line under the Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables
    - system: AMS
      code: '5901'
      note: sheet and coil
      source: upmet-301
      where: Title block, AMS 5901 / UNS S30100, datasheet for 301 sheet and coil
    - system: Trade name
      code: ATI 301
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Title block, ATI 301 (UNS S30100)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-cold
  applications:
    - structures
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    value: 8.03
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed (the TDS gives its physical values as representative of the annealed condition)
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 0.29 lb/in3 (8.03 g/cm3); specific gravity 8.03 is also printed
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Physical Properties, Density row
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.88
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: coil and sheet (AMS 5901 datasheet)
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 0.2850 lb/in3 (7.88g/cm3)
    status: ground
    source: upmet-301
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row
  - benchmark: density
    value: 7.9
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT column)
      unit_in_source: kg/dm3
      condition: not labelled in Table 13
    method: Physical properties table, printed as 7.9 kg/dm3; kg/dm3 is the same as g/cm3
    status: ground
    source: outokumpu-global
    where: Table 13, Density RT column, 4310 row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    value: 1399
    value_high: 1421
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: melting range
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: 2550-2590 F, printed beside 1399-1421 C
    method: Physical properties, melting range printed as 2550-2590°F (1399-1421°C); the °C values are used
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Physical Properties, Melting Range row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 193
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed (the TDS says the modulus is lowered in the cold-worked condition)
      temperature: not printed
    method: Physical properties, printed as 28 x 10^6 psi (193 GPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 200
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT column)
      condition: not labelled in Table 13
    method: Physical properties table, modulus of elasticity E in GPa, RT column
    status: ground
    source: outokumpu-global
    where: Table 13, Modulus of elasticity RT column, 4310 row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 16.3
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 100 C
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: W/m•K
    method: Thermal conductivity table, printed as 16.3 W/m•K (9.4 Btu/ft2/hr/F/ft)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Thermal Conductivity table, 20-100 C row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    value: 21.4
    unit: W/m.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 500 C
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: W/m•K
    method: Thermal conductivity table, printed as 21.4 W/m•K (12.4 Btu/ft2/hr/F/ft)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Thermal Conductivity table, 20-500 C row
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    value: 500
    unit: J/kg.K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 0 to 100 C
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: J/kg•K
    method: Specific heat table, printed as 500 J/kg•K (0.12 Btu/lb/F)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Specific Heat table, 0-100 C row
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 16.6
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 100 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    method: Linear coefficient of thermal expansion table, printed as 16.6 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C; cm/cm/°C is the same as 1/K
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, 20-100 C row
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 18.6
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 500 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    method: Linear coefficient of thermal expansion table, printed as 18.6 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, 20-500 C row
  - benchmark: cte
    value: 19.8
    unit: 10-6/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 to 871 C mean
      unit_in_source: 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    method: Linear coefficient of thermal expansion table, printed as 19.8 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion table, 20-871 C row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 72
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 20 C
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: Microhm-cm
    method: Electrical resistivity table, printed as 72 Microhm-cm at 20 C (28.3 Microhm-in.)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Electrical Resistivity table, 20 C row
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    value: 100
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 400 C
      temper: annealed (representative values)
      unit_in_source: Microhm-cm
    method: Electrical resistivity table, printed as 100 Microhm-cm at 400 C (39.4 Microhm-in.)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Electrical Resistivity table, 400 C row
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Oxidation resistance limit in air, as printed
    value: 840
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: up to 840 C
      basis: oxidation resistance; the TDS says oxidation depends on atmosphere and design and advises against use at 871 C and above
      unit_in_source: 1550 F (840 C)
    method: Oxidation Resistance section, printed as up to 1550°F (840°C)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Oxidation Resistance section
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 515
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      unit_in_source: 75 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 75 ksi (515 MPa); UPMET prints the same minimum
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 862
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      unit_in_source: 125 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 125 ksi (862 MPa); UPMET prints the same minimum
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 1/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1034
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      unit_in_source: 150 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 150 ksi (1,034 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 1/2 Hard row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1207
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 3/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      unit_in_source: 175 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 175 ksi (1,207 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 3/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1276
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      unit_in_source: 185 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 185 ksi (1,276 MPa); UPMET prints the same minimum
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Full Hard row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 205
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 30 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 30 ksi (205 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Yield column, Annealed row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 517
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 75 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 75 ksi (517 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Yield column, 1/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 758
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 110 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 110 ksi (758 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Yield column, 1/2 Hard row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 931
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 3/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: ATI prints 125 ksi beside 931 MPa; UPMET prints 135 ksi beside 931 MPa
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 931 MPa; the ksi figure differs between ATI (125) and UPMET (135), so the MPa value is the one recorded
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Yield column, 3/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 965
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 140 ksi
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 140 ksi (965 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% Yield column, Full Hard row
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 40
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 40%, Min.
