spore: profile
id: ppa
spore_version: 0.2
family: polyamides
name: Polyphthalamide
abbreviation: PPA
role: high-temperature polyamide for moulded connectors and parts that replace metal
category: polymers
type: polyamides
summary: |
  Polyphthalamide (PPA, sold as Amodel and as Zytel HTN) is a nylon in which most of the acid units are aromatic: Wikipedia gives the threshold as 55 mol% terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid. The glass-filled grades read here melt at 300 to 310 degC and have heat deflection temperatures from 260 to 303 degC. Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass) keeps a tensile modulus of 5310 MPa at 175 degC against 11500 MPa at 23 degC. The main caveat is water: the Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet prints a saturation uptake of 3.5 %. No atomic-oxygen, outgassing or UV test value for PPA was found in the sources read.
best_for: 'Moulded connector housings and parts that replace metal at high temperature: the glass-filled grades keep a heat deflection temperature of 260 to 303 degC and a melting point of 300 to 310 degC'
weakest_at: Water and long-term heat. The Zytel 35 % glass grade absorbs 3.5 % water at saturation, and its relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC. No UV, atomic-oxygen or vacuum result for PPA was found.
identity:
  name: Polyphthalamide
  abbreviation: PPA
  formula: Aromatic polyamide. The PA 6T repeat unit is -[NH(CH2)6NH-CO-C6H4-CO]-n, made from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine; commercial PPA adds adipic or isophthalic acid as comonomer
  source: wikipedia-ppa
  where: Introduction (definition and 55 mol% threshold, citing ASTM D5336); History and PA 6T paragraph (terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine as monomers). The repeat unit is written from those two monomers
  designations:
    - system: Trade name
      code: HTN 51G35HSL
      note: Zytel HTN grade code, printed as Zytel® HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: Title line, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
    - system: Trade name
      code: Amodel
      source: amodel-a6135hs
      where: Product name field, Amodel A-6135HS (Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-heat
  applications:
    - electronics-and-chips
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Specific gravity, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (35 % glass, dry)
    value: 1.47
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre, heat stabilised, lubricated
      test: ASTM D792 (ISO 1183 also printed, same value)
    method: Typical value printed on the IDES copy of the DuPont datasheet
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Physical table, Specific Gravity row
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass)
    value: 1.45
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre, natural
      test: ISO 1183/A
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page for Amodel A-6135HS
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Basic Properties table, Density row
  - benchmark: moisture_absorption
    label: Water absorption at saturation, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 3.5
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      state: saturation at 23 degC
      test: ASTM D570
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet; the same page prints 4.5 % at saturation by ISO 62 on a 2.00 mm specimen
    status: ground
    note: The same datasheet's feature list says "Low to No Water Absorption", which does not match a 3.5 % saturation value. The printed value is used here.
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Physical table, Water Absorption, Saturation 73 degF (23 degC) row
  - benchmark: moisture_absorption
    label: Water absorption, 24 h at 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 0.3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      time: 24 h
      temperature: 23 degC
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D570, 24 h; the same page prints 0.29 % by ISO 62 at 23 degC)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Basic Properties table, Water absorption rate row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting temperature, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 300
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      test: ISO 11357-3 printed beside the value
    method: Value printed as 572 degF (300 degC) on the IDES copy; ASTM D3418 is also printed on the same row
    status: ground
    note: The copy prints two test-method labels against one value, so the method is given as printed.
