spore: profile
id: haynes-214
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Haynes 214
abbreviation: UNS N07214
role: high-temperature oxidation-resistant nickel-chromium-aluminium wrought alloy
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Haynes 214 (UNS N07214) is a wrought nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy made for oxidation resistance above about 955 °C (1750 °F). Its nominal composition is 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron. Above 1750 °F it forms a tight alumina scale, and Haynes International's brochure reports only 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air. At room temperature the cold-rolled and annealed sheet has a yield strength of 577 MPa and an elongation of 37.3 %, but its strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and welds in restrained parts can crack by strain-age cracking if heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C.
best_for: Static, low-stress parts in hot oxidising gas, such as furnace belts, flame hoods, honeycomb seals and combustor splash plates, where oxidation or scale loss above 1750 °F is the limit
weakest_at: Strength above about 1800 °F, where sheet UTS falls to 68 MPa, and welding of restrained parts through the 595 to 925 °C range, where gamma-prime precipitation can cause strain-age cracking
identity:
  formula: Nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy, nominal Ni 75 (balance), Cr 16, Al 4.5, Fe 3 wt %, nominal Y 0.01 and C 0.04, with maxima for Co, Mn, Mo, Ti, W, Nb, Si, Zr and B
  source: haynes-h3008
  where: Nominal Composition table (weight %), Haynes International brochure H-3008H; UNS N07214 is printed in the first Principle Features paragraph
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N07214
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: 'First paragraph of Principle Features: HAYNES 214 alloy (UNS N07214)'
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4646'
      source: elgiloy-strip
      where: Header block, W.Nr 2.4646 printed beside UNS N07214 (the EN material number)
    - system: Trade name
      code: Alloy 214
      source: ulbrich-214
      where: Title line, Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) UNS N07214
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses:
    - extreme-heat
    - thermal-cycling
  applications:
    - propulsion-and-tanks
    - heat-shields
    - electronics-and-chips
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, Haynes 214 (room temperature)
    value: 8.05
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 0.291 lb/in3
      condition: not stated
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties table, row Density RT, metric column
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range, Haynes 214
    value: 1355
    value_high: 1400
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 2475 to 2550 °F
      pressure: not stated
    method: Melting range printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties table, row Melting Range
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity at room temperature, Haynes 214
    value: 135.9
    unit: µohm-cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 53.5 µohm-in
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row RT, metric column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at room temperature, Haynes 214
    value: 12
    unit: W/m-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: RT (21 °C)
      unit_in_source: 83 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row RT, metric column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 600 °C, Haynes 214
    value: 23.9
    unit: W/m-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 600 °C
      unit_in_source: 175 Btu-in/ft2-hr-°F at 1200 °F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row 1200 °F / 600 °C, metric column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat at room temperature, Haynes 214
    value: 452
    unit: J/kg-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 0.108 Btu/lb-°F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties Continued table, Specific Heat row RT, metric column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 500 °C
    value: 14.6
    unit: µm/m-°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 25 to 500 °C (mean)
      unit_in_source: 8.2 µin/in-°F for 70 to 1000 °F
    method: Mean value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties Continued table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, row 25-500 °C
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Dynamic modulus of elasticity at room temperature, Haynes 214
    value: 218
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 31.6 x 10^6 psi
    method: Dynamic modulus printed in a manufacturer brochure; a dynamic, not a static tensile, value
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Physical Properties Continued table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity row RT
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT
    value: 577
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 83.6 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT
    value: 975
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: RT
      unit_in_source: 141.4 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet at RT
    value: 37.3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: RT
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, tensile test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row RT, Elongation column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, solution annealed sheet at 649 °C
    value: 537
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: 1200 °F (649 °C)
      unit_in_source: 77.9 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 1200 °F
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, solution annealed sheet at 649 °C
    value: 756
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: 1200 °F (649 °C)
      unit_in_source: 109.6 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 1200 °F
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, solution annealed sheet at 1093 °C
    value: 38
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: cold-rolled and solution annealed sheet, 0.078 to 0.125 in (2.0 to 3.2 mm) thick
      temperature: 2000 °F (1093 °C)
      unit_in_source: 5.5 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, elevated-temperature tensile test
    status: ground
    note: The same table gives 68 MPa at 1800 °F (982 °C), so strength is nearly gone at these temperatures and the alloy suits static, low-stress parts only.
