spore: profile
id: hastelloy-b3
spore_version: 0.2
family: nickel-alloys
name: Hastelloy B-3
abbreviation: Ni-Mo
role: corrosion-resistant structural alloy for hot reducing acids
category: metals
type: nickel-superalloys
summary: |
  Hastelloy B-3 (UNS N10675, W.Nr. 2.4600) is a nickel-molybdenum alloy with a nominal 28.5 % molybdenum and at least 65 % nickel, made for hot, non-oxidising acids. It has a density of 9.22 g/cm3 and melts between 1370 and 1418 °C. In solution-annealed sheet at room temperature its yield strength is 421 MPa and its tensile strength 862 MPa. It is weak in oxidising conditions: it has almost no chromium, so ferric or cupric salts, wet chlorine and hypochlorite attack it.
best_for: 'Hot hydrochloric and sulfuric acid service in reducing conditions: 0.29 mm/y in boiling 20 % HCl and 0.03 mm/y in boiling 50 % H2SO4 in Haynes lab tests'
weakest_at: 'Oxidising conditions: ferric or cupric salts, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite bleach (no chromium to protect it), and cracking in welds after more than about 7 % cold work without re-annealing'
identity:
  formula: 'Ni-Mo alloy, nominal weight %: Ni 65 min, Mo 28.5, Cr 1.5, Fe 1.5; maxima W 3, Mn 3, Co 3, Al 0.5, Ti 0.2, Si 0.1, C 0.01, Nb 0.2, V 0.2, Cu 0.2, Ta 0.2, Zr 0.01 (Haynes nominal composition, weight %)'
  source: haynes-b3
  where: Nominal Composition table, weight %, of Haynes datasheet H-2104E
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: N10675
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Principal Features, first paragraph: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy (UNS N10675)'
    - system: EN
      code: '2.4600'
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, DIN row: DIN 17744 No. 2.4600 NiMo29Cr'
    - system: DIN
      code: NiMo29Cr
      note: name form of W.Nr. 2.4600
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, DIN row: DIN 17744 No. 2.4600 NiMo29Cr'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B333
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Sheet, Plate and Strip row: SB 333/B 333'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B335
      note: billet, rod and bar
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Billet, Rod and Bar row: SB 335/B 335'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B564
      note: forgings
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Forgings row: SB 564/B 564'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B622
      note: seamless pipe and tube
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Seamless Pipe and Tube row: SB 622/B 622'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B619
      note: welded pipe and tube
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Welded Pipe and Tube row: SB 619/B 619'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B626
      note: welded tube
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Welded Pipe and Tube row: SB 626/B 626'
    - system: ASTM
      code: B366
      note: fittings
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Specifications and Codes table, Fittings row: SB 366/B 366'
    - system: Trade name
      code: HASTELLOY® B-3®
      source: haynes-b3
      where: 'Title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy (registered trademark of Haynes International)'
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, room temperature
    value: 9.22
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 0.333 lb/in3
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Density row, metric column RT
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Melting range
    value: 1370
    value_high: 1418
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      unit_in_source: 2500-2585 °F
      pressure: not stated
    method: Range printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Melting Range row, metric column
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity, room temperature
    value: 1.37
    unit: μohm.m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 53.8 μohm.in
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, RT, metric column
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, room temperature
    value: 11.2
    unit: W/m.°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 78 Btu.in/h.ft2.°F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, RT, metric column
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat, room temperature
    value: 373
    unit: J/kg.°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      unit_in_source: 0.089 Btu/lb.°F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Specific Heat row, RT, metric column
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 100 °C
    value: 10.6
    unit: μm/m.°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 25-100 °C (mean coefficient)
      unit_in_source: 5.7 μin/in.°F for 77-200 °F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row 25-100°C
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Mean coefficient of thermal expansion, 25 to 500 °C
    value: 11.8
    unit: μm/m.°C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: 25-500 °C (mean coefficient)
      unit_in_source: 6.6 μin/in.°F for 77-1000 °F
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row 25-500°C
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Dynamic modulus of elasticity, room temperature
    value: 216
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature: room temperature (RT, as printed)
      measure: dynamic modulus (not a static tensile test)
      unit_in_source: 31.4 x 10^6 psi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Physical Properties table, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity row, RT, metric column
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, sheet, room temperature
    value: 421
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet, 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thick
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text (the table does not print the condition)
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      measure: 0.2 % offset
      unit_in_source: 61 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Sheet 0.125 in, RT, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength MPa
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, room temperature
    value: 862