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Thermal table, Melting Temperature 2 row
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z
    value: 310
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass, natural); the same value is printed for Amodel AFA-6133V0Z (33 % glass, black)
      test: ISO 11357-3
    method: Value printed on the plastic database pages for both Amodel grades (ASTM D3418 is also printed as 310 degC)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Thermal Properties table, Melting point row
  - benchmark: glass_transition_temperature
    label: Glass transition temperature (DSC), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 140
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      test: DSC
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Thermal table, Glass Transition Temperature (DSC) row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 260
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      stress: 264 psi (1.8 MPa)
      state: unannealed
      test: ASTM D648
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed, ASTM D648 row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed (ISO), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 264
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      stress: 264 psi (1.8 MPa)
      state: unannealed
      test: ISO 75-2/A
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy of the datasheet
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature, 264 psi (1.8 MPa) Unannealed, ISO 75-2/A row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, unannealed, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 288
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      stress: 1.8 MPa
      state: no annealing
      test: ISO 75-2/A
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, no annealing row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, annealed, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 291
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      stress: 1.8 MPa
      state: annealed, 3.20 mm
      test: ASTM D648
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 1.8 MPa, annealed row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 0.45 MPa, unannealed, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 303
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      stress: 0.45 MPa
      state: no annealing
      test: ISO 75-2/B
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load, 0.45 MPa row
  - benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    label: Heat deflection temperature, 1.8 MPa, no annealing, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z
    value: 282
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black
      stress: 1.8 MPa
      state: no annealing
      test: ISO 75-2/Af
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-afa6133
    where: Thermal Properties table, Deflection temperature under load (1.8 MPa, no annealing treatment) row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, flow, 23 to 55 degC, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 0.000015
    unit: cm/cm/degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      direction: flow
      range: 23 to 55 degC
      printed_as: 8.3E-6 in/in/degF (0.000015 cm/cm/degC)
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy in cm/cm/degC; the datasheet prints it in in/in/degF first
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Thermal table, CLTE, Flow 73 to 131 degF (23 to 55 degC), ASTM E831 row
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, flow, 0 to 100 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 2.2
    unit: x10^-5/degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      direction: flow
      range: 0 to 100 degC
      test: ASTM E831
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page as 2.2 with unit x10^-5/degC (so 2.2 x 10^-5 per degC)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Thermal Properties table, Linear expansion coefficient (flow, 0 to 100 degC) row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile stress at break, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 220
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: dry
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 31900 psi (220 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Dry column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile stress at break, 23 degC, conditioned, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 210
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: conditioned (procedure not stated on the copy)
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 30500 psi (210 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Conditioned column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile breaking stress, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 211
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D638 gives 203 MPa for tensile strength on the same page)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress 23 degC row
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile breaking stress, 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 82
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 175 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page, measured at 175 degC
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress 175 degC row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 12100
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: dry
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ASTM D638
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.75E+6 psi (12100 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ASTM D638
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, 23 degC, dry and conditioned (ISO), Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 12000
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: dry and conditioned both printed as 12000 MPa
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.74E+6 psi (12000 MPa) in both columns
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Tensile Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ISO 527-2
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 11500
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D638 gives 13800 MPa on the same page)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus 23 degC row
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Tensile modulus, 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 5310
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 175 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus 175 degC row
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Tensile strain at break, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 2