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Tensile Properties table, Cold-Rolled and Solution Annealed Sheet, row 2000 °F
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, annealed, minimum (distributor)
    value: 438
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: Annealed
      temperature: RT
      gauge: gauges above 0.003 in
      unit_in_source: 65 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet (typical values only, not a specification)
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-214
    where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Yield Strength (0.2% offset)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, annealed, minimum (distributor)
    value: 758
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: Annealed
      temperature: RT
      gauge: gauges above 0.003 in
      unit_in_source: 110 ksi min
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet (typical values only, not a specification)
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-214
    where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Ultimate Tensile Strength
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, annealed, minimum (distributor)
    value: 25
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      condition: Annealed
      temperature: RT
      gauge: gauges above 0.003 in
    method: Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet
    status: ground
    source: ulbrich-214
    where: Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature, Properties Annealed, Elongation
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, annealed wire (typical range)
    value: 895
    value_high: 1035
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      condition: annealed
      heat_treatment: 1950 to 2050 °F (1066 to 1121 °C)
      unit_in_source: 130 to 150 ksi
    method: Typical range printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-wire
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Annealed, Tensile Strength column
  - benchmark: min_service_temp
    label: Suggested minimum operating temperature, annealed strip
    value: -200
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: annealed strip
      unit_in_source: '-330 °F'
    method: Suggested operating limit printed in a supplier strip datasheet
    status: ground
    source: elgiloy-strip
    where: Typical Mechanical Properties table, row Annealed, Suggested Operating Conditions column
  - benchmark: max_service_temp
    label: Long-term continuous exposure limit in air or combustion gases (oxidation)
    value: 1260
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      basis: oxidation limit for long-term continuous exposure, not a mechanical limit
      unit_in_source: 2300 °F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Oxidation Resistance section, first paragraph
  - benchmark: creep_stress_1pct_1000h
    label: Stress for 1 % creep in 1000 h at 1093 °C, solution annealed sheet
    value: 2.8
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: solution annealed sheet
      temperature: 2000 °F (1093 °C)
      creep: 1 %
      time: 1000 h
      unit_in_source: 0.41 ksi
    method: Approximate initial stress printed in a manufacturer brochure
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Creep and Rupture Properties table, Solution Annealed Sheet, row 2000 °F, creep 1 %, 1,000 h column
  - benchmark: oxidation_metal_affected
    label: Average metal affected, flowing air at 1150 °C for 1008 h
    value: 13
    unit: µm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      environment: flowing air at 7.0 ft/min past the samples, cycled to RT weekly
      temperature: 2100 °F (1150 °C)
      time: 1008 h
      unit_in_source: 0.5 mils
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, comparative oxidation test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Comparative Oxidation Resistance in Flowing Air table, row 214, 2100 °F column, Average Metal Affected
  - benchmark: burner_rig_metal_affected
    label: Average metal affected in burner rig at 980 °C for 1000 h
    value: 45.7
    unit: µm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      environment: fuel-oil combustion products, burner rig
      temperature: 1800 °F (980 °C)
      time: 1000 h
      unit_in_source: 1.8 mils
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, comparative burner rig test
    status: ground
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Figure caption, Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance at 1800 °F (980 °C) / 1000 Hours, HAYNES 214 panel
  - benchmark: chlorine_metal_affected
    label: Average metal affected in air with 2 % chlorine at 1000 °C for 50 h
    value: 51
    unit: µm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      environment: air with 2 % chlorine
      temperature: 1830 °F (1000 °C)
      time: 50 h
      unit_in_source: 2.0 mils
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, chlorine test
    status: ground
    note: The same test gives 8.0 mils (203 µm) for alloy 601, so the chlorine resistance is much better than the comparison alloy.
