spore: profile
id: haynes-230
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Haynes 230
abbreviation: H230 (UNS N06230)
role: oxidation-resistant solid-solution nickel superalloy
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Haynes 230 (UNS N06230, W.Nr. 2.4733) is a nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum alloy that is strengthened by solid solution, so it needs no precipitation-hardening treatment. Haynes International rates it for oxidising environments up to 2100 °F (1149 °C) for prolonged exposure and gives a melting range of 1301 to 1371 °C. At 70 °F its sheet has a yield strength of 417 MPa and a tensile strength of 837 MPa, and at 1000 °F the sheet still yields at 294 MPa. It is used for gas turbine combustion cans and transition ducts. A 2022 NASA trade study listed it as eligible for a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber but rated its hydrogen embrittlement risk high.
best_for: Hot-gas parts that must resist oxidation to 2100 °F (1149 °C) and keep strength, such as gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts and flame holders
weakest_at: Hydrogen service (a 2022 NASA trade study rates its hydrogen embrittlement risk high) and long exposure at 1400 °F (760 °C), which cuts room-temperature elongation to 32 % after 8,000 h
identity:
  formula: Nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum solid-solution alloy, nominal 57 Ni (balance), 22 Cr, 14 W, 2 Mo, 3 Fe max, 5 Co max, 0.5 Mn, 0.4 Si, 0.3 Al, 0.1 C, 0.02 La (weight %)
  source: haynes-230-brochure
  where: Nominal Composition table (weight %) and first paragraph of the Principal Features page (UNS N06230)
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N06230
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Principal Features page, first paragraph; Specifications and Codes table, UNS N06230
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4733'
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, DIN row: 17744 No. 2.4733'
    - system: DIN
      code: NiCr22W14Mo
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Specifications and Codes table, DIN row, short name NiCr22W14Mo
    - system: AMS
      code: '5878'
      note: sheet, plate and strip
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Specifications and Codes table, row Sheet, Plate & Strip
    - system: AMS
      code: '5891'
      note: billet, rod, bar and forgings
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Specifications and Codes table, rows Billet, Rod & Bar and Forgings
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 435
      note: sheet, plate and strip
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Sheet, Plate & Strip: SB 435/B 435'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 572
      note: billet, rod and bar
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Billet, Rod & Bar: SB 572/B 572'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 472
      note: billet, rod and bar
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Specifications and Codes table, row Billet, Rod & Bar
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 622
      note: seamless pipe and tube
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Seamless Pipe & Tube: SB 622/B 622'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 619
      note: welded pipe and tube
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Welded Pipe & Tube: SB 619/B 619'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 626
      note: welded pipe and tube
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Welded Pipe & Tube: SB 626/B 626'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 366
      note: fittings
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Fittings: SB 366/B 366'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B 564
      note: forgings
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, row Forgings: SB 564/B 564'
    - system: Trade name
      code: Haynes 230
      source: aircraftmaterials-230
      where: Page title, Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - propulsion-and-tanks
    - thermal-control
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Haynes 230 (wrought)
    value: 8.97
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 0.324 lb/in3
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row, Metric Units column
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, Haynes 230
    value: 1301
    value_high: 1371
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 2375-2500 °F
      pressure: not stated
    method: Melting range printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting Temperature row, Metric Units column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at room temperature
    value: 8.9
    unit: W/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 62 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, RT, Metric Units column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat at room temperature
    value: 397
    unit: J/kg·°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 0.095 Btu/lb-°F
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties (continued) table, Specific Heat row, RT, Metric Units column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 100 °C
    value: 11.8
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 25 to 100 °C (mean)
      unit_in_source: 11.8 x 10-6 m/m·°C; 6.5 µin/in-°F for 70 to 200 °F
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties (continued) table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row 70-200 °F and 25-100 °C
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Dynamic modulus of elasticity at room temperature
    value: 209
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      method_in_source: dynamic modulus
      unit_in_source: 30.3 x 10^6 psi
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table (dynamic, not static, modulus)
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties (continued) table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity row, RT, Metric column
  - benchmark: shear_modulus
    label: Dynamic shear modulus at room temperature
    value: 79