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet, 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thick
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text (the table does not print the condition)
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      unit_in_source: 125 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Sheet 0.125 in, RT, column Ultimate Tensile Strength MPa
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, sheet, room temperature
    value: 53
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet, 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thick
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Sheet 0.125 in, RT, column Elongation %
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, plate, room temperature
    value: 400
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate, multiple thicknesses
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      measure: 0.2 % offset, average of 6 lots of plate from 3 heats
      unit_in_source: 58 ksi
    method: Average printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Plate Multiple, RT, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength MPa; footnote on 6 lots
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, plate, room temperature
    value: 883
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate, multiple thicknesses
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      measure: average of 6 lots of plate from 3 heats
      unit_in_source: 128 ksi
    method: Average printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Plate Multiple, RT, column Ultimate Tensile Strength MPa
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, plate, room temperature
    value: 58
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate, multiple thicknesses
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      measure: average of 6 lots of plate from 3 heats
    method: Average printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Plate Multiple, RT, column Elongation %
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength 0.2 % offset, sheet, 538 °C
    value: 269
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet, 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thick
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: 538 °C (1000 °F)
      measure: 0.2 % offset
      unit_in_source: 39 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Sheet 0.125 in, 1000 F / 538 C, column 0.2% Offset Yield Strength MPa
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, sheet, 538 °C
    value: 676
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: sheet, 0.125 in (3.2 mm) thick
      temper: as supplied, mill annealed per datasheet text
      temperature: 538 °C (1000 °F)
      unit_in_source: 98 ksi
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Tensile Strength and Elongation table, row Sheet 0.125 in, 1000 F / 538 C, column Ultimate Tensile Strength MPa
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
    label: Charpy V-notch impact energy, plate, room temperature
    value: 479
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate, 0.79 in (20 mm) thick
      test: Charpy V-notch
      temperature: room temperature (RT)
      number_of_tests: 3
      unit_in_source: 353 ft.lbf
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Impact Strength table, row Plate 0.79 in / 20 mm, RT, column Impact Strength J
  - benchmark: charpy_impact_energy
    label: Charpy V-notch impact energy, plate, -196 °C
    value: 453
    unit: J
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate, 0.79 in (20 mm) thick
      test: Charpy V-notch
      temperature: '-196 °C (-320 °F)'
      number_of_tests: 3
      unit_in_source: 334 ft.lbf
    method: Value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Impact Strength table, row Plate 0.79 in / 20 mm, -320 F / -196 C, column Impact Strength J
  - benchmark: hardness_rockwell_b_w
    label: Hardness, plate, solution annealed
    value: 95
    unit: HRBW
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: plate
      temper: solution annealed (the table states all samples were solution annealed)
      test: Rockwell B, tungsten indenter
      temperature: room temperature
    method: Typical value printed in a manufacturer datasheet
    status: ground
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Hardness table, row Plate, column Hardness HRBW
corrosion:
  - environment: Boiling 20 wt% hydrochloric acid
    headline: Moderate uniform corrosion in boiling 20 % hydrochloric acid.
    effect: Haynes gives 0.29 mm/y for 20 wt% HCl at boiling in reagent-grade acid under laboratory conditions. The Alloy at a Glance gives 11 mpy for B-3 in 20 % HCl, against 15 mpy for B-2, more than 20,000 mpy for 316L and 1587 mpy for Monel in the same boiling test.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      concentration: 20 wt%
      temperature: boiling
      basis: reagent-grade acid, laboratory corrosion jobs
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Selected Corrosion Data, Hydrochloric Acid table, row 20, Boiling column
  - environment: Boiling 50 wt% sulfuric acid
    headline: Low uniform corrosion in boiling 50 % sulfuric acid.
    effect: Haynes gives 0.03 mm/y for 50 wt% H2SO4 at boiling. The Alloy at a Glance gives 1.1 mpy for B-3 and 1.0 mpy for B-2 in 50 % sulfuric acid, against more than 20,000 mpy for 316L and 185 mpy for Monel.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      concentration: 50 wt%
      temperature: boiling
      basis: reagent-grade acid, laboratory corrosion jobs
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Selected Corrosion Data, Sulfuric Acid table, row 50, Boiling column
  - environment: Boiling 45 % magnesium chloride, stressed U-bend (chloride stress corrosion cracking)
    headline: No stress corrosion cracking in 1,008 hours.
    effect: B-3, C-276 and 625 showed no cracking after 1,008 h (six weeks) in boiling 45 % magnesium chloride, while 316L cracked in 2 h and 254SMO in 24 h.
    rating: none
    conditions:
      test: ASTM G 36, boiling 45 % magnesium chloride, stressed U-bend
      duration: 1,008 h
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking section, alloy table, row B-3
  - environment: Boiling 60 wt% sulfuric acid after 1 h at 700 °C
    headline: No cracking after the 700 °C treatment in boiling 60 % sulfuric acid.