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Resistance to Chlorine-Bearing Environments Continued, paragraph on 50 hour test
  - benchmark: nitrogen_absorption
    label: Nitrogen absorption in flowing ammonia at 649 °C for 168 h
    value: 1.5
    unit: mg/cm2
    scope: material
    conditions:
      environment: flowing ammonia
      temperature: 1200 °F (649 °C)
      time: 168 h
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer brochure, nitriding test
    status: ground
    note: The same table gives 0.3 mg/cm2 at 982 °C and 0.2 mg/cm2 at 1093 °C, so nitriding is worst at the lowest temperature.
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Nitriding Resistance table, row 214, 1200 °F (649 °C) column
corrosion:
  - environment: High-temperature air or combustion gases, 1150 °C
    headline: Haynes 214 forms a tight alumina scale and loses very little metal after 1008 h at 2100 °F.
    effect: In flowing air at 2100 °F for 1008 h the average metal loss was 0.1 mil (3 µm) and the average metal affected 0.5 mil (13 µm). The same test on alloy 600 gave 4.8 mils (122 µm) affected and alloy 601 gave 6.5 mils (165 µm).
    rating: low
    conditions:
      specimen: sheet coupons
      air_velocity: 7.0 ft/min
      cycling: to RT once per week
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Comparative Oxidation Resistance in Flowing Air table, row 214, and the Comparative Oxidation in Flowing Air 2100 °F figure captions
  - environment: Fuel-oil combustion products (burner rig), 980 °C
    headline: Burner-rig oxidation is limited to about 46 µm of affected metal after 1000 h at 1800 °F.
    effect: The average metal affected was 1.8 mils (45.7 µm) after 1000 h at 1800 °F. Alloy 601 was more than 23 mils (584 µm) and RA330 reached 10.5 mils (267 µm) in the same test. At 2100 °F for 200 h, 214 lost 2.0 mils (51 µm) of metal.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: fuel oil 2 parts No. 1 to 1 part No. 2, air to fuel about 50:1, gas velocity about 0.3 Mach
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Comparative Burner Rig Oxidation Resistance figure captions and table, row 214
  - environment: Chlorine-bearing oxidising gas, 1000 °C
    headline: 'Chlorine attack is slight: 2 mils of total affected metal after 50 h at 1830 °F in air with 2 % chlorine.'
    effect: Metal loss was 1.0 mil (25 µm) and average internal penetration 1.0 mil, for 2.0 mils (51 µm) of total affected metal. Haynes says the alumina scale gives excellent resistance in chlorine-bearing oxidising environments.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      environment: air with 2 % chlorine
      temperature: 1830 °F (1000 °C)
      time: 50 h
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Resistance to Chlorine-Bearing Environments Continued, and Principle Features text
  - environment: Ammonia or nitrogen-bearing gas at 649 °C
    headline: Nitriding is the weak point at low temperature, where the alumina scale does not yet protect the alloy.
    effect: Nitrogen absorption after 168 h in flowing ammonia was 1.5 mg/cm2 at 1200 °F, against 0.3 mg/cm2 at 1800 °F and 0.2 mg/cm2 at 2000 °F. Haynes says the alloy is not the most resistant at 1000 to 1200 °F.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      environment: flowing ammonia
      time: 168 h
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Nitriding Resistance section and table, row 214
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for nickel metal, from 4778 reports: H317 in 99.9 % of reports that give a code, H351 in 72.9 %, H372 in 99.7 %, H350 in 22.5 %, H360F in 18 %, H341 in 13.5 %, H334 in 10.3 %, and H412 in 47.2 %. Signal word Danger. These codes are for nickel metal; the alloy is about 75 % nickel, and no classification for the alloy itself was read.'