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Elong. column, Annealed row
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 25
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 25%
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Elong. column, 1/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 18
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
      thickness: greater than 0.015 in (0.038 mm), as the table asterisk states
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 18%, Min. with an asterisk
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Elong. column, 1/2 Hard row
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 12
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 3/4 hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
      thickness: greater than 0.015 in (0.038 mm), as the table asterisk states
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 12%, Min. with an asterisk
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Elong. column, 3/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 9
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      form: plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240 and A666 minimum)
      basis: minimum
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
      thickness: greater than 0.015 in (0.038 mm), as the table asterisk states
    method: Minimum room-temperature mechanical properties table, printed as 9%, Min. with an asterisk
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Elong. column, Full Hard row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 248
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed (as annealed)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 36 ksi
    method: Tension table for as-rolled and stress-relieved material, printed as 36 ksi (248 MPa) for longitudinal 0.2% Y.S.
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., Annealed row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 552
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 80 ksi
    method: Tension table, printed as 80 ksi (552 MPa) for longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., 1/4 Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 841
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 122 ksi
    method: Tension table, printed as 122 ksi (841 MPa) for longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., 1/2 Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 979
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 3/4 hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 142 ksi
    method: Tension table, printed as 142 ksi (979 MPa) for longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., 3/4 Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 1103
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 160 ksi
    method: Tension table, printed as 160 ksi (1,103 MPa) for longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal 0.2% Y.S., Full Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 193
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 28.0 x 10^6 psi (193 GPa)
    method: Tension table, elastic modulus printed as 28.0 (193) for longitudinal, as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal Elastic Modulus, 1/4 Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    value: 174
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard (as rolled)
      orientation: longitudinal
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 25.2 x 10^6 psi (174 GPa)
    method: Tension table, elastic modulus printed as 25.2 (174) for longitudinal, as rolled
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Tension table (as rolled and stress relieved), Longitudinal Elastic Modulus, Full Hard as rolled row
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 85
    unit: HRB
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 85 Rb
    method: Typical hardness table, printed as 85 Rb (Rockwell B scale); the Brinell figure for the same row is printed without a unit and is left out
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Hardness table, Annealed row
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 25
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 25 Rc
    method: Typical hardness table, printed as 25 Rc (Rockwell C scale)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Hardness table, 1/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 32
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 32 Rc
    method: Typical hardness table, printed as 32 Rc (Rockwell C scale)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Hardness table, 1/2 Hard row
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 37
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 3/4 hard
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 37 Rc
    method: Typical hardness table, printed as 37 Rc (Rockwell C scale)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Hardness table, 3/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: hardness
    value: 41
    unit: HRC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 41 Rc
    method: Typical hardness table, printed as 41 Rc (Rockwell C scale)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Hardness table, Full Hard row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 552
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 204 C (400 F)
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 80.0 ksi
    method: Typical elevated temperature tensile table, Annealed column, 400 F (204 C) row
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties table, 400 (204) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 152
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 204 C (400 F)
      basis: typical, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 22.0 ksi
    method: Typical elevated temperature tensile table, Annealed yield column, 400 F (204 C) row
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties table, 400 (204) row, yield column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 401
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 538 C (1000 F)
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 58.2 ksi
    method: Typical elevated temperature tensile table, Annealed column, 1000 F (538 C) row
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties table, 1000 (538) row
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 126