    effect: U-bend specimens of B-3 annealed and then held 1 h at 700 °C showed no cracking in 24 h. B-2 with the same treatment cracked intergranularly after 3 h.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      concentration: 60 % sulfuric acid
      temperature: boiling
      treatment: annealed plus 1 h at 700 °C
      duration: 24 h
    source: haynes-glance
    where: Stress Corrosion Cracking Tests, boiling 60 % H2SO4, B-3 and B-2 entries
  - environment: All-weld-metal in 10 wt% hydrochloric acid at 93 °C
    headline: Weld metal corrodes at the same rate as wrought base metal in 10 % HCl at 93 °C.
    effect: Haynes tested all-weld-metal from MIG cruciform assemblies. Weld metal and wrought base metal both show 0.29 mm/y (11.4 mpy) in 10 % HCl at 200 °F (93 °C). In some other environments welds corrode faster than wrought metal, as the datasheet notes.
    rating: moderate
    conditions:
      concentration: 10 wt%
      temperature: 200 °F (93 °C)
      specimen: all-weld-metal, MIG passes
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Corrosion Resistance of Welds table, row HCl 10 %, 200 °F / 93 °C
  - environment: Oxidising media, ferric or cupric salts, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite bleach
    headline: Not suitable where oxidising conditions occur.
    effect: The alloy has no significant chromium, so Rolled Alloys says it should not be used in oxidising media or with oxidising salts such as ferric or cupric salts, and that it does not withstand wet chlorine gas or hypochlorite bleach.
    rating: severe
    conditions:
      basis: manufacturer statement, no rate given
    source: rolled-alloys
    where: Data sheet, first paragraph (Hastelloy B-3 description)
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: Haynes SDS H2071-10 covers the alloy group, and its GHS table lists HASTELLOY B-3 among the products with H317 (skin sensitisation, category 1), H334 (respiratory sensitisation, category 1), H315 (skin irritation, category 2) and H332 (acute toxicity by inhalation, category 4). The H302 oral-toxicity line applies to all products except those named in the exception list beneath it, and B-3 is not named there.
      ghs:
        - H317
        - H334
        - H315
        - H332
        - H302
      source: haynes-sds
      where: GHS hazard statement table, rows for all products in Section 1 and the H302 exception row
    - text: Melting, welding, cutting or grinding the alloy makes metal dust and fume that can irritate the airways. Excessive inhalation of nickel can cause metal fume fever, and the SDS says insoluble nickel compounds have been linked to nasal, bronchial and lung cancers.
      ghs: []
      source: haynes-sds
      where: 'Hazards not otherwise classified: Inhalation and Chronic effects paragraphs'
    - text: HMIS ratings for B-3 are 0, 0, 0 for the solid article, 2*, 1, 0 for metal dust and 3*, 0, 0 for metal oxide fume (health, flammability, reactivity), as printed with the asterisk.
      ghs: []
      source: haynes-sds
      where: HMIS Product Hazard Rating table, row HASTELLOY B-3 alloy
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Cracking in the weld region after cold work
      trigger: Cold work greater than about 7 % without solution annealing before welding or further fabrication
      consequence: Haynes says B-3 is then very susceptible to cracking in the welded region; the crack may not show until the component is in service
      severity: high
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Welding and Fabrication text, paragraph on cold-formed components
    - mode: Ni4Mo phase formation, loss of ductility and stress corrosion resistance
      trigger: Time in the 500 to 900 °C range; B-3 forms the second phase more slowly than B-2 (several hours near 650 °C, against rapid formation near 750 °C for B-2)
      consequence: Ni4Mo reduces ductility and resistance to stress corrosion cracking; B-3 has a reduced susceptibility, not zero
      severity: moderate
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Thermal Stability (T-T-T Chart) section, text paragraphs
    - mode: Rapid corrosion from ferric or cupric salts
      trigger: Ferric or cupric salts in the process, which can form when hydrochloric acid contacts iron or copper
      consequence: The brochure says these salts may cause rapid corrosion failure, so the alloy is not recommended with them
      severity: high
      source: haynes-brochure
      where: Principal Features, Applications column, ferric or cupric salts paragraph
    - mode: Attack by wet chlorine or hypochlorite
      trigger: Wet chlorine gas or hypochlorite bleach in service
      consequence: The alloy does not withstand wet chlorine gas or hypochlorite bleach
      severity: high
      source: rolled-alloys
      where: Data sheet, first paragraph
  side_effects:
    - text: Molybdenum is the largest alloying element (nominal 28.5 %), so the alloy's price and supply depend on molybdenum. In 2025 China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico together produced 90 % of world molybdenum.
      affects: Alloy cost and supply
      source: usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum
      where: Events, Trends, and Issues paragraph (90 % share); nominal composition from the Haynes Nominal Composition table
  handling:
    - text: Solution anneal at 1066 °C (1950 °F), hold 10 to 30 minutes depending on thickness, then water quench; rapid air cooling is feasible for structures thinner than 10 mm.