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H351
        - H372
        - H350
        - H360F
        - H341
        - H334
        - H412
      source: pubchem-nickel
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, aggregated ECHA C&L notification block (reference 36)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Strain-age cracking in restrained welds
      trigger: Highly stressed, highly restrained welded parts heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C (1100 to 1700 °F), where gamma-prime (Ni3Al) precipitates
      consequence: Cracks in the weld or heat-affected zone. The brochure says this is the main fabrication problem with the alloy and that the remedy is to limit restraint or heat rapidly through the range.
      severity: high
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Fabrication section, first paragraph
    - mode: Loss of strength at high temperature
      trigger: Use under stress above about 1800 °F (982 °C)
      consequence: Sheet ultimate tensile strength falls from 975 MPa at RT to 68 MPa at 982 °C and 38 MPa at 1093 °C. A 1 % creep strain takes only 2.8 MPa for 1000 h at 1093 °C.
      severity: moderate
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Tensile Properties table (sheet rows RT, 1800 °F and 2000 °F) and Creep and Rupture Properties table
    - mode: Loss of ductility in the intermediate range
      trigger: Service or exposure near 700 to 760 °C (1300 to 1400 °F)
      consequence: The brochure says tensile elongation drops from about 90 % near 2000 °F to about 15 % in the 1300 to 1400 °F range, so there is little ductility left in that range.
      severity: moderate
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Fabrication and Heat Treatment text describing grain size and ductility, Tensile Properties graphs referenced in text
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Solution heat treat at 2000 °F (1095 °C) and cool rapidly or quench for best properties. Heat treatment below the solution temperature causes grain-boundary carbide precipitation, and below 1750 °F (955 °C) it precipitates gamma prime. Those lower-temperature age-hardening treatments are not suggested.
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Heat-Treatment section
    - text: Hot working needs a hold at 2100 °F (1150 °C) long enough to bring the whole piece to temperature. All hot or cold worked parts should be annealed and rapidly cooled to restore the best balance of properties.
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Fabrication section
  mitigations:
    - text: Minimise weldment restraint through component design, and heat rapidly through 595 to 925 °C during post-fabrication heat treatment or first-use heat-up.
      source: haynes-h3008
      where: Fabrication section, last sentence of first paragraph
uses:
  - application: propulsion-and-tanks
    device: Honeycomb seals, combustor splash plates and other static oxidation-limited parts in gas turbines
    example: Haynes International lists foil honeycomb seals, combustor splash plates and other static parts in gas turbines as uses. These are aircraft and land-based turbine uses, not a spacecraft or rocket record, and no spaceflight use was verified.
    source: haynes-aero-h3228b
    where: HAYNES 214 alloy section, aerospace brochure H-3228B; the same text is in haynes-h3008 Applications
  - application: heat-shields
    device: Flame hood exposed to direct flame impingement in an industrial plant
    example: A 214 flamehood remained in service for 16 months in an automotive products plant, where other nickel alloy hoods needed replacement every three to four months. This is a flame-facing part, the closest fit to a heat shield in the sources, and it is not a space application.
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Typical Applications, right-hand column, flamehood photograph caption
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Mesh belts, trays and fixtures for clean firing of electronic devices and technical ceramics
    example: A 214 mesh belt ran for 3000 h at 1800 °F (980 °C) in a chinaware decorating kiln with only minimal wear and oxidation. The brochure also lists heat treatment of electronic devices and technical grade ceramics among its applications.
    source: haynes-h3008
    where: Applications section and Typical Applications, belt photograph caption
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (mine production, 2025 estimate)
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 66.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        share_percent: 6.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.1
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        share_percent: 3.6
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for about 60 % of 2025 apparent consumption, and most recycled nickel went to new alloys and stainless steel.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t, nickel content; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000; 270,000; 200,000; 140,000; 140,000 t). Domestic Production and Use; Recycling; Substitutes.
