spore: profile id: lunar-regolith-simulant spore_version: 0.2 family: regolith name: Lunar regolith simulants (JSC-1A, LHS-1, LMS-1) abbreviation: JSC-1A, LHS-1, LMS-1 role: Earth stand-in for Moon soil in tests category: regolith type: lunar-simulants summary: | Lunar regolith simulants are powders made from Earth rock to imitate the soil of the Moon, so that in-situ construction methods and rovers can be tested on the ground. This profile covers three: JSC-1A, a NASA simulant that is compared with Apollo 14 average soil; LHS-1, a lunar highlands simulant that is about 74.4 wt% anorthosite; and LMS-1, a lunar mare simulant that is about 32.8 wt% pyroxene and 32.0 wt% glass-rich basalt. best_for: Ground tests of soil handling and rover traction, with a stated oxide chemistry and bulk density range for JSC-1A weakest_at: 'Matching real Moon soil exactly: this profile holds no sourced bulk density or specific gravity for LHS-1 or LMS-1' identity: formula: Crushed rock powder, not one compound. Chemistry is given as oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, TiO2, MgO, CaO). LHS-1 and LMS-1 are mixtures of anorthosite, glass-rich basalt and minor minerals. source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table on the ARES JSC-1 and JSC-1A page; mineralogy tables on the CLASS LHS-1 and LMS-1 pages tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - rovers-and-surface-systems properties: - benchmark: bulk_density label: Bulk density, JSC-1A (McKay et al., 1994, as cited on the ARES page) value: 1.5 value_high: 1.7 bound: range unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant temperature: not stated on the page state: bulk, not stated on the page which compaction or moisture method: Value printed on a NASA ARES simulant page, citing McKay et al. 1994 status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: General Properties, Density table, bulk row - benchmark: bulk_density label: Bulk density, JSC-1A (Klosky et al., 2000, as cited on the ARES page) value: 1.57 value_high: 1.64 bound: range unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant temperature: not stated on the page state: bulk, not stated on the page which compaction or moisture method: Value printed on a NASA ARES simulant page, citing Klosky et al. 2000 status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: General Properties, Density table, bulk row - benchmark: specific_gravity label: Specific gravity, JSC-1A (Alshibli and Hasan, 2009, as cited on the ARES page) value: 2.9 unit: g/cm3 (unitless specific gravity) scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant temperature: not stated on the page method: Value printed on a NASA ARES simulant page, citing Alshibli and Hasan 2009; the page says specific gravity of solids was measured to ASTM standards in the cited work status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Geomechanical Properties table, specific gravity row - benchmark: specific_gravity label: Specific gravity, JSC-1A (Willman et al., 1995, as cited on the ARES page) value: 2.91 unit: g/cm3 (unitless specific gravity) scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant temperature: not stated on the page method: Value printed on a NASA ARES simulant page, citing Willman et al. 1995 status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Geomechanical Properties table, specific gravity row - benchmark: particle_size_range label: Particle size range, JSC-1A value: 10 value_high: 1000 bound: range unit: µm scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant basis: range given on the page; no median or mean reported method: Range printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: General Properties table, particle size row (mean shown as dash) - benchmark: sio2 label: SiO2, JSC-1A value: 47.71 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, SiO2 row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: tio2 label: TiO2, JSC-1A value: 1.59 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, TiO2 row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: al2o3 label: Al2O3, JSC-1A value: 15.02 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, Al2O3 