spore: profile
id: rene-41
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Rene 41 (UNS N07041)
abbreviation: Rene 41
role: high-temperature structural superalloy
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Rene 41 (UNS N07041, Werkstoff No. 2.4973) is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy for hot structural parts. Neonickel gives a 0.2% yield strength of 820.5 MPa at 21 °C and 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and a density of 8.249 g/cm3. Fort Wayne Metals gives a modulus of elasticity of 213 GPa at 22 °C for the same grade. Wikipedia records that the alloy was used for the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule.
best_for: 'Parts that must keep high strength at up to 871 °C, such as hot structures and jet engine or missile components: 579.2 MPa yield at 871 °C (Neonickel)'
weakest_at: Ductility after cold work (2.3 % elongation at 50 % cold work, Fort Wayne Metals) and strength above 871 °C, where the supplier pages give no data
identity:
  formula: 'Nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy, nominal wt%: Ni balance, Cr 18 to 20, Co 10 to 12, Mo 9 to 10.5, Ti 3 to 3.3, Al 1.4 to 1.8, B 0.003 to 0.01, Fe up to 5, Si up to 0.5, Mn up to 0.10, C up to 0.12, S up to 0.015, Cu up to 0.5'
  source: fwmetals
  where: Composition table, Nickel to Sulfur rows (column header %); Alloys International prints 'Percent by weight' for its nominal table; UNS N07041 and the Haynes R-41 name are on the same page
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N07041
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, UNS Number line
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4973'
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, Werkstoff Number line (W.Nr. 2.4973)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5545'
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5712'
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5713'
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)
    - system: AMS
      code: '5800'
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, AMS line (5545, 5712, 5713, 5800)
    - system: Trade name
      code: Rene 41
      source: neonickel
      where: Designations block, trade name line
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
    - propulsion-and-tanks
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Rene 41 (Neonickel page)
    value: 8.249
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: not stated on the page
      condition: not stated on the page (no heat treatment given)
    method: Value printed on a supplier product page under Physical properties
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: 'Physical properties, line ''Density: 8.249 g/cm³'' (unit printed as g/cm³)'
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Haynes R-41 (Fort Wayne Metals page)
    value: 8.25
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])'
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Physical properties list, Density line (0.298 lbs/in3 also printed)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, Rene 41
    value: 1307
    value_high: 1343
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: melting range printed on the page
      pressure: not stated
    method: Range printed on a supplier product page under Physical properties
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: 'Physical properties, line ''Melting range: 1307-1343°C'''
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength at 21 °C
    value: 1261.7
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 21 °C
      condition: not stated on the page (no heat treatment given for this row)
    method: Value printed in a table on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Ultimate Tensile Strength /MPa', column 21°C
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: 0.2% yield strength at 21 °C
    value: 820.5
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 21 °C
      measure: 0.2% offset (page row label '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa')
      condition: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in a table on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, row '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa', column 21°C
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at 21 °C
    value: 21
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 21 °C
      condition: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in a table on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Elongation %', column 21°C
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength at 871 °C
    value: 710.2
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 871 °C
      condition: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in a table on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, row 'Ultimate Tensile Strength /MPa', column 871°C
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: 0.2% yield strength at 871 °C
    value: 579.2
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 871 °C
      measure: 0.2% offset
      condition: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed in a table on a supplier product page
    status: ground
    source: neonickel
    where: Mechanical and physical properties table, row '0.2% Yield Strength /MPa', column 871°C
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Haynes R-41 (Fort Wayne Metals page)
    value: 12.6
    unit: W/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])'
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Physical properties list, Thermal conductivity line (88 BTU-in/(hr·ft²·°F) also printed)
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, Haynes R-41
    value: 13.9
    unit: µm/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])'
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Physical properties list, Coefficient of thermal expansion line
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, Haynes R-41
    value: 213
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])'
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Physical properties list, Modulus of Elasticity line (30.9 Mpsi also printed)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, Haynes R-41
    value: 127
    unit: µohm·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: '22 °C (page footnote: values calculated at 22 °C [72 °F])'
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page; the page footnote gives the temperature
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Physical properties list, Electrical resistivity line (50.0 µohm·in also printed)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, 0% cold worked hot wire
    value: 1138
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 0 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
      note: page rows are defined by cold-work percentage; no heat treatment is named
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page (page says values are typical and may not represent all diameters)