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 527-2
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strain at break 23 degC row
  - benchmark: flexural_modulus
    label: Flexural modulus, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 10300
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: dry
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ASTM D790
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 1.49E+6 psi (10300 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Flexural Modulus, 73 degF (23 degC) row, ASTM D790
  - benchmark: flexural_modulus
    label: Flexural modulus, 23 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    value: 11400
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ISO 178
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page (ASTM D790 also prints 11400 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Flexural modulus 23 degC row
  - benchmark: flexural_strength
    label: Flexural strength, 23 degC, dry, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 304
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      state: dry
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ASTM D790
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 44100 psi (304 MPa)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Mechanical table, Flexural Strength, 73 degF (23 degC) row, Dry column
  - benchmark: dielectric_constant
    label: Dielectric constant, 1 kHz, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 4.3
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      frequency: 1 kHz
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Electrical table, Dielectric Constant, 73 degF (23 degC), 1 kHz row
  - benchmark: dielectric_constant
    label: Dielectric constant, 1 MHz, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z
    value: 4.1
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black
      frequency: 1 MHz
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-afa6133
    where: Electrical Properties table, Dielectric constant (1 MHz) row
  - benchmark: dissipation_factor
    label: Dielectric tangent, 1 MHz, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z
    value: 0.011
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black
      frequency: 1 MHz
      test: ASTM D150
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page (named dielectric tangent on the page)
    status: ground
    source: amodel-afa6133
    where: Electrical Properties table, Dielectric tangent (1 MHz) row
  - benchmark: dielectric_strength
    label: Dielectric strength, 23 degC, 1.60 mm, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL
    value: 27
    unit: kV/mm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      thickness: 0.0630 in (1.60 mm)
      temperature: 23 degC
      test: ASTM D149
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 690 V/mil (27 kV/mm)
    status: ground
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Electrical table, Dielectric Strength, 73 degF (23 degC), 0.0630 in (1.60 mm) row
  - benchmark: dielectric_strength
    label: Dielectric strength, 3.18 mm, Amodel AFA-6133V0Z
    value: 24
    unit: kV/mm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z, 33 % glass fibre, black
      thickness: 3.18 mm
      test: ASTM D149
    method: Value printed on the plastic database page
    status: ground
    source: amodel-afa6133
    where: Electrical Properties table, Dielectric strength (3.18 mm) row
  - benchmark: rti_impact
    label: Relative thermal index, impact, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL, 0.85 mm
    value: 125
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      thickness: 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)
      test: UL 746
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 257 degF (125 degC); this is a UL 746 rating, not a single maximum temperature
    status: ground
    note: Non-canonical property name (not in spores/property-canon.yaml).
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: UL table, RTI Imp row, 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)
  - benchmark: rti_electrical
    label: Relative thermal index, electrical, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL, 0.85 mm
    value: 150
    unit: degC
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      thickness: 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)
      test: UL 746
    method: Value printed on the IDES copy as 302 degF (150 degC)
    status: ground
    note: Non-canonical property name (not in spores/property-canon.yaml). Electrical RTI is higher than the impact RTI for the same grade.
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: UL table, RTI Elec row, 0.0335 in (0.850 mm)
corrosion:
  - environment: Continuous heat in air, 35 % glass Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (UL 746 relative thermal index)
    headline: Relative thermal index is 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use, so long-life parts need a lower limit than the heat deflection temperature.
    effect: The IDES copy of the datasheet prints a relative thermal index (UL 746) of 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use at 0.85 mm. These are life-based ratings. The heat deflection temperature of the same grade is 260 degC at 1.8 MPa, so the thermal index sets the lower limit for long-term use.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010
      thickness: 0.85 mm
      basis: UL 746 relative thermal index as printed
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: UL table, RTI Str, RTI Imp and RTI Elec rows; Thermal table, Heat Deflection Temperature row
  - environment: Continuous heat, tensile strength at 175 degC, Amodel A-6135HS
    headline: Tensile breaking stress falls from 211 MPa at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC.
    effect: The database page prints a tensile breaking stress of 211 MPa at 23 degC and 82 MPa at 175 degC (ISO 527-2), and a tensile modulus of 11500 MPa at 23 degC against 5310 MPa at 175 degC. Strength and stiffness both fall at temperature; the data are short tests, not ageing data.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      grade: Amodel A-6135HS, 35 % glass fibre
      test: ISO 527-2, short-term tensile test at each temperature
      exposure: not an ageing test
    source: amodel-a6135hs
    where: Mechanical Properties table, Tensile breaking stress and Tensile modulus rows at 23 degC and 175 degC
  - environment: Humidity and water, Zytel HTN 51G35HSL (23 degC, saturation)
    headline: Saturation uptake is 3.5 %, but the printed tensile stress at break falls only from 220 to 210 MPa when conditioned.