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 11.5 x 10^6 psi
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties (continued) table, Dynamic Shear Modulus row, RT, Metric units column
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio at room temperature
    value: 0.31
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties (continued) table, Poisson's Ratio row, RT
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity at room temperature
    value: 125
    unit: µohm-m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 49.2 µohm-in
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure Physical Properties table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, RT, Metric Units column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2% offset, sheet, 70 °F
    value: 417
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 60.4 ksi
      measure: 0.2% offset
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table (one test value per temperature)
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, 70 °F
    value: 837
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 121.4 ksi
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, sheet, 70 °F
    value: 47.3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      gauge_length: not stated
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Elongation
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2% offset, plate, 70 °F
    value: 383
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: plate
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 55.5 ksi
      measure: 0.2% offset
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, plate, 70 °F
    value: 852
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: plate
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 123.6 ksi
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, plate, 70 °F
    value: 46
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: plate
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      gauge_length: not stated
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Plate table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, column Elongation
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2% offset, sheet, 1000 °F
    value: 294
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 1000 °F (538 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 42.6 ksi
      measure: 0.2% offset
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column 0.2% Yield Strength
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, 1000 °F
    value: 690
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 1000 °F (538 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      unit_in_source: 100.1 ksi
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, sheet, 1000 °F
    value: 51.7
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      product_form: sheet
      temperature: 1000 °F (538 °C)
      temper: as furnished, solution heat-treated (brochure Heat-Treatment section)
      gauge_length: not stated
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure tensile table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Tensile Properties of 230 Sheet table, row 1000 °F / 538 °C, column Elongation
  - benchmark: hardness
    label: Rockwell B hardness, solution annealed sheet, room temperature
    value: 92
    unit: HRBW
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet
      condition: solution annealed
      temperature: room temperature
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure hardness table (Rockwell B, tungsten indenter)
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Hardness and Grain Size table, row Sheet, column Hardness HRBW
  - benchmark: stress_rupture_life
    label: Stress-rupture life, bar and plate, 1400 °F at 15.0 ksi
    value: 8200
    unit: h
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 1400 °F (760 °C)
      stress: 15.0 ksi (103 MPa)
      product_form: bar and plate
      basis: Larson-Miller extrapolation
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure stress-rupture table, with the table footnote on Larson-Miller extrapolation
    status: ground
    note: The same table lists alloy 625 at 19,000 h at 1400 °F and 14,000 h at 1600 °F, and 230 at 65,000 h at 1600 °F.
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Stress-Rupture Lives for Various Alloys table (Bar and Plate), row 230, column 1400 °F (760 °C) 15.0 ksi
  - benchmark: hydrogen_notch_strength_ratio
    label: Notched tensile strength ratio, hydrogen to air, 3000 psig hydrogen
    value: 0.92
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 70 °F (21 °C)
      pressure: 3000 psig (21 MPa) hydrogen
      notch: KT 8.0
      hydrogen_grade: MIL-P-27201B
    method: Ratio printed in the manufacturer brochure hydrogen embrittlement table
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Hydrogen Embrittlement table, row 70 °F / 21 °C, 3000 psig, column Ratio of Notched Tensile Strength Hydrogen/Air
  - benchmark: dynamic_oxidation_metal_loss
    label: Metal loss, dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F for 200 h (30-minute cycles)
    value: 163
    unit: µm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 2100 °F (1149 °C)
      exposure: 200 h, 30-minute cycles, burner rig
      unit_in_source: 6.4 mils
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure comparative dynamic oxidation table (burner rig)
    status: ground
    note: The same row gives an average metal affected of 13.1 mils (333 µm).
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230, 2100 °F (1150 °C) 200 h column, Metal Loss
  - benchmark: corrosion_rate_hcl
    label: Corrosion rate in 10 % hydrochloric acid at 150 °F
    value: 112
    unit: mils per year
    scope: material
    conditions:
      medium: 10 % HCl
      temperature: 150 °F (66 °C)
      method: weight change over four 24-hour periods
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure aqueous corrosion table
    status: ground
    note: The same table lists 0.6 mils per year in 10 % H2SO4 and 0.3 mils per year in boiling 10 % HNO3; 316 SS in 10 % HCl at 150 °F is listed at 3408 mils per year.
