spore: profile
id: nickel-minor-alloys
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Minor nickel alloys (nickel-iron soft-magnetic and nickel-manganese grades)
abbreviation: Ni-alloys
role: soft-magnetic strip alloy and low-manganese nickel wire
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Two nickel-base families have sourced data in this file. Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys with about 48 percent nickel (VDM Magnifer 50 and IMPHY Supra 50) have a saturation induction of 1.50 to 1.55 T, a Curie temperature of 450 degC and a density of 8.2 g/cm3 for Supra 50. Nickel 212 (UNS N02212, DIN 2.4110) is a nickel-manganese wire and strip grade with at least 97.0 percent nickel and 1.5 to 2.20 percent manganese, density 8.86 g/cm3 and electrical resistivity 11 uOhm.cm at 20 degC. No sourced values were found for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium or nickel-boron, and no true 50/50 nickel-iron datasheet was read.
best_for: Soft-magnetic strip that needs high saturation induction, and low-manganese nickel wire for lead-in and lead wire parts
weakest_at: Almost no data for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron in this record, no corrosion or space-environment test data, and no hazard data read for these grades
identity:
  formula: 'Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (about 48 percent Ni, balance Fe) and nickel-manganese wire (Ni 212: at least 97.0 percent Ni, 1.5 to 2.20 percent Mn)'
  source: jlc-ni211-212
  where: Nominal Chemical Composition table (Ni 212 row); IMPHY Chemical composition table (Ni typical value 48, Fe bal)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N02212
      source: jlc-ni211-212
      where: Specifications table, UNS designation column (Ni 212 row)
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4110'
      source: jlc-ni211-212
      where: Specifications table, Werkstoff Nr column (Ni 212 row)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - electronics-and-chips
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, IMPHY Supra 50 (about 48 % Ni)
    value: 8.2
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50 / Supra 50SP, cold rolled strip
      temperature: not stated
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Density column
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting point, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 1425
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      note: the same table prints 2597 °F
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Melting T column
  - benchmark: curie_temperature
    label: Curie temperature, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 450
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      note: the same table prints 842 °F
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Curie T column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Thermal expansion, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 8
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      temperature_range: not stated
      unit_in_source: 10-6/K
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 8 in the 10-6.K-1 column
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Thermal expansion column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 45
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: µΩ.cm
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Resistivity column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conduction, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 13
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: W/°Km
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Thermal conduction column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 500
    unit: J/(kg·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: J.Kg-1.°K-1
    method: Value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Physical properties table, Specific heat column
  - benchmark: saturation_induction
    label: Saturation induction, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 1.5
    unit: T
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, 0.35 mm strip
      field: 10 Oe (about 800 A/m)
      measurement: direct current, typical value on rings
      heat_treatment: 1150 °C in pure dry hydrogen, cooled at 50 to 100 °C per hour
    method: Typical magnetic value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet; the table prints 15000 G and 1,50 T
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Magnetic properties table, Direct Current row, Saturation induction column
  - benchmark: permeability_max
    label: Maximum permeability, IMPHY Supra 50
    value: 200000
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, 0.35 mm strip
      measurement: direct current, typical value on rings
      heat_treatment: 1150 °C in pure dry hydrogen
    method: Typical magnetic value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (mu max column)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Magnetic properties table, Direct Current row, Permeability column (mu max 200000)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed
    value: 500
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper
      grain_size: ASTM 9
      testing: typical values, tested to NF EN 10002
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 500 MPa (72 ksi)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Tensile strength column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed
    value: 280
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 280 MPa (41 ksi)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Yield strength column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed
    value: 35
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Elongation column
  - benchmark: hardness_vickers
    label: Hardness, IMPHY Supra 50 annealed
    value: 140