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Ultimate tensile strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 0% cold worked hot wire
    value: 703
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 0 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
      note: page rows are defined by cold-work percentage; no heat treatment is named
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page (page says values are typical and may not represent all diameters)
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Yield strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, 0% cold worked hot wire
    value: 42
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 0 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
      gauge_length: '25.4 cm (page footnote: 10 in test gauge length)'
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 0 (cold worked %), column Elongation %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, 50% cold worked hot wire
    value: 2124
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 50 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Ultimate tensile strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, 50% cold worked hot wire
    value: 1786
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 50 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Yield strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, 50% cold worked hot wire
    value: 2.3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      cold_work: 50 %
      product_form: hot wire, per the page
    method: Value printed in a typical-values table on a manufacturer product page
    status: ground
    source: fwmetals
    where: Mechanical properties table, row 50 (cold worked %), column Elongation %
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, solution treated and aged (minimum)
    value: 180
    bound: lower
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)
      basis: minimum value printed on the page
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing
    status: ground
    source: alloysintl
    where: Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Tensile strength
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, solution treated and aged (minimum)
    value: 130
    bound: lower
    unit: ksi
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)
      basis: minimum value printed on the page
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing
    status: ground
    source: alloysintl
    where: Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Yield strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, solution treated and aged (minimum)
    value: 10
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: solution treated and aged (stocked condition named on the page)
      basis: minimum value printed on the page
    method: Minimum value printed in a supplier table; the page says properties vary with section size, product form and processing
    status: ground
    source: alloysintl
    where: Typical mechanical properties table, row 'Solution treated and aged', column Elongation
corrosion:
  - environment: Hot oxidising air up to 871 °C
    headline: Neonickel says the alloy has outstanding oxidation resistance up to 871 °C, with no test data on the page.
    effect: The page says 'outstanding oxidation resistance up to 871°C'. It gives no weight gain, scale thickness or exposure time, so the rating rests on supplier wording only.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier wording on a product page; no exposure test described
      temperature_limit: 871 °C as printed on the page
    source: neonickel
    where: Introduction and service statement on the Neonickel page
  - environment: Hot air at about 1600F (Alloys International service statement)
    headline: Alloys International says the alloy has good oxidation resistance to about 1600F.
    effect: The page prints 'Good oxidation resistance to about 1600F' and gives no test method, exposure time or scale data.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: supplier wording on a product page; no exposure test described
      temperature_limit: about 1600F as printed on the page
    source: alloysintl
    where: Service temperature paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem's aggregated GHS summary for nickel (CID 935), built from ECHA C&L notifications, lists H317 (99.9%), H351 (72.9%), H372 (99.7%), H334 (10.3%), H341 (13.5%), H350 (22.5%), H360F (18%) and H412 (47.2%) with signal word Danger. PubChem also prints 'Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5 of 4778 reports by companies.' This is the element record, not the alloy; no Rene 41 safety data sheet was read in this run.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
      source: pubchem-nickel
      where: GHS Classification section, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications summary (PUG View JSON for CID 935)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of strength at high temperature
      trigger: Service at 871 °C, the top of the temperature range on the supplier page
      consequence: The 0.2% yield strength falls from 820.5 MPa at 21 °C to 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and the ultimate tensile strength from 1261.7 MPa to 710.2 MPa over the same range (Neonickel table).
      severity: moderate
      source: neonickel
      where: Mechanical and physical properties table, rows 0.2% Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile Strength
    - mode: Loss of ductility after cold work
      trigger: Cold work of hot wire to 50 %
      consequence: Elongation falls from 42 % at 0 % cold work to 2.3 % at 50 % cold work (Fort Wayne Metals typical values), while yield strength rises from 703 MPa to 1786 MPa.
      severity: moderate
      source: fwmetals
      where: Mechanical properties table, rows 0, 50 (cold worked %)
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Specify the form and condition when ordering. The Alloys International page says properties 'vary with section size, product form and processing', and the Fort Wayne Metals values are for cold-worked hot wire.
      source: alloysintl
      where: Typical mechanical properties note
    - text: The Fort Wayne Metals page says the alloy 'can be annealed for greater ductility'. No annealing temperature or time is given on the page.
      source: fwmetals
      where: Description paragraph on heat treatment
    - text: 'Confirm the governing specification with the supplier. The Alloys International specification line and its FAQ list differ: the FAQ drops the B after AMS 5800 and omits B50TF67.'
      source: alloysintl
      where: Specifications section and FAQ
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Outer shell of the Mercury space capsule
    example: René 41 was used to create the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule.
    source: wiki-rene41
    where: History and applications text (as fetched)
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Jet engine and missile components
    example: René 41 is used in jet engine and missile components.