    effect: The datasheet prints a water saturation of 3.5 % at 23 degC (ASTM D570) and 4.5 % by ISO 62 on a 2.00 mm specimen. Tensile stress at break is 220 MPa dry and 210 MPa conditioned (ISO 527-2), and tensile modulus is 12000 MPa in both states. The conditioning procedure is not printed on the copy read, and no long-term hydrolysis or humid-ageing test for PPA was found.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      grade: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, 35 % glass fibre
      exposure: saturation at 23 degC as printed; conditioning procedure not stated
      test: ASTM D570 and ISO 527-2
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Physical table, Water Absorption rows; Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break and Tensile Modulus rows (ISO 527-2, dry and conditioned columns)
  - environment: Synthetic lubricant base oils at 100 degC for 30 days (polar esters and PAO), compared with air at 100 degC
    headline: Oil-immersed PPA formed carbonyl groups on its surface and was more affected than PEEK.
    effect: The abstract of the Ljubljana study reports carbonyl groups on the surfaces of PEEK and PPA after 30 days at 100 degC in the oils, changes in surface free energy, and higher crystallinity and microhardness. It states that PEEK was less affected by aging than PPA, and that the propylene glycol ester had the strongest effect. No numeric values were read from the full text, so the rating is qualitative.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      exposure: polymer discs immersed in polar synthetic esters (propylene glycol and trimethylolpropane) and non-polar PAO, 30 days at 100 degC; air-only control at 100 degC
      reference: Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342
    source: ljubljana-ppa-oil
    where: Abstract (full text in the Ljubljana repository not read for numbers)
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Hexamethylenediamine, one of the two monomers of PA 6T, is corrosive. PubChem's aggregated data (1,248 company reports) give H314 (100 %, causes severe skin burns and eye damage), H312 (over 99.9 %, harmful in contact with skin), H302 (100 %, harmful if swallowed), H335 (100 %, may cause respiratory irritation) and H318 (53.1 %, causes serious eye damage). The signal word is Danger. The DOT lists it as Class 8 corrosive material.
      ghs:
        - H314
        - H312
        - H302
        - H335
        - H318
      source: pubchem-hmda
      where: GHS Classification and DOT Hazard Classification sections (CID 16402)
    - text: Terephthalic acid, the other PA 6T monomer, is reported on PubChem as not meeting GHS hazard criteria in 82.5 % (1,040 of 1,260) of company reports. The rest report H315 (17.4 %, causes skin irritation), H319 (17.1 %, causes serious eye irritation) and H335 (15.1 %, may cause respiratory irritation).
      ghs:
        - H315
        - H319
        - H335
      source: pubchem-tpa
      where: GHS Classification, aggregated information (CID 7489)
    - text: Adipic acid, the comonomer used in PA 6T/66-type PPA, is classed by PubChem as H319 (95.6 %, causes serious eye irritation) in aggregated reports from 5,531 companies. Only 2 reports say it does not meet GHS criteria.
      ghs:
        - H319
      source: pubchem-adipic
      where: GHS Classification, aggregated information (CID 196)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of strength and stiffness in continuous heat
      trigger: Continuous operation at 175 degC
      consequence: Tensile breaking stress of Amodel A-6135HS falls from 211 MPa at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC, and tensile modulus from 11500 MPa to 5310 MPa (ISO 527-2).
      severity: moderate
      source: amodel-a6135hs
      where: Mechanical Properties table
    - mode: Heat-ageing life limit for impact-loaded parts
      trigger: Long-term use above the UL 746 relative thermal index for impact
      consequence: The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC at 0.85 mm, lower than its electrical index of 150 degC, so impact-loaded parts need the lower value as the long-life limit.
      severity: moderate
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: UL table, RTI Imp row
    - mode: Moisture uptake
      trigger: Exposure to humid air or water until saturation at 23 degC
      consequence: Saturation uptake of 3.5 % for the 35 % glass grade; conditioned tensile stress at break is 210 MPa against 220 MPa dry.
      severity: low
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: Physical table, Water Absorption; Mechanical table, Tensile Stress Break
    - mode: Surface oxidation in hot lubricant oil
      trigger: Immersion in synthetic ester or PAO oils at 100 degC for 30 days
      consequence: Carbonyl groups formed on the PPA surface, with changes in surface energy and crystallinity; PPA was more affected than PEEK (abstract, qualitative).
      severity: moderate
      source: ljubljana-ppa-oil
      where: Abstract
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: 'Dry the resin before moulding: the Zytel datasheet gives a drying temperature of 100 degC for 6.0 to 8.0 h and a suggested maximum moisture content below 0.10 %.'