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Aqueous Corrosion Resistance table, row 230, column 10% HCl 150°F (66°C)
  - benchmark: nitrogen_absorption
    label: Nitrogen absorption in flowing ammonia at 1800 °F for 168 h
    value: 1.4
    unit: mg/cm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 1800 °F (982 °C)
      exposure: 168 h in flowing ammonia
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure nitriding table, determined by chemical analysis
    status: ground
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Nitriding Resistance table, row 230, column 1800°F (982°C)
  - benchmark: elongation_after_aging
    label: Room-temperature elongation after 8,000 h at 1400 °F
    value: 32
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_of_exposure: 1400 °F (760 °C)
      exposure: 8,000 h
      test_temperature: room temperature
      condition_before: MA (as received)
    method: Value printed in the manufacturer brochure thermal stability table
    status: ground
    note: The as-received (MA) row gives 50 % elongation at room temperature in the same table.
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Thermal Stability, Room-Temperature Properties after Thermal Exposure table, row +1400/8,000 hr, column Elongation
corrosion:
  - environment: Air and combustion gases at 2100 °F
    headline: Resists oxidation to 2100 °F (1149 °C) for prolonged exposure.
    effect: In burner-rig dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F for 200 h, with 30-minute cycles, the metal loss was 163 µm (6.4 mils) and the average metal affected was 333 µm (13.1 mils).
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: burner-rig dynamic oxidation, 30-minute cycles
      temperature: 2100 °F (1149 °C)
      duration: 200 h
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Oxidation Resistance section, Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230
  - environment: Water vapour in air at 1600 °F
    headline: Water vapour causes little metal loss over 1008 hours.
    effect: Cycled once a week for 1008 hours at 1600 °F in air with 10 % water vapour, 230 lost 0.53 mils per side as average metal affected (0.013 mm). With 20 % water vapour the figure was 0.21 mils (0.005 mm).
    rating: low
    conditions:
      temperature: 1600 °F (871 °C)
      duration: 1008 h, cycled once a week
      atmosphere: air plus 10 % or 20 % H2O
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Oxidation Resistance (continued), Water Vapor Testing table, row 230
  - environment: 10 % hydrochloric acid at 150 °F
    headline: Hydrochloric acid attacks the alloy strongly; dilute sulphuric and nitric acid do not.
    effect: In 10 % HCl at 150 °F the corrosion rate was 112 mils per year, against 3408 mils per year for 316 stainless steel in the same test. In 10 % H2SO4 at 150 °F the rate was 0.6 mils per year, and in boiling 10 % HNO3 it was 0.3 mils per year.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      basis: weight change, four 24-hour periods
      temperature: 150 °F (66 °C) for HCl and H2SO4; boiling for HNO3
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Aqueous Corrosion Resistance table, row 230
  - environment: Ammonia at 1800 °F (nitriding)
    headline: Nitrogen uptake is low compared with stainless steels.
    effect: After 168 h in flowing ammonia at 1800 °F, 230 absorbed 1.4 mg/cm2 of nitrogen, against 7.3 mg/cm2 for 304 stainless steel at 1800 °F. The brochure calls the alloy one of the most nitriding-resistant materials available.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      temperature: 1800 °F (982 °C)
      duration: 168 h, flowing ammonia
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Nitriding Resistance table, row 230 and row 304 SS, column 1800°F (982°C)
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Haynes general safety data sheet H2071-12 classifies all products in its Section 1, a list that includes HAYNES 230 alloy, as Danger for carcinogenicity (H350, may cause cancer) and respiratory sensitisation (H334), and as Warning for skin sensitisation (H317), skin irritation (H315), acute inhalation toxicity (H332) and acute oral toxicity (H302). The SDS states that these health hazards apply to dust and metal fume and do not apply under normal handling of the solid form.
      ghs:
        - H350
        - H334
        - H317
        - H315
        - H332
        - H302
      source: sds-h2071
      where: Section 2.1 GHS Hazard Classification table; Section 2 introduction (solid form); H302 row excludes a list that does not name HAYNES 230 alloy
    - text: Breathing dust or fume of this alloy, such as from grinding or welding, can cause metal fume fever and respiratory irritation. The SDS lists excessive inhalation of nickel and cobalt, and exposure to insoluble nickel compounds and hexavalent chromium, as linked to lung and nasal cancers.