    source: wiki-rene41
    where: History and applications text (as fetched)
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (mine production)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: in 2025 nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom against that total); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Cobalt (mine production)
    producers:
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 73
        year: 2025
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 14
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: in 2025 cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: depending on the application, substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-cobalt
    where: Events, Trends, and Issues (73% and 14% printed as shares of the world total); Recycling; Substitutes
  - subject: Molybdenum (mine production)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 37.3
        year: 2025
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 16.2
        year: 2025
      - country: United States
        share_percent: 15.4
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap, and superalloy scrap.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium (columbium), and vanadium.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e (world total 260,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom); the USGS text says China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico account for 90% of global production
media: []
documents:
  - title: 'Neonickel product page: Rene 41 (UNS N07041)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Fort Wayne Metals product page: HAYNES R-41 alloy (hot wire)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Alloys International inventory page: Rene 41'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Wikipedia: René 41 (composition, history and applications)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_41
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: PubChem compound record CID 935 (nickel), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No Rene 41 safety data sheet was read; the hazard entry uses PubChem's record for the element nickel (CID 935) as a proxy for the nickel balance of the alloy. The PubChem web page was blocked by a bot check, so its REST data were read instead.
  - Cobalt, chromium and molybdenum hazard records were not read for this profile.
  - Launch-vehicle hot structures, engine casings, springs and fasteners were named in the planning brief, but no source read in this run confirms them. Only the Mercury capsule shell and jet engine or missile components are recorded.
  - 'Flight heritage: no NASA, ESA or flight-test data for Rene 41 were found in the sources read; the Mercury shell statement is a Wikipedia statement, not a flight test result.'
  - No vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or cryogenic data for Rene 41 were found in the sources read.
  - Stress-rupture values in the Neonickel table (100 and 1,000 hours) were not recorded because the unit as printed was not confirmed on the page read in this run.
  - Solution-treated-only strengths on the Alloys International page are printed as approximate values (about 140 ksi and about 85 ksi), so they were not recorded.
  - Specific heat, melting point from a second source, and a 20 °C coefficient of thermal expansion were not found in a second source; only the Neonickel and Fort Wayne Metals values are recorded.
  - 'Carbon minimum: Wikipedia''s summary gives a range, but no supplier page printed a carbon minimum, so only the 0.12 maximum is recorded.'
  - Abundance of nickel in the crust was not found in a source read in this run.
  - Critical-mineral list status for nickel was not stated in the USGS 2026 nickel summary as read, so no critical-list entry is recorded.
  - The Alloys International specification list and FAQ disagree (see handling); the governing AMS specification was not opened.
  - Several strength values come from a single supplier page or from typical values that the supplier says may not represent all diameters.
sources:
  neonickel:
    title: Rene 41 (UNS N07041), all alloys, Neonickel
    id: UNS N07041; Werkstoff 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800
    url: https://www.neonickel.com/alloys/all-alloys/rene-41
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  fwmetals:
    title: HAYNES R-41 alloy (Rene 41), hot wire product page, Fort Wayne Metals
    id: UNS N07041; HAYNES R-41 / Rene 41
    url: https://fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/high-performance-alloys/haynes-r-41-alloy
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)
  alloysintl:
    title: Rene 41 inventory page, Alloys International
    id: UNS N07041; W.Nr 2.4973; AMS 5545, 5712, 5713, 5800
    url: https://alloysintl.com/inventory/nickel-cobalt-alloys/rene-41/
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)
  wiki-rene41:
    title: René 41, Wikipedia
    id: Wikipedia article René 41
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_41
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-cobalt:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Cobalt
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  pubchem-nickel:
    title: PubChem compound record CID 935 (Nickel), GHS classification with ECHA C&L notifications summary
    id: CID 935
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-01'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 21
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Values come from supplier product pages (Neonickel, Fort Wayne Metals, Alloys International), one Wikipedia page for history, and USGS 2026 summaries for supply. Caveats: supplier pages do not name the heat treatment for most values; the Fort Wayne Metals values are typical values for hot wire; the hazard record is for the element nickel; the Wikipedia statements are history only.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Rene 41 is a nickel-based superalloy, a nickel alloy for high-temperature parts. Nickel is the balance, and chromium, cobalt and molybdenum are the main alloying elements, with titanium and aluminium as smaller additions. The ranges below are the nominal wt% limits printed on the Fort Wayne Metals page.
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_note: balance (the rest)
        role: The base metal of the alloy. The Fort Wayne Metals page lists nickel as the balance.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 18
        share_high: 20
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.
      - name: Cobalt
        symbol: Co
        share_percent: 10
        share_high: 12
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 9
        share_high: 10.5
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_percent: 3
        share_high: 3.3
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 1.4
        share_high: 1.8
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table. The supplier pages do not state its function.
      - name: Boron
        symbol: B
        share_percent: 0.003
        share_high: 0.01
        role: Listed in the nominal composition table as a minor element.