documents:
  - title: HAYNES 214 alloy brochure, Haynes International H-3008H, 2021 (datasheet with composition, physical properties, tensile, creep, oxidation and fabrication data)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf
    year: 2021
  - title: Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals datasheet, revision 6.1.2015
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: Haynes Alloy 214, Strip Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals, dated 9/30/15
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-Alloy-214.pdf
    year: 2015
  - title: Haynes Alloy 214, Wire Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals, rev date 8/28/2020
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Wire-Haynes-214.pdf
    year: 2020
  - title: Haynes International Aerospace Alloys brochure, H-3228B, 2024
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Haynes-International-Aerospace-Alloys.pdf
    year: 2024
  - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel (USGS)'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
  - title: Haynes 214 Foil/Sheet, UNS N07214, Goodfellow product page
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/haynes-214-foil-group
gaps:
  - No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was verified. The Haynes aerospace brochure names 214 only for aircraft gas turbines. A Velo3D datasheet describes rocket-engine suitability, but it returned HTTP 403, so it was not read. Goodfellow's page lists aerospace thermal protection, but that is a distributor claim, not a flight record, so it is not entered as a use.
  - The Goodfellow page prints a composition of Ni 76 against the brochure's nominal Ni 75, and it prints density 8.05 g/cm3, which matches the brochure. The brochure nominal composition is used. The Elgiloy strip sheet prints density 8.1 g/cm3 at 20 °C and was not entered as a second density.
  - Distributor specification codes printed in the Elgiloy and Ulbrich sheets (PS-6104, PWA 1130, B50A913, B50TF219, PS-6073, MSRR7238, MTS 1379-1, DMD 0495) are not in the designations list because no system in the list fits them. No AMS or ASTM document was read.
  - No SDS for solid Haynes 214 stock was read. The hazard codes come from the PubChem nickel record only, and the powder form was not checked.
  - The USGS 2026 nickel summary prints no critical-mineral list status, so critical_lists is empty. Chromium and aluminium supply were not looked up.
  - Brinell or Rockwell hardness is printed in the brochure (HRBW 100 plate, 94 bar, 98 sheet) but has no canonical property name, so it is not entered.
  - The carburization results are shown only as charts in the brochure, so no numbers were read for packed graphite or mixed-gas carburization.
  - Creep values at other stresses and temperatures, the thermal-stability tensile data after 1000 h at 760 to 870 °C, and the water-vapour oxidation tables were not entered; the numbers are printed but were left out to keep the profile to the core properties.
  - The ASM Alloy Digest entry is paywalled, and the Merrem page returned HTTP 503 during this run, so neither was read.
  - No quantitative aqueous corrosion data (pitting temperature, corrosion rate, stress corrosion threshold) was found in a fetched source.
  - No cryogenic toughness, Charpy or radiation data was found in the fetched sources; the minimum service temperature is the strip datasheet's suggested limit only.