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: 538 C (1000 F)
      basis: typical, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 18.3 ksi
    method: Typical elevated temperature tensile table, Annealed yield column, 1000 F (538 C) row
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties table, 1000 (538) row, yield column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 1896
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: '-196 C (-320 F)'
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 275 ksi
    method: Typical low temperature tensile table, Annealed row, -320 F (-196 C) line
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Low Temperature Tensile Properties table, Annealed row, -320 (-196) line
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 517
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: '-196 C (-320 F)'
      basis: typical, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 75 ksi
    method: Typical low temperature tensile table, Annealed row, -320 F (-196 C) line, yield column
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Low Temperature Tensile Properties table, Annealed row, -320 (-196) line
  - benchmark: elongation
    value: 30
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      temperature: '-196 C (-320 F)'
      basis: typical
      gauge: 2 in (50 mm)
    method: Typical low temperature tensile table, Annealed row, -320 F (-196 C) line
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Low Temperature Tensile Properties table, Annealed row, -320 (-196) line
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    value: 2082
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      temperature: '-196 C (-320 F)'
      basis: typical
      unit_in_source: 302 ksi
    method: Typical low temperature tensile table, Full Hard row, -320 F (-196 C) line; the source marks this row with an asterisk
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Low Temperature Tensile Properties table, Full Hard row, -320 (-196) line
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    value: 1482
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      temperature: '-196 C (-320 F)'
      basis: typical, 0.2 percent offset
      unit_in_source: 215 ksi
    method: Typical low temperature tensile table, Full Hard row, -320 F (-196 C) line, yield column; the source marks this row with an asterisk
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Typical Low Temperature Tensile Properties table, Full Hard row, -320 (-196) line, yield column
  - benchmark: fatigue_strength
    value: 241
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: annealed
      basis: typical endurance limit as printed; test method, cycles and specimen not printed
      unit_in_source: 35 ksi
    method: Endurance limit table, printed as 35 ksi (241 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Fatigue Strength section, Endurance Limit table, Annealed row
  - benchmark: fatigue_strength
    value: 303
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/4 hard
      basis: typical endurance limit as printed; test method, cycles and specimen not printed
      unit_in_source: 44 ksi
    method: Endurance limit table, printed as 44 ksi (303 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Fatigue Strength section, Endurance Limit table, 1/4 Hard row
  - benchmark: fatigue_strength
    value: 379
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: 1/2 hard
      basis: typical endurance limit as printed; test method, cycles and specimen not printed
      unit_in_source: 55 ksi
    method: Endurance limit table, printed as 55 ksi (379 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Fatigue Strength section, Endurance Limit table, 1/2 Hard row
  - benchmark: fatigue_strength
    value: 552
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: full hard
      basis: typical endurance limit as printed; test method, cycles and specimen not printed
      unit_in_source: 80 ksi
    method: Endurance limit table, printed as 80 ksi (552 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Fatigue Strength section, Endurance Limit table, Full Hard row
  - benchmark: strain_hardening_exponent
    value: 0.8
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: cold forming characteristic from a tension test (Outokumpu footnote 3)
      temper: not labelled in Table 15
      product: 1.4310 row, as printed
    method: Forming n/Ahom column printed as 0.8/35; footnote 3 defines the first value as the strain-hardening exponent n and the second as homogeneous elongation Ahom, here 35 percent
    status: ground
    source: outokumpu-global
    where: Table 15 (fabrication and use characteristics), Forming n/Ahom column, 4310 row
corrosion:
  - environment: Chloride pitting (critical pitting temperature)
    headline: Critical pitting temperature below 10 C in Outokumpu's potentiostatic test.
    effect: Outokumpu prints a critical pitting temperature below 10 C for 1.4310 (Table 15). Its footnote says this is from potentiostatic testing at +700 mV SCE in 1 M NaCl with the Avesta cell, on a surface ground to P 320 (ASTM G 150). Other methods, such as ASTM G 48, give other values.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      test: potentiostatic, +700 mV SCE, 1 M NaCl, Avesta cell, surface ground to P 320 (ASTM G 150)
      temperature: critical pitting temperature, below 10 C
    source: outokumpu-global
    where: Table 15, CPT column (footnote 7), 4310 row
  - environment: Intergranular corrosion in the delivery and welded conditions
    headline: Outokumpu prints N/N for 1.4310, so it is not resistant to intergranular corrosion in either condition.
    effect: Outokumpu prints N/N in the IGC resistance column for 1.4310. Its footnote 6 says Y or N is yes or no for the delivery and welded condition, tested to EN ISO 3651-2. ATI says carbide precipitation during welding restricts 301 in many applications in favour of ATI 304 or 304L.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      standard: EN 10088-2 test to EN ISO 3651-2
      condition: delivery condition and welded condition
    source: outokumpu-global
    where: Table 15, IGC resistance column (footnote 6), 4310 row
  - environment: General corrosion in ordinary environments
    headline: Resists a variety of corrosive media, but less well than the 18-8 chromium-nickel grades (ATI).