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, annealed temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Annealed row, Hardness HV column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper
    value: 900
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 900 MPa (130 ksi)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Tensile strength column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper
    value: 1030
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025), printed as 1030 MPa (149 ksi)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Yield strength column
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper
    value: 3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Elongation column
  - benchmark: hardness_vickers
    label: Hardness, IMPHY Supra 50 hard temper
    value: 250
    unit: HV
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: IMPHY Supra 50, hard temper
    method: Typical value printed in the Aperam Alloys Imphy datasheet (April 2025)
    status: ground
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Mechanical properties table, Hard row, Hardness HV column
  - benchmark: saturation_induction
    label: Saturation induction, Magnifer 50 (about 48 % Ni)
    value: 1.55
    unit: T
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: VDM Magnifer 50, all three variants (RG, TG, T)
      note: a general statement in the data sheet text, not tied to one variant or test
    method: Value stated in the VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002 (August 2002) text, with the claim that it is the highest saturation induction obtainable with a nickel-iron alloy
    status: ground
    source: vdm-magnifer50
    where: Page 2, introduction paragraph (Magnifer 50 is a soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy with about 48 percent Ni)
  - benchmark: final_anneal_temperature
    label: Final annealing temperature, Magnifer 50 RG and TG
    value: 1050
    value_high: 1250
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Magnifer 50 RG and TG
      time: 2 to 8 hours
      atmosphere: dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia, dew point below -40 °C
    method: Value printed in the VDM data sheet, Heat treatment section
    status: ground
    source: vdm-magnifer50
    where: Page 4, Final annealing for obtaining optimum magnetic properties
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Nickel 211 (for comparison with Ni 212)
    value: 8.72
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 211, UNS N02211, Mn 4.5 to 5.50 %
      temperature: room temperature
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Physical properties table, Ni 211 row
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Nickel 212
    value: 8.86
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212, UNS N02212, Ni min 97.0 %, Mn 1.5 to 2.20 %
      temperature: room temperature
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Physical properties table, Ni 212 row
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, Nickel 212
    value: 44
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212
      temperature: room temperature
      unit_in_source: W/m K
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Thermal Conductivity column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, Nickel 212 at 20 degC
    value: 11
    unit: µΩ·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: µΩ-cm
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Electrical Resistivity at 20 C column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, Nickel 212, 20 to 95 degC
    value: 12.9
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212
      temperature_range: 20 to 95 °C
      unit_in_source: 10-6/K
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016)
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Physical properties table, Ni 212 row, Linear Expansion Coeff. column
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, Nickel 212 cold-drawn annealed wire
    value: 450
    value_high: 550
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212, cold drawn annealed wire
      basis: min and max printed as N/mm2, equal to MPa
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Mechanical Properties table, Ni 212 row
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Mechanical properties table, Ni 212 row, Tensile strength Min and Max
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, Nickel 212 cold-drawn annealed wire
    value: 20
    value_high: 30
    bound: range
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: Nickel 212, cold drawn annealed wire
      gauge_length: 100 mm
    method: Value printed in the JLC Electromet datasheet (May 2016), Mechanical Properties table, Ni 212 row
    status: ground
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Mechanical properties table, Ni 212 row, Elongation Min and Max at L0 = 100 mm
corrosion:
  - environment: Cyclic damp heat (Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant)
    headline: No corrosion rate or test result was read for any grade here; the datasheet only says one variant resists damp heat better.
    effect: VDM says the Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant has increased corrosion resistance in a cyclic damp heat test and is used for stamped parts thicker than 0.5 mm. No measured value or test duration is printed in the text read.
    rating: unknown
    conditions:
      material: Magnifer 50 MH-BSo
      basis: qualitative statement in the datasheet
    source: vdm-magnifer50
    where: Page 2, Magnifer 50 MH-BSo paragraph
risks:
  hazards: []
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Loss of magnetic properties after final annealing
      trigger: Plastic deformation of Magnifer 50 parts after the final heat treatment
      consequence: VDM says any plastic deformation after the final heat treatment causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties, so parts cannot be bent or pressed after final annealing.