row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: feo label: FeO, JSC-1A value: 7.35 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed; FeO and Fe2O3 are reported separately in this column method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, FeO row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: mgo label: MgO, JSC-1A value: 9.01 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, MgO row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: cao label: CaO, JSC-1A value: 10.42 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: JSC-1A, column JSC-1/1A (McKay et al. 1994; Sibille et al. 2006) basis: bulk oxide analysis as printed method: Bulk chemistry printed on a NASA ARES simulant page status: ground source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, CaO row, JSC-1/1A column - benchmark: sio2 label: SiO2, LHS-1 value: 49.12 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant basis: bulk oxide, fused bead XRF with LOI listed separately in the same table method: Bulk chemistry in a peer-reviewed-style open-access paper by Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, bulk chemistry of major and minor elements in equivalent oxides, LHS-1 row - benchmark: al2o3 label: Al2O3, LHS-1 value: 26.29 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant basis: bulk oxide, fused bead XRF method: Bulk chemistry in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, LHS-1 row - benchmark: feo label: FeO, LHS-1 value: 3.2 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant basis: cumulative FeO and Fe2O3 reported as FeO, per the table footnote method: Bulk chemistry in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, LHS-1 row, footnote - benchmark: median_particle_size_d50 label: Median particle size (D50), LHS-1 value: 59.79 unit: µm scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant method_basis: particle size distribution as printed in the paper method: Particle size distribution in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 3, D50, LHS-1 column - benchmark: particle_size_span_d10_to_d90 label: Particle size span (D10 to D90), LHS-1 value: 7.61 value_high: 202.35 bound: range unit: µm scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant method_basis: particle size distribution as printed in the paper method: Particle size distribution in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 3, D10 and D90, LHS-1 column - benchmark: anorthosite label: Anorthosite, LHS-1 mineralogy value: 74.4 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant basis: mineral and lithology mix as printed method: Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LHS-1 page status: ground source: class-lhs-1 where: Mineralogy table, Anorthosite row - benchmark: glass_rich_basalt label: Glass-rich basalt, LHS-1 mineralogy value: 24.7 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LHS-1 lunar highlands simulant basis: mineral and lithology mix as printed method: Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LHS-1 page status: ground source: class-lhs-1 where: Mineralogy table, Glass-rich basalt row - benchmark: sio2 label: SiO2, LMS-1 value: 48.22 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: bulk oxide, fused bead XRF with LOI listed separately in the same table method: Bulk chemistry in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, bulk chemistry, LMS-1 row - benchmark: al2o3 label: Al2O3, LMS-1 value: 12.4 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: bulk oxide, fused bead XRF method: Bulk chemistry in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, LMS-1 row - benchmark: feo label: FeO, LMS-1 value: 8.79 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: cumulative FeO and Fe2O3 reported as FeO, per the table footnote method: Bulk chemistry in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 2, LMS-1 row, footnote - benchmark: median_particle_size_d50 label: Median particle size (D50), LMS-1 value: 72.27 unit: µm scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant method_basis: particle size distribution as printed in the paper method: Particle size distribution