    effect: ATI says 301 is resistant to a variety of corrosive media. However, its corrosion properties are not as good as the 18-8 chromium-nickel steels.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Corrosion Resistance section
  - environment: High-temperature oxidation in air
    headline: Good oxidation resistance up to 840 C; not suggested at 871 C or above.
    effect: ATI says 301 has good resistance to oxidation at temperatures up to 1550 F (840 C). At 1600 F (871 C) it gains 10 mg/cm2 in 1000 hours, so it is not suggested for use at 1600 F or above. ATI adds that the oxidation rate depends on the atmosphere and the structural design.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      atmosphere: air, as printed
      time: 1000 hours (weight-gain figure at 871 C)
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: Oxidation Resistance section
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'ATI''s stainless steel safety data sheet FRP008, which names ATI301, is classed Danger. Its hazard statements are: May cause cancer; May cause an allergic skin reaction; Causes damage to the respiratory tract through prolonged or repeated exposure if inhaled. It also says the product is an article and does not present a hazard to human health by inhalation or ingestion.'
      ghs: []
      source: ati-frp008-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazards Identification (hazard statements and article statement)
    - text: The SDS says welding, burning, melting, sawing, brazing, grinding, buffing or polishing can release hexavalent chromium (Chromium VI), which may cause lung, nasal and/or sinus cancer, along with other fumes the SDS lists.
      ghs: []
      source: ati-frp008-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazards not otherwise classified; Section 5, Hazardous combustion products
    - text: The SDS says nickel- or cobalt-containing alloys may cause sensitization by skin contact.
      ghs: []
      source: ati-frp008-sds
      where: Section 11, Toxicological Information, Skin contact and Sensitization
    - text: 'SDS exposure limits for the constituent metals: nickel, ACGIH TWA 1.5 mg/m3 (inhalable fraction) and OSHA PEL TWA 1 mg/m3; chromium, ACGIH TWA 0.5 mg/m3 and OSHA PEL TWA 1 mg/m3. The table is for the product family, not 301 alone.'
      ghs: []
      source: ati-frp008-sds
      where: Section 8, Exposure Controls, ACGIH TLV and OSHA PEL table
    - text: PubChem aggregated notifications for elemental nickel include H317 (99.9 percent of notifications), H372 (99.7 percent), H351 (72.9 percent) and H412 (47.2 percent), with signal word Danger. These describe the element, not the 301 alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H372
        - H351
        - H412
      source: pubchem-nickel
      where: GHS Classification, ECHA C&L aggregated notifications (CID 935)
    - text: PubChem aggregated notifications for elemental chromium include H317 (20.7 percent), H319 (19.1 percent) and H334 (20.3 percent), with signal word Danger. The record says it does not meet GHS criteria for 50 percent of reports, and it describes the element, not the 301 alloy.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H319
        - H334
      source: pubchem-chromium
      where: GHS Classification, ECHA C&L aggregated notifications (CID 23976)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Grain-boundary carbide precipitation after welding or holding
      trigger: Heating or holding in the 800 to 1500 F (427 to 816 C) range, including welded joints
      consequence: Carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries lowers corrosion resistance. ATI restricts 301 in welded service in favour of ATI 304 and 304L.
      severity: high
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Corrosion Resistance section and Structure paragraph of the Heat Treatment section
    - mode: Loss of ductility as the temper increases
      trigger: Cold rolling from annealed to full hard
      consequence: Minimum elongation falls from 40 percent annealed to 9 percent full hard, with the harder tempers shown for thickness greater than 0.015 in (ATI).
      severity: moderate
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Minimum Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table
    - mode: Loss of nonmagnetic behaviour with cold work
      trigger: Cold working, which promotes martensite
      consequence: Magnetic permeability rises with cold rolling. Properly annealed 301 is completely austenitic (ATI).
      severity: moderate
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Magnetic Permeability section
  side_effects:
    - text: Cold-rolled 301 is slightly anisotropic, and the difference is more pronounced in compression. Stress relieving at 371 to 538 C (700 to 1000 F) for 5 minutes to 5 hours makes the material more isotropic (ATI).
      affects: Forming and compression loads on cold-rolled parts
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Mechanical Properties section, text before the as-rolled table
    - text: Cold work raises the magnetic permeability of 301 (ATI).
      affects: Magnetic-sensitive hardware
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Magnetic Permeability section
  handling:
    - text: Anneal at 1850 to 2050 F (1010 to 1121 C). Water-quench heavy sections and air-cool thin ones (ATI).