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: Injection table, Drying Temperature, Drying Time and Suggested Max Moisture rows
    - text: Melt temperature for injection moulding is 320 to 330 degC for the Zytel grade, with mould temperature 140 to 160 degC. Amodel A-6135HS is printed with a resin temperature of 316 to 335 degC and mould temperature 66 to 93 degC.
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: Injection table, Processing (Melt) Temp and Mold Temperature rows
    - text: 'Monomer handling: hexamethylenediamine is corrosive (PubChem GHS H314). Handle the monomer with eye and skin protection; the cured polymer was not checked against an SDS in this run.'
      source: pubchem-hmda
      where: GHS Classification (CID 16402)
  mitigations:
    - text: Keep the resin dry before moulding (below 0.10 % moisture per the Zytel datasheet) and design impact-loaded parts to the lower relative thermal index of 125 degC.
      source: zytel-htn-pdf
      where: Injection table; UL table, RTI Imp row
uses:
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Electrical and electronic connector housings and surface-mount parts
    example: The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet lists automotive applications, connectors and electrical and electronic applications as uses. Wikipedia names USB-C connectors and surface-mount parts assembled with lead-free soldering as PPA applications.
    source: zytel-htn-pdf
    where: Product Description and General table, Uses row
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Pump wear rings and motor bobbins
    example: Wikipedia lists pump wear rings, motor bobbins, fuel and cooling lines and LED headlamps among PPA applications, and says PPA resins are moulded to replace metals where high temperature resistance is needed.
    source: wikipedia-ppa
    where: Uses section (summarised; no numeric value)
supply:
  - subject: Polyphthalamide resin
    demand: 'Wikipedia: PPA resins are moulded to replace metals in high-temperature parts such as vehicle drivetrain components and connector housings. No volume or country share for PPA was read.'
    routes: 'Wikipedia: PA 6T is made from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine; commercial PPA adds a comonomer such as adipic acid or isophthalic acid to lower the melting point.'
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    substitutes: []
    source: wikipedia-ppa
    where: Introduction and History sections; producer shares not found in any fetched source
media: []
documents:
  - title: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010 datasheet (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet, created 25 August 2011)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf
    year: 2011
  - title: Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z property pages (plastic database, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)
    type: database
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Hexamethylenediamine (CID 16402), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Terephthalic acid (CID 7489), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489
    year: 2026
  - title: Ferreira, Trindade and Kalin, Aging of PEEK and PPA in polar and non-polar lubricant base oils, Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342
    type: paper
    url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342
    year: 2024
  - title: 'PubChem: Adipic acid (CID 196), GHS classification'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No atomic-oxygen erosion, outgassing (ASTM E595 or NASA table) or vacuum result for PPA was found in the sources read in this run.
  - No UV exposure test value for PPA was found, so UV ageing is not rated. The Zytel and Amodel pages print no UV data.
  - No long-term hydrolysis or humid-ageing data for PPA. Humidity is covered only by the Zytel dry and conditioned rows (conditioning procedure not printed).
  - The Ljubljana oil-ageing paper was read through its abstract only. Its full text is open access in the University of Ljubljana repository but was not read for numbers.
  - No producer country shares for PPA resin, terephthalic acid or hexamethylenediamine with a year were found in a fetched source. The supply entry lists no producers.
  - No SDS for a PPA resin was read. Hazard entries use PubChem data for the two monomers only.
  - The unfilled PPA property set (for example Amodel AT-1002 HS) is gated behind a free account. All values here are for 33 % to 35 % glass-filled grades; unfilled PPA values are not included.
  - The Zytel datasheet is an IDES copy with a 2011 date. The current DuPont or Celanese datasheet for the grade was not read.
  - Amodel AFA-6133V0Z flame rating (UL 94) and tracking-resistance numbers are blank or non-numeric on the page, so they are not used.