      severity: high
      source: vdm-magnifer50
      where: Page 4, Heat treatment section (final paragraph)
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: VDM says Magnifer 50 must be final-annealed in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia (dew point below -40 °C), and that intermediate soft annealing at 800 to 1000 °C is best done in hydrogen, cracked ammonia or a clean inert gas. No supplier safety data sheet for any of these grades was opened.
      source: vdm-magnifer50
      where: Page 4, Heat treatment section
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Soft-magnetic laminations, relay parts and stepping-motor parts (Magnifer 50 and Supra 50)
    example: VDM lists rotor and stator laminations, relay parts, stepping motors and magnetic valves as typical applications of Magnifer 50. IMPHY lists relays, sensors and shielding for Supra 50.
    source: vdm-magnifer50
    where: Page 1, Typical applications list
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Lead-in-wire fuses and lead wires in electrical components (Nickel 212)
    example: JLC Electromet says Nickel 212 is used as fuses for lead-in-wire components in light bulbs and as lead wires in electrical components, and as electrodes in glow discharge lamps.
    source: jlc-ni211-212
    where: Applications column, Ni 212 entry
supply:
  - subject: Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys and Nickel 212, producers and shares
    abundance: No producer, country-share, critical-mineral or feedstock data was read for these grades in this run.
    producers: []
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: Not read.
    substitutes: []
    source: imphy-supra50
    where: Not read; the Aperam and JLC datasheets name the producer but give no market data.
documents:
  - title: 'Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: 'VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 (copy hosted on alloy59.de)'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf
    year: 2002
  - title: 'JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys (Ni 211 and Ni 212) data sheet'
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf
    year: 2016
gaps:
  - Only three manufacturer datasheets were read and fully checked in this run (IMPHY Supra 50, VDM Magnifer 50 and JLC Electromet Ni 211/212). The brief asked for 8 or more sources, so this file falls short; it is the three cited sources only.
  - No sourced data for nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co). A search gave only a Goodfellow Ni50/Co50 overview with an unverified Curie temperature near 1000 °C, a density near 8.8 g/cm3 and resistivity 20 to 25 µΩ·cm, with references not shown. Those numbers were not read from a fetched page and are not entered.
  - No sourced data for nickel-silicon (Ni-Si). The only silicon-bearing braze found was AWS BNi-5, which is a nickel-chromium-silicon filler, not a binary Ni-Si alloy. Its solidus, liquidus and composition were seen only in a search snippet and are not entered.
  - No sourced data for nickel-vanadium (Ni-V). Melting point ranges and a Ni93/V7 figure came from supplier and reseller pages (American Elements, Stanford Advanced Materials, Goodfellow) that were not fetched, so none are entered.
  - No sourced data for nickel-boron (Ni-B). The nickel boride pages (American Elements) show melting points and densities as N/A. The ASTM B607 coating standard gives electroless Ni-B hardness and says the coatings are microporous, but that standard was not fetched in this run, so no value is entered. The commercial brazing alloys BNi-7 (phosphorus-bearing) and BNi-9 (boron-bearing) are not binary alloys; their compositions were seen only in a MakeItFrom search summary and are not entered.
  - No true 50/50 nickel-iron permalloy datasheet was read. The two nickel-iron grades here are about 48 percent Ni. ASTM A904 and SAE 50Ni-50Fe pages are paywalled; Goodfellow Fe50Ni50 powder and foil listings (density 8.39 g/cm3, Curie 530 °C) were not fetched as datasheets and are not entered.
  - Magnifer 50 composition table (Mn, Si, C, Fe limits) and the grade-by-grade permeability and coercive-force table were partly cut in the text extract, so only the 48 percent nickel figure and the 1.55 T saturation statement are entered for Magnifer 50.
  - Hardness scale for Nickel 212 and Magnifer 50 was not printed; only the IMPHY Supra 50 hardness values in HV are entered.
  - No hazard data (GHS, SDS, workplace limits) was read for any grade in this file. The nickel.yaml profile carries the hazards for nickel metal, and the nickel-iron and Ni 212 hazards are not separately known.
  - 'No supply data was read: producers, country shares and critical-mineral status for these grades are not recorded.'