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Heat Treatment section, Annealing Temperature
    - text: Outokumpu prints an annealing temperature of 1050 ± 40 C for 1.4310 (A = annealing) and the welding consumable 19 9L.
      source: outokumpu-global
      where: Table 15 (fabrication), heat treatment and welding columns, 4310 row
    - text: 'Forging: initial 2000 to 2200 F (1093 to 1204 C), finishing at 1700 F (927 C) (ATI).'
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Heat Treatment section, Forging Treatment
    - text: The SDS says to use personal protective equipment as required, wear protective gloves, and use respiratory protection when fumes or particulates are generated and exposure limits are exceeded.
      source: ati-frp008-sds
      where: Section 2, Precautionary Statements; Section 8, Respiratory protection
  mitigations:
    - text: Specify ATI 304 or 304L where welding would otherwise cause carbide precipitation, as ATI recommends.
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Corrosion Resistance section
    - text: Stress relieve cold-rolled parts at 371 to 538 C for 5 minutes to 5 hours. Use the lower temperature and shorter time to limit carbide precipitation (ATI).
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Mechanical Properties section
    - text: Anneal and cool quickly after cold work. Rapid cooling through the carbide precipitation range keeps the carbides in solution (ATI).
      source: ati-301-tds
      where: Heat Treatment section, Annealing Temperature
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Aircraft structural parts
    example: UPMET lists aircraft structural parts among the industry applications for its 301 sheet and coil. It also lists trailer bodies, architectural parts and conveyor parts.
    source: upmet-301
    where: Industry Applications list
  - application: structures
    device: Truck and trailer bodies, railway and subway cars
    example: ATI names truck and trailer bodies and railway and subway cars among the major applications for 301.
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: General Properties section, first paragraph
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Springs and hose clamps
    example: ATI names springs and hose clamps among the major applications for 301.
    source: ati-301-tds
    where: General Properties section, first paragraph
supply:
  - subject: Nickel production by country
    abundance: World mine production 3.9 million t of nickel in 2025 (estimated); world reserves more than 140 million t, of which Indonesia holds 62 million t (USGS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,600,000 t of 3,900,000 t world total (2025e), computed
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 270,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 200,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 140,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
      - country: China
        share_percent: 3.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 120,000 t of 3,900,000 t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: In 2025 nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption. Most secondary nickel is stainless-steel scrap (USGS 2026).
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction.'
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Nickel use and US import reliance
    abundance: Stainless and alloy steel plus nickel-containing alloys typically account for more than 85 percent of US consumption. US net import reliance was 41 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated).
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-nickel-2026
    where: Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics (net import reliance row)
  - subject: Chromium production by country
    abundance: World mine production about 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS 2026).
    producers:
      - country: South Africa
        share_percent: 45.1
        year: 2025
        basis: 23,000 of 51,000 thousand t gross weight (2025e), computed
      - country: Turkey
        share_percent: 17.6
        year: 2025
        basis: 9,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 13.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 7,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: India
        share_percent: 5.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 3,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Zimbabwe
        share_percent: 3.9
        year: 2025
        basis: 2,000 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
      - country: Finland
        share_percent: 3.7
        year: 2025
        basis: 1,900 of 51,000 thousand t, computed
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use.'
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e, gross weight); World Resources; Substitutes; Recycling
  - subject: Chromium import reliance
    abundance: US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports for 2021 to 2024 were from South Africa (96 percent) and Turkey (3 percent) (USGS 2026).