      ghs: []
      source: sds-h2071
      where: Section 2 Health hazards text (inhalation and chronic effects)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Hydrogen embrittlement in service
      trigger: Notched parts exposed to hydrogen at room temperature
      consequence: In the brochure's notched tensile test, the hydrogen-to-air strength ratio was 0.92 at 3000 psig and 1.07 at 5000 psig, so the brochure calls the alloy resistant to hydrogen embrittlement.
      severity: low
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Hydrogen Embrittlement table, rows 70 °F / 21 °C at 3000 and 5000 psig
    - mode: Hydrogen environmental embrittlement rated high
      trigger: Hydrogen environment in a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber
      consequence: A JANNAF 2022 NASA trade study rated the hydrogen environmental embrittlement risk of H230 as High, which conflicts with the brochure's notched-bar test; the study's rating was inferred from similar alloys, not tested on this grade.
      severity: high
      source: nasa-ntp-jannaf
      where: 'Material Trade: Hydrogen Embrittlement table, row H230; Conclusions table, row Haynes 230 (Eligible, H2 Risk High)'
    - mode: Loss of ductility after long exposure at intermediate temperature
      trigger: 8,000 h at 1400 °F (760 °C)
      consequence: Room-temperature elongation fell from 50 % (as received) to 32 % after 8,000 h at 1400 °F. The brochure says no sigma or mu phase forms after 16,000 h at 1200 to 1600 °F, but it does not state the cause of this ductility loss.
      severity: moderate
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Thermal Stability section, Room-Temperature Properties after Thermal Exposure table, row +1400/8,000 hr
    - mode: Metal loss at very high temperature
      trigger: Dynamic oxidation at 2100 °F (1149 °C) for 200 h with thermal cycling
      consequence: Metal loss of 163 µm and an affected layer of 333 µm in the burner-rig test, so parts at this temperature need allowance for wall loss.
      severity: moderate
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Comparative Dynamic Oxidation table, row 230, 2100 °F (1150 °C) 200 h
  side_effects:
    - text: Solution annealing below the 2150 to 2275 °F range precipitates carbides and can marginally reduce strength and ductility. The brochure reports no sigma or mu phase after 16,000 h at 1200 to 1600 °F (649 to 871 °C).
      affects: Strength and ductility of annealed or aged parts
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Heat-Treatment section; Thermal Stability section
  handling:
    - text: Solution heat-treat at 2150 to 2275 °F (1177 to 1246 °C) and rapidly cool or water-quench for optimum properties. Hold at 2150 °F (1177 °C) until the whole piece reaches temperature before hot working.
      source: haynes-230-brochure
      where: Heat-Treatment section and Easily Fabricated section of the Principal Features page
    - text: Use local ventilation when grinding, cutting or welding. The SDS precautionary statement P284 says to wear respiratory protection if ventilation is inadequate.
      source: sds-h2071
      where: Section 2.2 precautionary statements (P284) and Section 2 health text
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts and flame holders
    example: The brochure lists combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders and thermocouple sheaths as the alloy's main gas turbine uses. A photo caption shows a Textron Lycoming gas turbine combustor made of HAYNES 230 alloy.
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Applications page of the Principal Features section, and the photo caption on the Applications page
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Regenerative chamber of a nuclear thermal propulsion engine (evaluated, not selected)
    example: A NASA JANNAF 2022 material trade study for 12.5k and 25k lbf nuclear thermal propulsion engines listed Haynes 230 as eligible for the regenerative chamber. The study selected GRCop-42 and NASA HR-1 instead.
    source: nasa-ntp-jannaf
    where: Executive Summary bullet list; Conclusions table, row Haynes 230 (Eligible)
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Aerospace gas turbine hot-section components
    example: Haynes International's 2026 aerospace tech brief says the alloy is used for combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders, thermocouple sheaths and other important gas turbine components.