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_note: up to 5
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_note: up to 0.12
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_note: up to 0.5
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_note: up to 0.10
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
      - name: Sulfur
        symbol: S
        share_note: up to 0.015
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share_note: up to 0.5
        role: Listed as a maximum in the composition table.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: 'Nickel record: sensitiser, suspected carcinogen'
      lead: The alloy is mostly nickel, and the only hazard record read is the one for the element nickel. The Rene 41 supplier pages give no hazard data.
      points:
        - label: The nickel record
          line: PubChem's summary for nickel lists H317 (99.9%), H351 (72.9%) and H372 (99.7%) with signal word Danger. These are notified classifications, and the record is for the element, not for a solid alloy part.
        - label: Solid parts
          line: The hazard record is for nickel as an element. A solid alloy part is not the same as nickel dust or powder, and no Rene 41 safety data sheet was read.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These failure routes come from the supplier data, not from field incidents.
      points:
        - label: Hot service
          line: The 0.2% yield strength falls from 820.5 MPa at 21 °C to 579.2 MPa at 871 °C on the Neonickel table. The supplier pages name 871 °C as the top of the strength range.
        - label: Cold work
          line: Cold work trades ductility for strength. On Fort Wayne Metals hot wire, elongation falls from 42 % at 0 % cold work to 2.3 % at 50 %, while yield strength rises from 703 MPa to 1786 MPa.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Specify the condition
          line: Properties vary with section size, product form and processing, so state the condition, the cold-work level or the solution-treated and aged condition when ordering.
        - label: Specification
          line: The Alloys International specification line and FAQ disagree on the AMS list, so confirm the governing specification with the supplier.
  why: Rene 41 (UNS N07041) is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum superalloy. A superalloy is a nickel, cobalt or iron alloy built to keep its strength at high temperature. The Neonickel table gives a yield strength of 820.5 MPa at 21 °C and 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, and the Fort Wayne Metals page gives a density of 8.25 g/cm3. The alloy was used for the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule, according to Wikipedia, and the same source lists jet engine and missile components as uses. It is chosen where a part must stay strong at high temperature and where a nickel alloy's oxidation resistance is needed.
  uses:
    - where: Space capsule shell
      line: Wikipedia states that René 41 was used to create the outer shell of the Mercury space capsule. The page gives no flight dates or test results.
    - where: Jet engine and missile parts
      line: Wikipedia states that René 41 is used in jet engine and missile components. The supplier pages do not name particular engines or missiles.
  can_do:
    - label: Hot strength
      value: 579.2 MPa at 871 °C
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: The 0.2% yield strength is 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, against 820.5 MPa at 21 °C, on the Neonickel table. The page gives no heat treatment for these values.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 213 GPa
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The modulus of elasticity is 213 GPa at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page, which notes that its values were calculated at 22 °C.
    - label: Melting
      value: 1307 °C to 1343 °C
      benchmark: melting_point
      line: The Neonickel page gives a melting range of 1307 °C to 1343 °C. Its density is 8.249 g/cm3 on the same page.
    - label: Heat conduction
      value: 12.6 W/(m·°C)
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
      line: Thermal conductivity is 12.6 W/(m·°C) at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page. That is low for a metal, so the alloy is not chosen for heat spreading.
  compare: 'Rene 41 is a heavy, strong alloy that conducts heat poorly for a metal, with a thermal conductivity of 12.6 W/(m·°C) at 22 °C on the Fort Wayne Metals page. Its case for use rests on strength at high temperature: the Neonickel table gives 579.2 MPa at 871 °C. The table below sets its density, tensile strength at 21 °C and thermal conductivity side by side. No other alloy profile was compared numerically in this run.'
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Tensile strength at 21 °C
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
  handling:
    - Specify the condition. Properties vary with section size, product form and processing, and the cold-work level changes strength and ductility a lot.
    - Treat the nickel content as the main hazard for handling, since no alloy safety data sheet was read.
    - Confirm the governing AMS specification with the supplier, because the supplier's two specification lists differ.
  good_for:
    - High strength at high temperature. The yield strength is 579.2 MPa at 871 °C, from the Neonickel table.
    - Space and jet hardware. Wikipedia records the Mercury capsule shell and jet engine or missile components.
  watch_out:
    - Ductility after cold work. Elongation is 2.3 % at 50 % cold work on Fort Wayne Metals hot wire.
    - No data above 871 °C. The supplier pages give strength only up to that temperature.
    - Nickel hazard record. PubChem's nickel summary lists H317, H351 and H372.
  verdict: Rene 41 is a nickel superalloy for parts that must stay strong at up to 871 °C. The supplier pages give its strength, density and expansion, and Wikipedia records a Mercury capsule shell and jet engine and missile components. The profile lacks a safety data sheet for the alloy itself, flight test data and vacuum or radiation data.