in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 3, D50, LMS-1 column - benchmark: particle_size_span_d10_to_d90 label: Particle size span (D10 to D90), LMS-1 value: 5.82 value_high: 282.47 bound: range unit: µm scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant method_basis: particle size distribution as printed in the paper method: Particle size distribution in Long-Fox et al. 2023 status: ground source: long-fox-2023 where: Table 3, D10 and D90, LMS-1 column - benchmark: pyroxene label: Pyroxene, LMS-1 mineralogy value: 32.8 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: mineral and lithology mix as printed method: Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LMS-1 page status: ground source: class-lms-1 where: Mineralogy table, Pyroxene row - benchmark: glass_rich_basalt label: Glass-rich basalt, LMS-1 mineralogy value: 32 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: mineral and lithology mix as printed method: Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LMS-1 page status: ground source: class-lms-1 where: Mineralogy table, Glass-rich basalt row - benchmark: anorthosite label: Anorthosite, LMS-1 mineralogy value: 19.8 unit: wt% scope: material conditions: material: LMS-1 lunar mare simulant basis: mineral and lithology mix as printed method: Mineralogy table on the CLASS Exolith Lab LMS-1 page status: ground source: class-lms-1 where: Mineralogy table, Anorthosite row corrosion: - environment: Dust handling and dry air (electrostatic and surface forces) headline: Fine dust sticks to surfaces. Electrostatic forces move it and surface forces hold it. effect: Walton (2007) says static electric effects, from UV photo-ionization or triboelectric charging, are likely the main drivers of dust motion. Rover wheels, boots and rocket blast also move it. Once on a surface, van der Waals adhesion and static image forces are likely the strongest contributors to adhesion. The report is about lunar dust, not a test on these simulants. rating: unknown conditions: basis: general lunar dust, from a 2007 NASA review; not a test on JSC-1A, LHS-1 or LMS-1 source: walton-2007 where: Section on dust motion and adhesion forces (Abstract and adhesion sections) - environment: Repeated contact with fabric and hardware headline: Lunar dust is extremely abrasive. The 2023 abrasion test used LHS-1D and OB-1A, not the simulants in this profile. effect: Black and Fritz (2023) tested abrasion of Orthofabric, the xEMU suit fabric, with grain-size variants of LHS-1D and OB-1A. The paper says lunar dust is extremely abrasive and electrostatic, and that its grains stay sharp and jagged because nothing has weathered them. rating: unknown conditions: basis: Orthofabric with LHS-1D and OB-1A grain sizes; the abrasion data are not for JSC-1A, LHS-1 or LMS-1 source: black-fritz-2023 where: Abstract; introduction; simulant description section risks: hazards: - text: In a 2007 NASA study, JSC-1 killed human alveolar macrophages in vitro in a dose-dependent way. Its cytotoxicity was comparable to titanium dioxide and above saline, but below quartz. This is cell data, not human exposure data. ghs: [] source: latch-2007 where: Abstract - text: The study used JSC-1 (an Arizona volcanic ash) and JSC-Mars-1 as the simulants, with TiO2 and quartz as reference dusts. The work was described as a prerequisite to testing real lunar dust. ghs: [] source: latch-2007 where: Abstract - text: ARES says to read the JSC-1/1A and JSC-1A source material safety data sheets for specifications, PPE and hazards. Those SDS were not read in this run. ghs: [] source: ares-jsc1a where: Safety section failure_risks: - source: black-fritz-2023 where: Introduction mode: Lunar dust clogged mechanisms, scratched optical covers and lenses, overheated r consequence: Lunar dust clogged mechanisms, scratched optical covers and lenses, overheated radiators, compromised seals, and irritated eyes and lungs. The 2023 paper lists these effects among its concerns for dust exposure. - source: walton-2007 where: Adhesion sections mode: Dust is held to surfaces by van der Waals and static image forces, so it accumul consequence: Dust is held to surfaces by