    source: aerospace-brief-2026
    where: HAYNES 230 alloy entry, Aerospace Alloys and Applications brief, first paragraph
  - application: thermal-control
    device: Furnace retorts, heat-treating baskets and trays
    example: A heat-treating basket for vacuum furnace service to 2300 °F (1260 °C) was made from 1/2-inch diameter 230 bar, according to a photo caption; the brochure also lists furnace retorts, trays and recuperator internals.
    source: haynes-230-brochure
    where: Applications, Continued page, photo caption for the vacuum furnace heat-treating basket
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (mine production)
    abundance: More than 350 million tons of nickel in global resources, of which 54 % is in laterites and 35 % in magmatic sulfide deposits (USGS, 2026)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025. Most recycled nickel goes into new alloys and stainless steel.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels, nickel-free specialty steels, and titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t, rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from Indonesia 2,600,000 t, Philippines 270,000 t and Russia 200,000 t; Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources
  - subject: Tungsten (mine production)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 78.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Vietnam
        share_percent: 3.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        share_percent: 2.8
        year: 2025
    source: usgs-mcs2026-tungsten
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column (world total 85,000 t, rounded); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from China 67,000 t, Vietnam 3,000 t and Kazakhstan 2,400 t
documents:
  - title: HAYNES 230 alloy Principal Features web page, Haynes International
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/en/?p=1916
  - title: HAYNES 230 alloy brochure, Haynes International (Principal Features, Applications, Physical Properties, Tensile, Oxidation, Specifications and Codes)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: Haynes International general safety data sheet H2071-12, corrosion-resistant and high-temperature alloys (2025 PDF)
    type: sds
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/H2071-12-Corrosion-Resistant-Alloys-and-High-Temperature-Alloys-2025.pdf
    year: 2025
  - title: NASA JANNAF 2022, Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Material Trade for Additively Manufactured Regenerative Chambers (Tinker, Lusk, Gradl)
    type: report
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220018322/downloads/2022-11-21-NTP-NNE-MaterialTrade_Pres.pdf
    year: 2022
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: Haynes International Aerospace Alloys and Applications tech brief (2026)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Aerospace-Alloy-Tech-Brief.pdf.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230 (aircraftmaterials.com data page)
    type: database
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/230.html
gaps:
  - 'The Ulbrich datasheet for Haynes 230 (minimum mechanical properties and composition limits) could not be read: the PDF link redirected to a page that returned an error. The brochure''s sheet and plate tensile values were used instead, and they are typical values, not guaranteed minima.'
  - No HAYNES 230-specific safety data sheet was opened. The general Haynes SDS H2071-12 was used; its composition column for 230 was not clear enough to copy numbers, so no composition from the SDS is recorded.
  - PubChem nickel record (GHS hazard codes and notifier percentages) was blocked by a verification page, so nickel-compound hazard data from PubChem are not recorded.
  - The 2025 U.S. critical minerals status of nickel and tungsten is not printed in the USGS summaries that were opened, so no critical_lists entry is recorded for either.
  - A news article says the alloy was used in the Mars Sky Crane thrusters; no NASA or JPL source was found to confirm this, so it is not recorded.
  - Specification minimums for AMS 5878, AMS 5891 and ASTM B435 (yield, tensile, elongation) were not opened; the mechanical values are the brochure's typical tensile data.
  - Creep and stress-rupture data at other temperatures, and the brochure's low cycle fatigue results, are not entered. Only the 1400 °F, 15.0 ksi rupture life is recorded.
  - No atomic oxygen, outgassing, cold-welding, erosion-yield or radiation data for Haynes 230 were found in the sources opened.
  - Chromium, molybdenum and cobalt supply, and their critical-mineral status, were not entered; only nickel and tungsten were checked in USGS 2026.
  - Electrical conductivity in MS/m or %IACS, and thermal conductivity in other units, are only given as printed by the brochure; no conversion was made.