sources:
  haynes-h3008:
    title: HAYNES 214 alloy, Haynes International brochure H-3008H
    id: H-3008H, copyright 2021 Haynes International
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/214-brochure.pdf
    year: 2021
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)
  ulbrich-214:
    title: Haynes 214 (Alloy 214) Wire, UNS N07214, Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals
    id: UNS N07214; MSRR7238 (Rolls-Royce)
    url: https://www.ulbrich.com/uploads/data-sheets/Haynes%C2%AE-214-Wire-Alloy-214-Wire-UNS-N07214.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet, typical values only (cited, not reproduced)
  elgiloy-strip:
    title: Haynes Alloy 214, Strip Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals
    id: UNS N07214, W.Nr 2.4646; B50A913, B50TF219, PS-6073, MTS 1379-1, MSRR7238, PWA 1130, DMD 0495
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Haynes-Alloy-214.pdf
    year: 2015
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  elgiloy-wire:
    title: Haynes Alloy 214, Wire Products, Elgiloy Specialty Metals
    id: UNS N07214; PS-6104, PWA 1130
    url: https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Wire-Haynes-214.pdf
    year: 2020
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-aero-h3228b:
    title: Haynes International Aerospace Alloys, H-3228B
    id: H-3228B, Haynes International, 2024
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Haynes-International-Aerospace-Alloys.pdf
    year: 2024
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer brochure (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
  pubchem-nickel:
    title: 'PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification'
    id: PubChem CID 935, aggregated ECHA C&L notifications
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification
    kind: database
    license: PubChem (NIH), public domain
  goodfellow-214:
    title: Haynes 214 Foil/Sheet, UNS N07214, Goodfellow
    id: UNS N07214, Grade Haynes 214
    url: https://www.goodfellow.com/usa/haynes-214-foil-group
    kind: web
    license: Distributor product page (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 25
  unreachable: 2
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Haynes International H-3008H brochure (text extracted from the PDF), the Ulbrich and Elgiloy datasheets, the USGS nickel summary and the PubChem nickel record. Unreachable: Velo3D datasheet (HTTP 403) and Merrem page (HTTP 503). Caveats: the tensile values are one brochure''s sheet and plate tests; the Ulbrich values are distributor minimums; the Elgiloy wire range is a supplier typical; the supply shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; the hazard codes are for nickel metal, not this alloy; no spacecraft use was verified.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The alloy is a solid metal with no classification in the sources read. Its nickel content carries the hazard codes in the PubChem nickel record.
      level: 1
      verdict: Nickel codes apply
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The PubChem aggregated nickel record lists skin sensitisation (H317 in 99.9 % of reports that give a code), suspected cancer (H351 in 72.9 %) and organ damage from prolonged exposure (H372 in 99.7 %). Signal word Danger.
        - label: Fume and dust
          line: The sources read give no safety data for welding fume or grinding dust from this alloy. Treat them with the same care as nickel fume until a safety data sheet is read.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These failure routes come from the manufacturer's test and fabrication notes, not from field incidents.
      points:
        - label: Weld cracking
          line: Highly restrained welds can crack by strain-age cracking if they are heated slowly through 595 to 925 °C, because gamma prime precipitates there.
        - label: High-temperature strength
          line: Sheet tensile strength falls from 975 MPa at room temperature to 68 MPa at 982 °C, and 1 % creep takes only 2.8 MPa for 1000 h at 1093 °C.
        - label: Intermediate-temperature ductility
          line: The brochure says ductility falls from about 90 % near 1095 °C to about 15 % in the 700 to 760 °C range.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Heat treatment
          line: Solution treat at 1095 °C, then cool quickly. Lower-temperature age hardening below 955 °C is not suggested.
        - label: Welding
          line: Limit restraint in the weld design, and heat rapidly through 595 to 925 °C.
  why: 'Haynes 214 is a nickel-chromium-aluminium-iron alloy made for oxidation resistance above 955 °C. Its nominal composition is 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron. Above 1750 °F it forms a tight alumina scale, and the brochure reports 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air. The brochure also reports excellent resistance to carburisation, nitriding and corrosion in chlorine-bearing oxidising gas. It is a low-stress, high-temperature alloy: strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and welds in restrained parts need care.'
  uses:
    - where: Gas-turbine seals and combustor parts
      line: Haynes International's aerospace brochure lists foil honeycomb seals and combustor splash plates in gas turbines. This is aircraft and land-based turbine use, and no spacecraft or rocket record was found.
    - where: Industrial flame hoods
      line: A 214 flamehood stayed in service for 16 months in an automotive products plant, where other nickel alloy hoods lasted three to four months.