van der Waals and static image forces, so it accumulates even on surfaces that do not touch the soil. side_effects: [] handling: - text: Record the simulant name, lot and supplier with every test, because the same name can mean different values across revisions. source: ares-jsc1a where: Overview and Safety sections - text: Expect dust to lift and cling when wheels, boots or blast disturb the surface, and plan dust control for test beds. source: walton-2007 where: Section on dust motion mitigations: [] uses: - application: rovers-and-surface-systems device: Soil bins and test beds for rovers and surface vehicles example: The CLASS Exolith page says the LMS-1 particle size distribution is targeted to match typical Apollo soils, and the ARES page compares JSC-1A with Apollo 14 average soil. source: ares-jsc1a where: Major Element Chemistry table, Apollo 14 Average Soil column - application: rovers-and-surface-systems device: Extreme Terrain Endurance Rig (XTERra) tire tests example: NASA GRC runs XTERra with a bin of JSC-1A and volcanic rocks. The mobility guide describes its limits for tire tests. source: creager-2025 where: Figure 19 caption and rig discussion - application: rovers-and-surface-systems device: Excavation and loose-soil geotechnical tests example: ARES rates JSC-1/1A recommended for excavation and flow, and for geotechnical testing of loose simulant. It says the relative angular particles give reasonable excavation behaviour. source: ares-jsc1a where: Recommendation text; Excavation / Flow row - application: mechanisms device: Drilling tests example: ARES rates JSC-1/1A recommended with reservations for drilling, because it is uncertain whether the highland abrasiveness is reproduced. source: ares-jsc1a where: Drilling row - application: in-space-manufacturing device: Oxygen production (ISRU) tests example: ARES rates JSC-1/1A recommended with reservations for oxygen production. Its FeO is high (about 11 against 5 wt% in the lunar reference) and it has Ti-magnetite instead of ilmenite, so oxygen yields may be too high. source: ares-jsc1a where: Oxygen Production row - application: habitats-and-suits device: Spacesuit fabric abrasion test example: Black and Fritz (2023) abraded Orthofabric, the xEMU suit fabric, with grain-size variants of LHS-1D and OB-1A. The test did not use JSC-1A, LHS-1 or LMS-1. source: black-fritz-2023 where: Abstract; simulant description section supply: - subject: JSC-1/1A simulant feedstock abundance: Not read in this run. The ARES page gives no tonnage or producer share. producers: [] origin: JSC-1/1A Source Material is basaltic ash mined at Flagstaff, Arizona (ARES). The ARES page says JSC-1/1A is crushed from that material and has no additives. Outward Technologies makes JSC-1/1A-derived agglutinates. source: ares-jsc1a where: Overview section - subject: LHS-1 and LMS-1 constituents abundance: Not read in this run. No producer share or tonnage is printed. producers: [] origin: Exolith Lab buys high-purity commercially available rocks and minerals in bulk, including Merriam crater basalt and Greenspar anorthosite, and aims to keep sources consistent. Changes in source can change composition and grain density (Long-Fox et al. 2023, section 2.1.2). status: UCF has ceased production of LHS-1 and LMS-1. Space Resource Technologies, a spin-off company, now offers the simulant (CLASS Exolith Lab pages). source: long-fox-2023 where: Section 2.1.2 Material sourcing; CLASS LHS-1 and LMS-1 pages media: [] documents: - title: NASA ARES, JSC-1 and JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant project page type: database url: https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/jsc-1-1a.html - title: Long-Fox et al., Characterization of planetary regolith simulants for the research and development of space resource technologies, Frontiers in Space Technologies 4 (2023) type: paper url: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/space-technologies/articles/10.3389/frspt.2023.1255535/full year: 2023 - title: CLASS Exolith Lab, LHS-1 Lunar Highlands Simulant page (University of Central Florida) type: database url: https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarhighlands/ - title: CLASS Exolith Lab, LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant page (University of Central Florida) type: database url: https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarmare/ - title: Latch et al., Toxicity of Lunar and Martian Dust Simulants to Alveolar Macrophages (NASA NTRS copy) type: paper url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070031950/downloads/20070031950.pdf year: 2007 - title: Walton, Adhesion of Lunar Dust, NASA/CR-2007-214685 type: report url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070020448/downloads/20070020448.pdf year: 2007 - title: Black and Fritz, Investigating Abrasion Effects of Lunar Simulant Grain Sizes on Candidate Spacesuit Fabric type: paper url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230000758/downloads/Investigating%20Abrasion%20Effects%20of%20Lunar%20Simulant%20Grain%20Sizes%20on%20Candidate%20Spacesuit%20Fabric_JBlack_AFritz_Final2.pdf year: 2023 - title: Creager et al., Best Practices for the Testing of Planetary Roving Vehicle Mobility Systems and Tires type: report url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20250003470/downloads/Mobility%20Test%20Best%20Practices%20-%20STRIVES%20July2025.pdf year: 2025 gaps: - 'Bulk density of LHS-1 and LMS-1: no value was found in the pages or the Long-Fox 2023 paper read here. The Exolith spec-sheet PDFs were not read.' - 'Specific gravity of LHS-1 and LMS-1: no value was found in the pages or paper read.' - 'Median particle size of JSC-1A: the ARES page gives a range only (mean shown as a dash).' - Oxide values for LHS-1 and LMS-1 may differ between Exolith sheets and the Long-Fox 2023 paper. Only the paper is used here, because the sheets were not read. - 'Lunar day and lunar night environments: no source read here states that these simulants were used for those conditions, so tags.environments is empty.' - 'Cohesion, friction angle and Young modulus of JSC-1A: the ARES table lists them, but the columns do not match the rows reliably in the text, so none is recorded. Angle of repose (37 deg) is cited to Calle and Buhler 2020, which measured Apollo 14 sample 14163, not JSC-1A, so it is not recorded either.' - 'Moisture uptake and humidity ageing of all three simulants: not read.' - 'Human exposure data for any of the three simulants: not found. The toxicity data are in vitro (Latch 2007).' - 'Safety data sheets for LHS-1 and LMS-1, and the JSC-1/1A SDS that ARES points to: not read in this run.' - 'Mohs hardness of JSC-1/1A (4 to 5, ARES) and other rows not in the canonical list: not recorded.' sources: ares-jsc1a: title: JSC-1 and JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant, NASA ARES Simulants project page id: NASA Exploration Research and Simulation (ARES) simulants project url: https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/projects/simulants/jsc-1-1a.html kind: web license: NASA web page, public information; licence not stated on the page read long-fox-2023: title: Characterization of planetary regolith simulants for the research and development of space resource technologies id: doi:10.3389/frspt.2023.1255535 url: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/space-technologies/articles/10.3389/frspt.2023.1255535/full year: 2023 kind: paper license: Open-access journal article (Frontiers in Space Technologies); licence not checked in this run class-lhs-1: title: LHS-1 Lunar Highlands Simulant, CLASS Exolith Lab (University of Central Florida) url: https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarhighlands/ kind: web license: University web page; licence not checked in this run class-lms-1: title: LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant, CLASS Exolith Lab (University of Central Florida) url: https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/simulant_lunarmare/ kind: web license: University web page; licence not checked in this run latch-2007: title: Toxicity of Lunar and Martian Dust Simulants to Alveolar Macrophages Isolated from Human Volunteers (Latch, Hamilton, Holian, Lam, James) id: NASA NTRS 20070031950 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070031950/downloads/20070031950.pdf