  - The brochure's Wikipedia-style history and the ASM Alloy Digest entry were not found in an openly readable source.
sources:
  haynes-principal-web:
    title: HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features web page (Haynes International)
    url: https://haynesintl.com/en/?p=1916
    kind: web
    license: Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-230-brochure:
    title: HAYNES 230 alloy, Principal Features brochure (Haynes International; PDF uploaded 2025-08, print footer 2021)
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/230-brochure.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)
  sds-h2071:
    title: Haynes International Safety Data Sheet H2071-12, Corrosion-resistant Alloys and High-temperature Alloys (general SDS, 2025 PDF)
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/H2071-12-Corrosion-Resistant-Alloys-and-High-Temperature-Alloys-2025.pdf
    year: 2025
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  nasa-ntp-jannaf:
    title: Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Material Trade for Additively Manufactured Regenerative Chambers, JANNAF 2022 (NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Project)
    id: NTRS 20220018322
    url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220018322/downloads/2022-11-21-NTP-NNE-MaterialTrade_Pres.pdf
    year: 2022
    kind: report
    license: NASA public release (Statement A)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-tungsten:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten
    id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  aerospace-brief-2026:
    title: Haynes International, Aerospace Alloys and Applications tech brief (2026)
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Aerospace-Alloy-Tech-Brief.pdf.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer tech brief (cited, not reproduced)
  aircraftmaterials-230:
    title: Nickel Alloy 230 / Haynes 230 (aircraftmaterials.com)
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/nickel/230.html
    kind: database
    license: Web page (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 25
  unreachable: 2
  caveats: 5
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Haynes brochure PDF (text extracted with pdftotext) and the NASA JANNAF 2022 and USGS 2026 PDFs. Unreachable: the Ulbrich datasheet (redirect error) and the PubChem nickel record (verification page). Caveats: tensile values are typical brochure values, not guaranteed minima; the hydrogen rating conflicts between the brochure (0.92 ratio) and the NASA study (High); the shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; the SDS hazard codes are for dust and fume.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The general Haynes safety data sheet classifies the alloy's dust and fume. The solid wrought form is not expected to cause these hazards under normal handling.
      level: 1
      verdict: Dust and fume are the hazard
      points:
        - label: Classification
          line: The Haynes general SDS lists H350 (may cause cancer), H334 (respiratory sensitisation), H317 (skin sensitisation), H315, H332 and H302 for the alloy's dust and fume. The solid form is not expected to cause these under normal handling.
        - label: Fume and dust
          line: Grinding, cutting or welding the alloy releases metal particles. Excessive inhalation can cause metal fume fever, and insoluble nickel compounds and hexavalent chromium are linked to lung cancers.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These are the failure routes found in the sources. Two of them are test results from the manufacturer, and one is a NASA rating that conflicts with the manufacturer's hydrogen test.
      points:
        - label: Hydrogen
          line: The brochure's notched tensile test in hydrogen gave a ratio of 0.92 at 3000 psig, but a 2022 NASA trade study rated the hydrogen environmental embrittlement risk as High.
        - label: Long exposure at 1400 °F
          line: After 8,000 hours at 1400 °F, room-temperature elongation fell from 50 % to 32 %.
        - label: Very high temperature
          line: At 2100 °F for 200 hours of cycling, the burner rig test gave 163 µm of metal loss and a 333 µm affected layer.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Solution treat at 2150 to 2275 °F and rapidly cool. Annealing below that range precipitates carbides and can reduce strength and ductility.
        - label: Dust and fume
          line: Wear respiratory protection when grinding or welding. The SDS says the dust and fume contain nickel, cobalt and chromium compounds.
  why: Haynes 230 is chosen for hot gas parts that must keep their strength and resist oxidation. In the brochure's sheet tests it yields at 417 MPa and reaches 837 MPa at 70 °F, and still yields at 294 MPa at 1000 °F. Its melting range of 1301 to 1371 °C is well above the 2100 °F (1149 °C) limit for prolonged oxidising exposure. The alloy is solid-solution strengthened, so it does not depend on precipitation hardening. The brochure says it has lower thermal expansion than most high-temperature alloys, with a mean coefficient of 11.8 ppm/K from 25 to 100 °C.
  uses:
    - where: Gas turbine hot section
      line: The brochure lists combustion cans, transition ducts, flame holders and thermocouple sheaths, and a photo caption shows a Textron Lycoming combustor made of the alloy.