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Recycled chromium was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.
    substitutes: []
    source: usgs-chromium-2026
    where: Salient Statistics (net import reliance row); Import Sources (2021-24)
media: []
documents:
  - title: ATI 301 Technical Data Sheet, version 1 (2014)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_301_tds_en_v1.pdf
    year: 2014
  - title: ATI 301 product page (composition, specifications and minimum properties)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://atimaterials.com/Products/ati-301
  - title: 'UPMET: Datasheet for 301 Stainless Steel Sheet and Coil, AMS 5901 (UNS S30100)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/datasheets/301.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards (Tables 4, 5, 13 and 15)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.outokumpu.com/-/media/from-sharepoint/documents/product/outokumpu-steel-grades-properties-global-standards.pdf
  - title: ATI Stainless Steel Safety Data Sheet FRP008 (covers ATI301), revision date 04-Sep-2018
    type: sds
    url: https://atimaterials.com/safety-data-sheets/Documents/NorthAmerica/NA-EN/FRP/FRP008%20Stainless%20Steel%20NA-EN%20Rev5.pdf
    year: 2018
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No ASTM A240 or A666 standard text was read. The minimum temper values come from the ATI and UPMET tables that cite those specifications.
  - The EN steel name is not printed on any page read in this run; only the material number 1.4310 is. No DIN or SAE steel name was printed on the pages read.
  - Hardness is not in the canonical property list, so the name hardness is used. The Brinell figures in the ATI typical hardness table are printed without a unit and are left out.
  - Strain-hardening exponent is not in the canonical property list, so the name strain_hardening_exponent is used. Magnetic permeability is not in the list either; only the effect of cold work is recorded, from ATI.
  - The 3/4 hard yield strength is printed as 125 ksi by ATI and as 135 ksi by UPMET, both beside 931 MPa. The MPa value is recorded and the conflict is noted in the method.
  - Silicon is printed as a maximum of 0.75 percent in the 2014 ATI data sheet and 1.00 percent on the ATI product page and in the UPMET datasheet. The recipe uses 1.00.
  - Outokumpu's Table 7 and Table 9 minimum values for 1.4310 carry no temper label, so they are not used. The elevated and low temperature values come from ATI's annealed and full-hard rows only.
  - ATI's typical Charpy impact values (150 J at -196 C) are printed without a temper label, so they are not in the file.
  - Critical-mineral lists (USGS 2025 final list and the EU list) were not opened in this run, so critical_lists is empty for nickel and chromium.
  - No space or flight source for 301 was found. UPMET lists Space among related industries but names no space part, so the uses come from the ATI and UPMET application lists.
  - No NASA or NIST cryogenic source for 301 was used. NIST NBSIR 80-1627 was fetched and has no AISI 301 data.
  - Hazard lines from the ATI stainless SDS (FRP008) cover the product family, which includes ATI301, so they are not 301-only figures. The PubChem records are for the elements.
  - Web search was unavailable in this run because the search budget for the turn was used up. Sources are the pages reached from the first URLs and their links. The AK Steel 301 data sheet host did not resolve, the Carpenter SDS returned 404, and the Swiss Steel 1.4310 page held no 1.4310 data.
  - Chloride and seawater data for 301 beyond the Outokumpu critical pitting temperature could not be located in the pages read. No ASTM G 48 value for 301 could be located either.
  - Fatigue values are typical endurance limits as printed; the test method, cycles and specimen are not stated in the source.