kind: paper year: 2007 license: NASA NTRS public document; licence not stated in the copy read walton-2007: title: Adhesion of Lunar Dust, NASA/CR-2007-214685 (Otis R. Walton, Grainflow Dynamics) id: NASA/CR-2007-214685 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20070020448/downloads/20070020448.pdf kind: report year: 2007 license: NASA contractor report; licence not stated in the copy read black-fritz-2023: title: Investigating Abrasion Effects of Lunar Simulant Grain Sizes on Candidate Spacesuit Fabric (Black and Fritz, NASA JSC) id: NASA NTRS 20230000758 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230000758/downloads/Investigating%20Abrasion%20Effects%20of%20Lunar%20Simulant%20Grain%20Sizes%20on%20Candidate%20Spacesuit%20Fabric_JBlack_AFritz_Final2.pdf kind: paper year: 2023 license: NASA NTRS public document; licence not stated in the copy read creager-2025: title: Best Practices for the Testing of Planetary Roving Vehicle Mobility Systems and Tires (Creager, Breckenridge, Johnson, Oravec, Moreland, Sobey, McBryan) id: NASA NTRS 20250003470 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20250003470/downloads/Mobility%20Test%20Best%20Practices%20-%20STRIVES%20July2025.pdf kind: report year: 2025 license: NASA NTRS public document; licence not stated in the copy read license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-19' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 26 unreachable: 3 caveats: 5 note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-19. JSC-1A values come from a summarising fetch of the ARES page, which cites McKay 1994, Klosky 2000 and others; the original studies were not opened. LHS-1 and LMS-1 oxide and particle size values come from Long-Fox et al. 2023 Tables 2 and 3. Mineralogy comes from the CLASS pages. Unreachable: the JSC-1A bulk data PDF, the Exolith LHS-1 and LMS-1 spec sheet PDFs (compressed, unreadable), and the arXiv cohesion paper (binary). Deepened on 2026-10-19: added oxide recipe, mineralogy, supply, degradation, uses, hazards, handling, compare rows and four new sources (Latch 2007, Walton 2007, Black and Fritz 2023, Creager 2025). Property values were not changed.' story: risk_groups: - title: For testers lead: A 2007 cell study and NASA dust reviews give hazard information. No safety data sheet for LHS-1 or LMS-1 was read, and no human exposure data was read for any of the three. points: - label: Lungs (cell data) line: In a NASA study, JSC-1 was less toxic than quartz and about as toxic as TiO2 in human alveolar macrophages (Latch et al. 2007). This is cell data, not exposure data. - label: Dust and wear line: Lunar dust is abrasive and electrostatic and clogs and scratches hardware, according to the 2023 abrasion paper. - label: Missing sheets line: The JSC-1/1A safety data sheet that ARES points to was not read in this run. Read it before handling the powder. - title: If the simulant is wrong lead: A simulant is a recipe, not the Moon. The sources differ, so the test result depends on which simulant and which values are used. points: - label: Two sources for LHS-1 oxides line: Exolith sheets and the Long-Fox 2023 paper give different oxide values for LHS-1 and LMS-1. Only the paper is recorded here. why: Lunar regolith simulants let engineers test digging, rover wheels and construction methods on Earth. This profile covers JSC-1A, a NASA simulant with a stated bulk density range of 1.5 to 1.7 g/cm3 and a specific gravity near 2.9, and two Exolith Lab simulants, LHS-1 and LMS-1. Their oxide chemistry is given as SiO2, Al2O3 and FeO. LHS-1 is anorthosite-rich, with 74.4 wt% anorthosite, and LMS-1 is pyroxene and basalt-rich. can_do: - label: Bulk density value: 1.5 to 1.7 g/cm3 (JSC-1A) line: The ARES page gives bulk density ranges for JSC-1A from several studies. The widest range is 1.5 to 1.7 g/cm3, from McKay et al. 1994. Klosky et al. 2000 gives 1.57 to 1.64. - label: Particle size value: 10 to 1000 µm (JSC-1A) line: The ARES page gives JSC-1A a particle size range of 10 to 1000 µm and no median. For LHS-1 the median is 59.79 µm, and for LMS-1 it is 72.27 µm. - label: Chemistry value: SiO2 47.71 wt% (JSC-1A) line: JSC-1A contains 47.71 wt% SiO2, 15.02 wt% Al2O3 and 7.35 wt% FeO in the McKay and Sibille column. LHS-1 has 49.12 wt% SiO2 and LMS-1 has 48.22 wt% SiO2. compare: The three simulants differ mostly in alumina and iron. JSC-1A has 15.02 wt% Al2O3 and 7.35 wt% FeO. LHS-1 has 26.29 wt% Al2O3 and 3.2 wt% FeO. LMS-1 has 12.4 wt% Al2O3 and 8.79 wt% FeO. The LHS-1 and LMS-1 values come from one paper, so they are directly comparable. The JSC-1A values come from a page that cites several older studies. good_for: - Ground tests of soil handling, with a bulk density range printed for JSC-1A. - Comparing an anorthosite-rich highlands simulant (LHS-1) with a basalt-rich mare simulant (LMS-1) on the same oxide and size basis. watch_out: - The density figures for LHS-1 and LMS-1 are missing here, so do not use these simulants for mass or density calculations without a new source. - Oxide values for LHS-1 and LMS-1 differ between vendor sheets and the open paper. Check which one a test used. - JSC-1A values are ranges from several older studies, not one measurement. - 'Oxygen production: ARES warns that JSC-1/1A has too much FeO for a lunar reference, so oxygen yields may read high.' handling: - Record the simulant lot and source with every test, since the same name can mean different values between vendor revisions. - Dust lifts and clings to surfaces. Plan dust control for test beds and wheels (Walton 2007). verdict: Use these simulants to test rover and construction ideas on Earth, but state which one and which values you used. JSC-1A has the most sourced physical numbers in this profile, and LHS-1 and LMS-1 have oxide and size data from one open paper but no sourced bulk density. recipe: line: Crushed rock powders, not one compound. JSC-1A is crushed from basaltic ash (JSC-1/1A Source Material) mined at Flagstaff, Arizona, and has no additives (ARES). LHS-1 and LMS-1 are mixed from mineral and rock fragments in set proportions (CLASS Exolith Lab). Oxide values are bulk chemistry in wt% as printed, by fused bead XRF for LHS-1 and LMS-1. The JSC-1A column is the ARES JSC-1/1A column (McKay 1994, Sibille 2006 and others). parts: - name: Silicon dioxide symbol: SiO2 share_percent: 47.71 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 47.71 LHS-1: 49.12 LMS-1: 48.22 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Main network former; most of each simulant. - name: Titanium dioxide symbol: TiO2 share_percent: 1.59 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 1.59 LHS-1: 0.63 LMS-1: 2.7 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Minor oxide; higher in the mare simulant LMS-1. - name: Aluminium oxide symbol: Al2O3 share_percent: 15.02 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 15.02 LHS-1: 26.29 LMS-1: 12.4 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Highest in LHS-1, which is anorthosite-rich. - name: Chromium(III) oxide symbol: Cr2O3 share_percent: 0.04 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 0.04 LHS-1: null LMS-1: null source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Trace. JSC-1A only; not in the Long-Fox LHS-1 or LMS-1 tables. - name: Iron oxide (FeO, total iron) symbol: FeO share_percent: 7.35 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 7.35 LHS-1: 3.2 LMS-1: 8.79 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Iron. JSC-1A also has Fe2O3 at 3.44 wt%. LHS-1 and LMS-1 report cumulative iron as FeO. - name: Manganese oxide symbol: MnO share_percent: 0.18 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 0.18 LHS-1: 0.06 LMS-1: 0.2 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Trace. - name: Magnesium oxide symbol: MgO share_percent: 9.01 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 9.01 LHS-1: 2.86 LMS-1: 15.97 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Mafic oxide; highest in LMS-1. - name: Calcium oxide symbol: CaO share_percent: 10.42 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 10.42 LHS-1: 13.52 LMS-1: 7.65 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Feldspar and pyroxene oxide. - name: Sodium oxide symbol: Na2O share_percent: 2.7 