  - 'Non-canonical property names used: rti_impact, rti_electrical. Not in spores/property-canon.yaml.'
  - The Zytel melting-point row prints two test-method labels (ISO 11357-3 and ASTM D3418) against one value, so the method is given as printed.
sources:
  zytel-htn-pdf:
    title: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL NC010, high performance polyamide resin (IDES copy of DuPont Engineering Polymers datasheet)
    id: IDES datasheet, document created 25 August 2011
    url: https://protolabs.com/media/y2xh4wf5/zytel-htn-51g35hsl.pdf
    year: 2011
    kind: datasheet
    license: supplier document, linked not reproduced
  amodel-a6135hs:
    title: Amodel A-6135HS property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)
    id: Plabase item 5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854cdfbfc912892287c5
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: database page, linked not reproduced
  amodel-afa6133:
    title: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z property data (plastic database page, Solvay Specialty Polymers Japan)
    id: Plabase item 5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5
    url: https://en.plabase.com/plastic/items/5bc0854ddfbfc912892289e5
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: database page, linked not reproduced
  wikipedia-ppa:
    title: Polyphthalamide (Wikipedia)
    id: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphthalamide
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphthalamide
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)
  pubchem-hmda:
    title: PubChem compound record, Hexamethylenediamine (CID 16402)
    id: CID 16402; CAS 124-09-4
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16402
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  pubchem-tpa:
    title: PubChem compound record, Terephthalic acid (CID 7489)
    id: CID 7489
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7489
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  pubchem-adipic:
    title: PubChem compound record, Adipic acid (CID 196)
    id: CID 196
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/196
    year: 2026
    kind: database
    license: public domain (NCBI)
  ljubljana-ppa-oil:
    title: Aging of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyphthalamide (PPA) in polar and non-polar lubricant base oils
    id: doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342 (Polymer Testing 131, 108342)
    url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108342
    year: 2024
    kind: paper
    license: open-access version in University of Ljubljana repository (licence not read)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 34
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 11
  note: 'New profile written on 2026-10-26 by an AI assistant from pages read in this run: the IDES copy of the Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet, the Amodel A-6135HS and AFA-6133V0Z plastic database pages, Wikipedia Polyphthalamide, PubChem CIDs 16402, 7489 and 196, and the abstract of Polymer Testing 131 (2024) 108342. Values are as printed. Not verified by verify-values in this run.'
story:
  recipe:
    line: Polyphthalamide is a polyamide whose acid units are at least 55 mol% terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid (Wikipedia, citing ASTM D5336). The unmodified PA 6T is made from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Commercial grades add a comonomer, such as adipic acid or isophthalic acid, because PA 6T melts too high to process.
    parts:
      - name: Terephthalic acid
        role: Aromatic diacid. Wikipedia says the glass transition temperature of PPA rises as the terephthalic acid share rises, which makes it the stiffening monomer.
      - name: Hexamethylenediamine
        role: Diamine that forms the amide links with the diacid. PubChem records it as used to make nylon.
      - name: Adipic acid or isophthalic acid
        role: Comonomer that lowers the melting point into a range that can be moulded. Wikipedia names PA 6T/66 as a commercial copolymer.
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 0
      verdict: Monomers are corrosive; resin hazard data not read
      lead: The finished resin was not checked against a safety data sheet in this run. The monomer hazard data are the strongest hazard information available.
      points:
        - label: Monomer
          line: Hexamethylenediamine causes severe skin burns and eye damage (PubChem, 100 % of reports for H314). Terephthalic acid is irritant in the minority of reports that give a hazard.
        - label: Processing
          line: The Zytel datasheet sets melt temperatures of 320 to 330 degC for injection moulding. No dust or fume data for the resin were read.
    - title: If a part overheats
      lead: These are design limits from the datasheets, not field incidents.
      points:
        - label: Strength with heat
          line: Amodel A-6135HS drops from 211 MPa tensile breaking stress at 23 degC to 82 MPa at 175 degC.