    - where: Nuclear thermal propulsion (evaluated)
      line: A NASA JANNAF 2022 trade study listed Haynes 230 as eligible for the regenerative chamber of 12.5k and 25k lbf nuclear thermal propulsion engines, but it selected GRCop-42 and NASA HR-1.
    - where: Furnace and heat treatment
      line: Heat-treating baskets, retorts and trays are made from the alloy. One basket is used in a vacuum furnace at 2300 °F (1260 °C).
  can_do:
    - label: Oxidation to 2100 °F
      value: 2100 °F
      line: Long-term continuous exposure up to 2100 °F (1149 °C). In the 200-hour burner rig test at 2100 °F the metal loss was 163 µm.
    - label: Strength at 1000 °F
      value: 294 MPa yield
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: Sheet yields at 294 MPa and reaches 690 MPa in tension at 1000 °F (538 °C), with 51.7 % elongation.
    - label: Weight
      value: 8.97 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: The density is 8.97 g/cm3 at room temperature.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 209 GPa
      benchmark: elastic_modulus
      line: The dynamic modulus of elasticity is 209 GPa at room temperature.
    - label: Long rupture life
      value: 8200 h
      benchmark: stress_rupture_life
      line: At 1400 °F and 15.0 ksi, bar and plate reach 8200 h to rupture, by Larson-Miller extrapolation.
  compare: 'The brochure''s rupture table is mixed: 230 reaches 65,000 h at 1600 °F against 14,000 h for alloy 625, but at 1400 °F it reaches 8,200 h against 19,000 h for 625. Read the comparison rows as examples, not a ranking, because the test stresses and product forms differ between alloys.'
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Solution treat at 2150 to 2275 °F (1177 to 1246 °C) and rapidly cool, to restore the best balance of properties.
    - Do not anneal below the solution range, because carbides precipitate and reduce strength and ductility.
    - Assume hydrogen embrittlement is a risk until tested for your part, since the NASA study rated it high.
  good_for:
    - Oxidation resistance to 2100 °F (1149 °C), shown by the burner rig test.
    - 'Retained elongation after long exposure: 32 % after 8,000 h at 1400 °F.'
    - 'Forming and welding: the brochure says it is readily formed, forged and welded by GTAW, GMAW and resistance welding.'
  watch_out:
    - 'Hydrogen: the NASA 2022 study rated hydrogen embrittlement risk high, despite the brochure''s 0.92 notched ratio.'
    - Dust and fume are classified as carcinogenic and sensitising (H350, H334, H317) in the general Haynes SDS.
    - 'Hydrochloric acid attacks it: 112 mils per year in 10 % HCl at 150 °F.'
  verdict: Haynes 230 is a solid-solution nickel alloy for hot oxidising service to 2100 °F (1149 °C), with 417 MPa yield in sheet at 70 °F and 294 MPa at 1000 °F. It is used in gas turbine combustors and furnace parts, and a NASA study considered it for a nuclear thermal propulsion chamber but rated its hydrogen risk high. Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen are its weak points, and no atomic oxygen or outgassing data were found.
  recipe:
    line: Haynes 230 is a solid-solution nickel alloy made to the nominal composition in the brochure's Nominal Composition table, with chromium, tungsten and molybdenum as the main alloying elements. The brochure says it can be cast, forged, hot-worked and cold-formed, and that wrought material is furnished solution heat-treated.
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 57
        share_note: nominal, balance of the alloy
        role: Base element of the alloy; the brochure does not describe its role separately.
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 22
        share_note: nominal
        role: Main element behind the brochure's claim of resistance to oxidising environments up to 2100 °F.
      - name: Tungsten
        symbol: W
        share_percent: 14
        share_note: nominal
        role: Element that, with molybdenum, is named in the brochure's description of the alloy as solid-solution strengthened.
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 2
        share_note: nominal
        role: Alloying element named in the alloy's designation (nickel-chromium-tungsten-molybdenum).
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 3
        share_note: maximum
        role: Residual element with a maximum limit in the brochure's composition table.
      - name: Cobalt
        symbol: Co
        share_percent: 5
        share_note: maximum
        role: Element with a maximum limit in the brochure; its dust and fume are covered by the SDS hazard text.