sources:
  ati-301-tds:
    title: 'ATI 301 Technical Data Sheet, Stainless Steel: Austenitic (UNS S30100), version 1 dated 2/17/2014'
    id: ATI 301 TDS version 1
    url: https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_301_tds_en_v1.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2014
    license: cited, not reproduced
  ati-301-page:
    title: ATI 301 austenitic stainless steel product page (composition, specifications, minimum properties)
    id: ati-301
    url: https://atimaterials.com/Products/ati-301
    kind: datasheet
    license: cited, not reproduced
  upmet-301:
    title: 'United Performance Metals: Datasheet for 301 Stainless Steel Sheet and Coil, AMS 5901 (UNS S30100)'
    id: 301.pdf
    url: https://www.upmet.com/sites/default/files/datasheets/301.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2026
    license: cited, not reproduced
  outokumpu-global:
    title: 'Outokumpu: Steel Grades, Properties and Global Standards (Tables 4, 5, 13 and 15)'
    id: outokumpu-steel-grades-properties-global-standards.pdf
    url: https://www.outokumpu.com/-/media/from-sharepoint/documents/product/outokumpu-steel-grades-properties-global-standards.pdf
    kind: handbook
    license: cited, not reproduced
  ati-frp008-sds:
    title: ATI Stainless Steel Safety Data Sheet FRP008 (North America, revision date 04-Sep-2018, covers ATI301)
    id: FRP008
    url: https://atimaterials.com/safety-data-sheets/Documents/NorthAmerica/NA-EN/FRP/FRP008%20Stainless%20Steel%20NA-EN%20Rev5.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    year: 2018
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  usgs-nickel-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    id: mcs2026-nickel
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  usgs-chromium-2026:
    title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium'
    id: mcs2026-chromium
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf
    kind: report
    year: 2026
    license: public domain
  pubchem-nickel:
    title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 935
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
  pubchem-chromium:
    title: 'PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification'
    id: CID 23976
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON
    kind: database
    license: PubChem terms (public)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-24'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 56
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 3
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: the ATI 301 technical data sheet (version 1, 2014) and ATI 301 product page, the UPMET 301 datasheet (AMS 5901), Outokumpu''s steel grades handbook (Tables 4, 5, 13 and 15), ATI''s stainless steel SDS FRP008, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 for nickel and chromium, and PubChem nickel and chromium records. Web search was unavailable in this run.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: 'Type 301 is an iron-based austenitic stainless steel. ATI and UPMET give the same composition limits: 16 to 18 percent chromium and 6 to 8 percent nickel, with maximum limits on carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen, and iron as the balance. It is sold as cold-rolled strip, sheet and plate, and its temper, from annealed to full hard, is set by how much it is cold rolled (ATI).'
    parts:
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The matrix of the alloy. It holds the austenite structure that gives 301 its ductility.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 16
        share_high: 18
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, Cr row (minimum and maximum)
        role: Forms the passive oxide film that gives corrosion resistance.
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 6
        share_high: 8
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, Ni row (minimum and maximum)
        role: Holds the austenite structure at room temperature.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 2
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, Mn row (maximum)
        role: Deoxidiser in the melt; the printed limit is a maximum.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 1
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, Si row (maximum 1.00); the 2014 ATI data sheet prints 0.75
        role: Deoxidiser in the melt; the printed limit is a maximum.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.15
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, C row (maximum)
        role: Adds strength, but chromium carbide can form at the grain boundaries when the steel is held between 427 and 816 C (ATI).
      - name: Nitrogen
        symbol: 'N'
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.1
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, N row (maximum 0.10)
        role: Held to a maximum; it adds strength in austenite.
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.045
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, P row (maximum 0.045)
        role: Impurity held low.
      - name: Sulfur
        symbol: S
        share_percent: 0
        share_high: 0.03
        source: upmet-301
        where: Chemical Composition table, S row (maximum 0.030)
        role: Impurity held low.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: Fume and skin contact are the hazards
      lead: ATI's stainless SDS calls the product an article that does not present a hazard by inhalation or ingestion. Welding and grinding fume and nickel contact are the exposures it names.
      points:
        - label: Article
          line: ATI's SDS for stainless steel, which names ATI301, says the product as an article does not present a hazard to human health by inhalation or ingestion.
        - label: Fume
          line: Welding, burning, grinding or polishing can release hexavalent chromium, which the SDS says may cause lung, nasal and sinus cancer.
        - label: Skin
          line: The SDS says nickel-containing alloys may cause sensitization by skin contact. PubChem lists H317 for elemental nickel in 99.9 percent of notifications.
        - label: Exposure limits
          line: The SDS lists ACGIH limits of 1.5 mg/m3 for nickel and 0.5 mg/m3 for chromium, both as time-weighted averages.
    - title: In the environment
      level: 2
      verdict: Chloride and welds are the watch points
      lead: Pitting and carbide precipitation are the failure routes. No seawater test for 301 was found.
      points:
        - label: Chloride
          line: Outokumpu's critical pitting temperature for 1.4310 is below 10 C in the Avesta cell test.
        - label: Welds
          line: ATI says carbide precipitation during welding restricts 301 in many applications in favour of 304 and 304L.
    - title: Heat and welding
      level: 2
      verdict: Heat history sets the risk
      lead: Holding between 427 and 816 C causes grain-boundary carbide precipitation. Outokumpu prints N/N for intergranular corrosion.
      points:
        - label: Range
          line: ATI says exposure in the 800 to 1500 F (427 to 816 C) range results in grain-boundary carbide precipitation.