        - label: Thermal index
          line: Zytel HTN 51G35HSL has a UL 746 relative thermal index of 125 degC for impact and 150 degC for electrical use, at 0.85 mm.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Drying
          line: Dry at 100 degC for 6 to 8 h before moulding, to below 0.10 % moisture (Zytel datasheet).
        - label: Moisture
          line: The Zytel grade reaches 3.5 % water at saturation at 23 degC, and the datasheet sets a moisture limit of below 0.10 % before moulding.
  why: Polyphthalamide (PPA) is an aromatic polyamide. Because most of its acid units are terephthalic or isophthalic acid, its chains are stiffer than those of aliphatic nylons. Glass-filled grades hold a heat deflection temperature of 260 to 303 degC and a melting point of 300 to 310 degC. That makes PPA a candidate where metal or ordinary nylon would be too heavy or too weak. The cost is moisture uptake and a relative thermal index that limits long-term use below the melting point.
  uses:
    - where: Electronics
      line: The Zytel HTN 51G35HSL datasheet lists automotive applications, connectors and electrical and electronic applications as its uses. Wikipedia names USB-C connectors and surface-mount parts assembled with lead-free soldering.
    - where: Mechanical parts
      line: Wikipedia lists pump wear rings, motor bobbins, fuel and cooling lines and LED headlamps, and says PPA resins are moulded to replace metals where high temperature resistance is needed.
    - where: Space
      line: No space flight, ground or outgassing test of PPA was found in the sources read.
  can_do:
    - label: Heat deflection
      benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
      value: 288 degC
      line: Amodel A-6135HS (35 % glass) has a deflection temperature of 288 degC at 1.8 MPa without annealing (ISO 75-2/A). The annealed value is 291 degC.
    - label: Melting point
      benchmark: melting_point
      value: 310 degC
      line: Both Amodel grades print a melting point of 310 degC (ISO 11357-3). The Zytel grade prints 300 degC.
    - label: Stiffness with heat
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      value: 5310 MPa at 175 degC
      line: Amodel A-6135HS keeps a tensile modulus of 5310 MPa at 175 degC, against 11500 MPa at 23 degC (ISO 527-2).
    - label: Electrical
      benchmark: dielectric_constant
      value: 4.1 at 1 MHz
      line: Amodel AFA-6133V0Z (33 % glass) has a dielectric constant of 4.1 and a dissipation factor of 0.011 at 1 MHz (ASTM D150).
  compare: PPA is a high-heat polyamide. Its melting point of 300 to 310 degC and its heat deflection temperatures of 260 to 303 degC are the figures read here for the glass-filled grades. It is not free of moisture effects, because the Zytel grade takes up 3.5 % water at saturation. The table compares melting point, heat deflection and stiffness across the grades read.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Melting point
      benchmark: melting_point
    - label: Heat deflection temperature
      benchmark: heat_deflection_temperature
    - label: Tensile modulus
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
  handling:
    - Dry the resin at 100 degC for 6 to 8 h and keep moisture below 0.10 % before moulding (Zytel datasheet).
    - Keep dry resin sealed. Water absorption is 3.5 % at saturation for the Zytel grade.
    - Monomers are corrosive; use eye and skin protection when handling hexamethylenediamine.
  good_for:
    - Heat resistance. Melting point 310 degC and heat deflection 288 degC at 1.8 MPa for an Amodel grade (ISO 75-2/A).
    - Stiffness at temperature. Amodel A-6135HS keeps 5310 MPa tensile modulus at 175 degC.
  watch_out:
    - Moisture. The Zytel 35 % glass grade absorbs 3.5 % water at saturation, and the datasheet's own feature list contradicts that figure.
    - Long-term heat. The UL 746 relative thermal index for impact is 125 degC for the Zytel grade.
    - No space data. No vacuum, atomic-oxygen or UV test for PPA was found.
  verdict: PPA is a high-temperature polyamide for moulded parts that must stay stiff above 150 degC. The datasheet values put it well above ordinary nylon, but moisture uptake and the relative thermal index limit long-term use, and no space test data were found, so space use needs a test.