  - No corrosion test values were read. The Magnifer 50 MH-BSo variant is said to resist damp heat better, with no number.
  - No space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation, UV, flight results) was found for any grade here.
  - Standard names in the datasheets (ASTM A753, DIN 17405, IEC 404, JIS C 2531 for IMPHY; DIN 41301 and DIN 17405 for Magnifer 50) are printed, but no designation is entered for a grade unless its source prints the code for that grade.
  - Permeability and saturation values from the Magnifer 50 grade table (MF 13, MF 16, MG 16 and others) were not all entered, because the text extract did not give all columns reliably. The Supra 50 permeability value is the datasheet's typical value on rings, not a specification minimum.
  - The canonical property names for hardness (HV), saturation induction, permeability and final annealing temperature are not in spores/property-canon.yaml. Those properties use short snake_case names, as the brief allows.
sources:
  vdm-magnifer50:
    title: 'VDM Metals Material Data Sheet No. 9002: Magnifer 50 soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloy'
    id: VDM Material Data Sheet No. 9002, August 2002 edition
    url: https://alloy59.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Data_Sheets/Data_Sheet_VDM_MAG_50.pdf
    year: 2002
    kind: datasheet
    license: VDM datasheet, linked not reproduced
  imphy-supra50:
    title: 'Aperam Alloys Imphy: IMPHY SUPRA 50 and SUPRA 50SP cold rolled strip datasheet'
    id: IMPHY S50 / S50S, April 2025
    url: https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/IMPHY%20S50%20IMPHY%20S50S%20APRIL%202025%20EN%201.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: Aperam datasheet, linked not reproduced
  jlc-ni211-212:
    title: 'JLC Electromet: Nickel-Manganese Alloys, Ni 211 and Ni 212 wire, strip and ribbon data sheet'
    id: JLC Electromet data sheet, May 2016
    url: https://www.jlcelectromet.com/downloads/16.data.sheet.Ni211.212.pdf
    year: 2016
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier datasheet, linked not reproduced
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 27
  unreachable: 0
  caveats: 5
  note: Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26. Values were read in text extracted from the three datasheets (pdftotext). Nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron have no sourced values; they are listed in gaps. Only three sources, so the brief's 8-source minimum was not met. The Magnifer 50 grade table is partly unreadable in the extract. No hazard, supply or corrosion test data was read.
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      level: 1
      verdict: No hazard data read for these grades
      lead: No safety data sheet or hazard statement was read for the nickel-iron or Ni 212 grades in this run. The nickel metal hazards are in nickel.yaml, not repeated here.
      points:
        - label: Handling
          line: VDM gives annealing atmosphere rules and no health statement for Magnifer 50.
    - title: If it fails
      level: 2
      verdict: Bending after final anneal destroys soft magnetism
      lead: The main failure route read in these datasheets is mechanical, not chemical.
      points:
        - label: Plastic deformation
          line: VDM says any plastic deformation after final heat treatment causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties, so parts cannot be worked after final annealing.
        - label: Wrong anneal atmosphere
          line: VDM says final annealing must be done in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia at a dew point below -40 °C.
  why: 'These are nickel alloys in two families. The nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (VDM Magnifer 50 and IMPHY Supra 50, both about 48 percent nickel) are chosen for the highest saturation induction a nickel-iron alloy can reach: 1.55 T for Magnifer 50 and 1.50 T for Supra 50 at 10 Oe. Their Curie temperature is 450 °C. The nickel-manganese grade Nickel 212 (UNS N02212) is pure nickel with a small manganese addition, at least 97.0 percent nickel and 1.5 to 2.20 percent manganese, and is made for wire and strip. Pure nickel is covered in nickel.yaml, and nickel-base superalloys are in the other profiles in this family. Nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium and nickel-boron are named in the brief but have no sourced values here.'
  uses:
    - where: Relays, stepping motors and laminations
      line: VDM lists rotor and stator laminations, relay parts, stepping motors, chokes and magnetic valves as typical uses of Magnifer 50. IMPHY lists relays, sensors and shielding for Supra 50.