        - label: Test
          line: 'Outokumpu prints N/N in the intergranular corrosion column for 1.4310: N means no, for the delivery and the welded condition, tested to EN ISO 3651-2.'
  why: Type 301 is the cold-work grade of the stainless family. ATI says its tensile strength in the work-hardened condition is higher than other stable austenitic grades, and ATI and UPMET list springs, aircraft structural parts, truck and trailer bodies and railway cars as uses. Its limits are corrosion resistance below the 18-8 grades and carbide precipitation on welding.
  uses:
    - where: Aircraft structural parts
      line: UPMET lists aircraft structural parts among the industry applications for its 301 sheet and coil. It also lists trailer bodies, architectural parts and conveyor parts.
    - where: Truck and trailer bodies, railway and subway cars
      line: ATI names truck and trailer bodies and railway and subway cars among the major applications for 301.
    - where: Springs
      line: ATI names springs and hose clamps among the major applications for 301, alongside automobile trim and kitchen equipment.
  can_do:
    - label: Strength by temper
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Minimum tensile strength is 515 MPa annealed, 862 MPa quarter hard, 1034 MPa half hard, 1207 MPa three-quarter hard and 1276 MPa full hard (ASTM A240 and A666 minimums, ATI).
    - label: Yield by temper
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: Minimum yield strength is 205 MPa annealed and 965 MPa full hard (ATI). The three-quarter hard minimum is 931 MPa.
    - label: How fast it work hardens
      benchmark: strain_hardening_exponent
      line: Typical as-rolled yield rises from 248 MPa annealed to 552 MPa quarter hard and 1103 MPa full hard (ATI). Outokumpu prints a strain-hardening exponent of 0.8 for 1.4310, the highest value in its forming column.
    - label: Stiffness
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: Elastic modulus is 193 GPa for annealed material (ATI) and falls to 174 GPa for full-hard material as rolled (ATI).
    - label: Heat
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      value: 552 MPa at 204 C
      line: Annealed material keeps a typical tensile strength of 552 MPa at 204 C and 401 MPa at 538 C (ATI).
    - label: Cold
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      value: 2082 MPa at -196 C, full hard
      line: At -196 C full-hard material has a typical tensile strength of 2082 MPa and a yield of 1482 MPa (ATI). The annealed material reaches 1896 MPa at the same temperature.
  compare: Compared with the 18-8 grades, ATI says 301's corrosion properties are not as good, and carbide precipitation during welding restricts its use in favour of ATI 304 and 304L. Once work hardened, ATI says 301 develops higher tensile strength than other stable austenitic grades. Outokumpu's strain-hardening exponent of 0.8 is the highest in its forming column.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Tensile strength, annealed
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Melting range
      benchmark: melting_point
  handling:
    - Anneal at 1010 to 1121 C, water-quench heavy sections and air-cool thin ones (ATI).
    - After cold rolling, stress-relieve at 371 to 538 C for 5 minutes to 5 hours to make the sheet more isotropic, using the low end of the range to limit carbide precipitation (ATI).
    - Weld with 19 9L filler, the welding consumable Outokumpu prints for 1.4310, and plan for carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone (Outokumpu, ATI).
    - Wear protective gloves and use respiratory protection where welding or grinding fumes exceed exposure limits (ATI SDS).
  good_for:
    - Springs and clips, where cold-work strength is the main requirement (ATI).
    - Light formed structures such as truck and trailer bodies, railway and subway cars and aircraft structural parts (ATI, UPMET).
    - Bright decorative and trim parts, which ATI describes as having a bright, attractive surface (ATI).
  watch_out:
    - Welding and holding at 427 to 816 C, which causes carbide precipitation. Outokumpu prints N/N for intergranular corrosion resistance.
    - 'Chloride pitting: Outokumpu''s critical pitting temperature is below 10 C in its test, so chloride exposure is the main corrosion risk.'
    - Cold work raises magnetic permeability (ATI), so cold-worked parts should not be assumed nonmagnetic.
    - Cold-rolled sheet is slightly anisotropic, and the difference is larger in compression (ATI).
  verdict: Once work hardened, Type 301 has higher tensile strength than other stable austenitic grades (ATI), but it gives up corrosion resistance and welding ease for that strength. Specify it for springs and light formed structures where cold-work strength is the need, and use 304 or 304L where welding matters.