    - where: Clean firing
      line: A 214 mesh belt ran for 3000 h at 1800 °F in a chinaware kiln with minimal wear. The brochure also lists heat treatment of electronic devices and technical ceramics.
  can_do:
    - label: Resist oxidation
      value: 0.1 mil metal loss
      line: After 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air, the average metal loss was 0.1 mil (3 µm), and the average metal affected was 0.5 mil (13 µm).
    - label: Carry heat
      value: 12 W/m-°C
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
      line: Thermal conductivity is 12 W/m-°C at room temperature and 23.9 W/m-°C at 600 °C. The brochure says it is lower than that of steel.
    - label: Weight
      value: 8.05 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 8.05 g/cm3 at room temperature in the brochure.
    - label: Melting
      value: 1355 to 1400 °C
      benchmark: melting_point
      line: The melting range is 1355 to 1400 °C (2475 to 2550 °F).
    - label: Strength when annealed
      value: 577 MPa yield
      benchmark: yield_strength
      line: Cold-rolled and annealed sheet has a room-temperature yield strength of 577 MPa and a tensile strength of 975 MPa, with 37.3 % elongation.
  compare: The brochure compares 214 with other wrought alloys in flowing air at 2100 °F for 1008 h. Its average metal affected is 13 µm, against 122 µm for alloy 600 and 165 µm for alloy 601, and in the 1095 °C burner-rig test (500 h) it lost 1.2 mils (30 µm) against more than 23 mils (584 µm) for alloy 601. The comparison is within one brochure, and the other alloys have their own profiles, so read the table rows as examples rather than a ranking.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the temper and form, because the tensile values differ between sheet, plate and wire.
    - Keep restrained welds below the strain-age range, or heat them quickly through 595 to 925 °C.
    - Do not use the alloy for high-stress parts above about 1800 °F, where its strength is nearly gone.
  good_for:
    - 'Oxidation resistance above 1750 °F: 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F in flowing air.'
    - 'Chlorine-contaminated hot gas: 51 µm of affected metal after 50 h at 1830 °F with 2 % chlorine.'
    - Static, low-stress hot parts such as seals, belts, flame hoods and splash plates.
  watch_out:
    - Strength falls sharply above about 1800 °F, and the alloy is for low-stress parts only.
    - Restrained welds can crack by strain-age cracking through 595 to 925 °C.
    - 'Nitriding uptake is highest at the lowest test temperature: 1.5 mg/cm2 in 168 h at 649 °C, against 0.2 mg/cm2 at 1093 °C.'
    - No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use was verified for this alloy.
  verdict: Haynes 214 is a low-stress, oxidation-resistant alloy for hot oxidising and chlorine-bearing gas above about 955 °C, with 0.1 mil metal loss after 1008 h at 2100 °F. It is weak above about 1800 °F, can crack in restrained welds, and takes up the most nitrogen at 649 °C. No spaceflight record was found.
  recipe:
    line: Haynes 214 is a wrought, solid-solution nickel alloy with a nominal composition of 75 % nickel, 16 % chromium, 4.5 % aluminium and 3 % iron, plus small additions of yttrium and carbon (Haynes brochure). It is supplied in the solution heat-treated condition, solution treated at 1095 °C and cooled rapidly (Haynes brochure).
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 75
        share_note: nominal, balance (Haynes brochure); the Elgiloy wire range is balance
        role: Matrix of the alloy
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 16
        share_note: nominal (Haynes brochure)
        role: Forms a mixed chromium and aluminium oxide scale below 1750 °F (brochure)
      - name: Aluminium
        symbol: Al
        share_percent: 4.5
        share_note: nominal (Haynes brochure)
        role: Forms the protective alumina scale above 1750 °F
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 3
        share_note: nominal (Haynes brochure)
        role: Balance element
      - name: Yttrium
        symbol: 'Y'
        share_percent: 0.01
        share_note: nominal (Haynes brochure)
        role: Trace element in the nominal composition