    - where: Lead wires and fuses
      line: JLC Electromet says Nickel 212 is used as fuses for lead-in-wire components in light bulbs, as lead wires in electrical components, and as electrodes in glow discharge lamps.
  can_do:
    - label: Magnetic strength
      value: 1.55 T saturation
      benchmark: saturation_induction
      line: Magnifer 50 has a saturation induction of 1.55 T. Supra 50 reaches 1.50 T at 10 Oe and has a maximum permeability of 200000 in direct current.
    - label: Heat
      value: Curie point 450 °C
      benchmark: curie_temperature
      line: Supra 50 loses its magnetism above 450 °C, and melts at 1425 °C.
    - label: Density
      value: 8.2 g/cm3 (Supra 50) and 8.86 g/cm3 (Ni 212)
      benchmark: density
      line: Supra 50 has a density of 8.2 g/cm3. Nickel 212 has 8.86 g/cm3, against 8.72 g/cm3 for Nickel 211.
    - label: Strength annealed
      value: 500 MPa tensile (Supra 50)
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Annealed Supra 50 has tensile strength 500 MPa, yield 280 MPa and elongation 35 percent. Hard temper gives 900 MPa tensile and 1030 MPa yield, with only 3 percent elongation.
    - label: Nickel 212 wire
      value: 450 to 550 MPa tensile
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: Cold-drawn annealed Nickel 212 wire has tensile strength 450 to 550 MPa and elongation 20 to 30 percent at a 100 mm gauge length.
  compare: The sources give no direct comparison between these grades and other nickel alloys. Among the two families, Supra 50 is the softer and heavier of the two nickel-iron grades (8.2 g/cm3 against no density printed for Magnifer 50), while Nickel 212 is the denser and more conductive nickel product, at 8.86 g/cm3 and 44 W/(m·K). Nothing here ranks the grades for any space use.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Final-anneal nickel-iron parts in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia with a dew point below -40 °C, as VDM says.
    - Do not deform Magnifer 50 parts after the final heat treatment; plastic strain causes a considerable loss of magnetic properties.
    - Read the producer safety data sheet for the nickel product before handling dust or powder; none was read for these grades.
  good_for:
    - 'High saturation induction in a strip alloy: 1.55 T for Magnifer 50 and 1.50 T for Supra 50.'
    - Lightweight, electrically conductive nickel wire for lead-in and lead components, with 11 µΩ·cm resistivity for Nickel 212.
  watch_out:
    - Almost no sourced data for nickel-cobalt, nickel-silicon, nickel-vanadium or nickel-boron in this file.
    - Only three datasheets and about 48 percent nickel grades; no true 50/50 permalloy datasheet was read.
    - No corrosion test values, hazard data or space-environment data for any grade here.
  verdict: The nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys (about 48 percent Ni) have sourced magnetic and mechanical values from two manufacturers, and Nickel 212 wire has sourced density, conductivity and tensile values from one. The four named binary systems (Ni-Co, Ni-Si, Ni-V, Ni-B) are unsourced here, and no space-environment or hazard data was found.
  recipe:
    line: Nickel-iron soft-magnetic alloys contain about 48 percent Ni with iron as the balance (IMPHY and VDM). Magnifer 50 is final-annealed at 1050 to 1250 °C in dry hydrogen or cracked ammonia (VDM). Nickel 212 is at least 97.0 percent Ni with 1.5 to 2.20 percent Mn, and its other elements are maximum limits only (JLC). Process steps beyond heat treatment are not in these sources.
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share: about 48 percent (nickel-iron grades) or at least 97.0 percent (Ni 212)
        role: Base metal of the nickel-iron alloy, and the main element of Nickel 212
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share: balance (nickel-iron grades); low residual in Ni 212
        role: Balance element in the soft-magnetic nickel-iron alloys
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share: 1.5 to 2.20 percent (Ni 212)
        role: 'Small addition to raise the strength of Nickel 212 (JLC: improves strength)'