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 2.7 LHS-1: 2.55 LMS-1: 1.73 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Feldspar oxide. - name: Potassium oxide symbol: K2O share_percent: 0.82 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 0.82 LHS-1: 0.34 LMS-1: 0.42 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Minor alkali. - name: Phosphorus pentoxide symbol: P2O5 share_percent: 0.66 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 0.66 LHS-1: 0.17 LMS-1: 0.23 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Minor; JSC-1A contains natural phosphates per the ARES page. - name: Loss on ignition symbol: LOI share_percent: 0.71 by_simulant: JSC-1A: 0.71 LHS-1: 0.41 LMS-1: 0.56 source: ares-jsc1a where: 'JSC-1A: ARES Major Element Chemistry, JSC-1/1A column. LHS-1 and LMS-1: Long-Fox et al. 2023 Table 2 (LHS-1 and LMS-1 columns)' role: Volatile loss on ignition as printed. Not an oxide. uses: - where: Rover and tire testing line: NASA GRC runs tire tests in a rig with a bin of JSC-1A (XTERra). The mobility guide notes that there are currently no NASA standard lunar regolith simulants for the south pole. - where: Excavation and drilling line: ARES recommends JSC-1/1A for excavation and loose geotechnical tests, and for drilling with reservations. - where: Oxygen production line: ARES recommends JSC-1/1A for oxygen production with reservations, because of its high FeO and Ti-magnetite. - where: Spacesuit fabric line: The 2023 abrasion test used LHS-1D and OB-1A, not the three simulants in this profile. compare_rows: - scope: material label: Bulk density benchmark: bulk_density - scope: material label: Median particle size (D50) benchmark: median_particle_size_d50 - scope: material label: FeO (total iron) benchmark: feo composition: basis: wt% as printed; oxides from bulk fused bead XRF (LHS-1, LMS-1) and the ARES JSC-1/1A column (JSC-1A); mineral abundances as printed source: ares-jsc1a where: ARES Major Element Chemistry and Modal Mineralogy tables; Long-Fox 2023 Table 2; CLASS Exolith Lab mineralogy tables totals: JSC-1A: 99.65 LHS-1: 99.15 LMS-1: 98.87 note: JSC-1A also has Fe2O3 at 3.44 wt% (ARES column JSC-1/1A); LHS-1 and LMS-1 report total iron as FeO. oxides: - oxide: SiO2 JSC_1A: 47.71 LHS_1: 49.12 LMS_1: 48.22 - oxide: TiO2 JSC_1A: 1.59 LHS_1: 0.63 LMS_1: 2.7 - oxide: Al2O3 JSC_1A: 15.02 LHS_1: 26.29 LMS_1: 12.4 - oxide: Cr2O3 JSC_1A: 0.04 LHS_1: null LMS_1: null - oxide: FeO JSC_1A: 7.35 LHS_1: 3.2 LMS_1: 8.79 - oxide: MnO JSC_1A: 0.18 LHS_1: 0.06 LMS_1: 0.2 - oxide: MgO JSC_1A: 9.01 LHS_1: 2.86 LMS_1: 15.97 - oxide: CaO JSC_1A: 10.42 LHS_1: 13.52 LMS_1: 7.65 - oxide: Na2O JSC_1A: 2.7 LHS_1: 2.55 LMS_1: 1.73 - oxide: K2O JSC_1A: 0.82 LHS_1: 0.34 LMS_1: 0.42 - oxide: P2O5 JSC_1A: 0.66 LHS_1: 0.17 LMS_1: 0.23 - oxide: LOI JSC_1A: 0.71 LHS_1: 0.41 LMS_1: 0.56 mineralogy: - simulant: JSC-1A basis: Modal mineralogy, ARES page; cited to Taylor et al. 2005 (ref 12). The page does not say which Apollo soil it matches. source: ares-jsc1a where: Modal Mineralogy table, Mineral Abundance (%) column. Apatite, clinopyroxene and ilmenite are printed as trace and are left out. components: - name: Glass share_percent: 49.3 - name: Plagioclase share_percent: 37.1 - name: Olivine share_percent: 9 - name: K-silicate share_percent: 1.4 - name: Cr-spinel share_percent: 1.1 - name: Sulfide share_percent: 1 - name: Ti-magnetite share_percent: 0.4 - name: Albite share_percent: 0.3 - name: Quartz share_percent: 0.2 - name: Chlorite share_percent: 0.1 - simulant: LHS-1 basis: Mineral and lithology mix as printed on the CLASS Exolith Lab page source: class-lhs-1 where: Mineralogy table components: - name: Anorthosite share_percent: 74.4 - name: Glass-rich basalt share_percent: 24.7 - name: Ilmenite share_percent: 0.4 - name: Pyroxene share_percent: 0.3 - name: Olivine share_percent: 0.2 - simulant: LMS-1 basis: Mineral and lithology mix as printed on the CLASS Exolith Lab page source: class-lms-1 where: Mineralogy table components: - name: Pyroxene share_percent: 32.8 - name: Glass-rich basalt share_percent: 32 - name: Anorthosite share_percent: 19.8 - name: Olivine share_percent: 11.1 - name: Ilmenite share_percent: 4.3