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Welding and Fabrication text, annealing paragraph
    - text: 'Hot working has a narrow window: the recommended start temperature for hot forging is 1232 °C (2250 °F) and the finish temperature 982 °C (1800 °F).'
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Welding and Fabrication text, hot forging paragraph
    - text: Haynes gives ENiMo-10 (SFA 5.11) coated electrodes and ERNiMo-10 (SFA 5.14) bare rod as matching filler metals, with DIN 2.4696 and 2.4695 equivalents.
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Specifications and Codes table, Coated Electrodes and Bare Welding Rods rows
    - text: Oxyacetylene and submerged arc welding are not recommended when the item will be used in corrosive service, and excessive heat input should be avoided.
      source: haynes-brochure
      where: Principal Features, Fabrication column
  mitigations:
    - text: Re-anneal cold-worked parts after outer-fibre elongation of 7 % or more, as Haynes advises for optimum corrosion performance.
      source: haynes-b3
      where: Welding and Fabrication text, final paragraph
uses:
  - application: structures
    device: Reaction vessels for pure, reducing acid service
    example: Haynes says the alloy is used in numerous chemical process industry applications, especially in reaction vessels for pure reducing acid service, and resists pure hydrochloric, hydrobromic and sulfuric acids.
    source: haynes-b3
    where: Principal Features, first two paragraphs
  - application: structures
    device: Process equipment in acetic acid, methyl methacrylate and agrochemical plants
    example: Rolled Alloys lists acetic acid production (initial phase, with an iodide catalyst), methyl methacrylate production with hot 98 % sulfuric acid, and production of herbicides, insecticides, ethylene glycol and ethylbenzene.
    source: rolled-alloys
    where: Applications list
supply:
  - subject: Nickel (mine production, nickel content)
    abundance: 'USGS: world nickel resources are more than 350 million tons, and world reserves are more than 140,000,000 metric tons (2025 summary)'
    producers:
      - country: Indonesia
        year: 2025
      - country: Philippines
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        year: 2025
      - country: Canada
        year: 2025
      - country: New Caledonia
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: in 2025 nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 % of apparent consumption, and most recycled nickel went into new alloys and stainless steel.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-nickel
    where: World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000; New Caledonia 140,000; world total 3,900,000 metric tons); Recycling, Substitutes and World Resources paragraphs
  - subject: Molybdenum (mine production, molybdenum content)
    producers:
      - country: China
        year: 2025
      - country: Chile
        year: 2025
      - country: United States
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        year: 2025
      - country: Mexico
        year: 2025
    recycling: 'USGS: molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 % of apparent supply.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum
    where: Events, Trends, and Issues paragraph (China, Chile, United States, Peru and Mexico account for 90 % of global production); Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs
documents:
  - title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy datasheet, Haynes International H-2104E (2020)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/pdf-alloy-b-3.pdf
    year: 2020
  - title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy, Alloy at a Glance, Haynes International H-2101E (2020)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/alloy-at-glance-b-3.pdf
    year: 2020
  - title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy brochure, Haynes International H-2104C (1995)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.titanmetalfinishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Hastelloy-B-3-Brochure-Haynes-Intl.pdf
    year: 1995
  - title: HASTELLOY B-3 Data Sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin 304US (2011)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/HASTELLOY-B-3_Datasheet-rolled-alloys.pdf
    year: 2011
  - title: Haynes International Safety Data Sheet H2071-10, alloy group including HASTELLOY B-3 (revised 2016)
    type: sds
    url: https://amp.generalair.com/MsdsDocs/WWH207110S.pdf
    year: 2016
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Wikipedia: Hastelloy (brand history)'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloy
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - Spacecraft, rocket or satellite use of Hastelloy B-3 was not found in any source read. The Wikipedia Hastelloy page says the Space Shuttle used 7 parts of Hastelloy B in its engines; that is the original B grade, not B-3, so it is not counted as a use.
  - The taxonomy has no chemical-process application slug, so the two chemical-plant uses are filed under structures.
  - No NASA outgassing, radiation, atomic-oxygen or cryogenic data for B-3 were found. Only the 1-line Charpy result at -196 °C was read.
  - Critical-mineral list membership for nickel and molybdenum is not stated in the USGS 2026 text read. The nickel text mentions critical minerals only in an executive-order context, so no critical_lists entry was made.
  - Producer shares of nickel and molybdenum production are not printed as percentages in the USGS tables, so producers are listed without share_percent; tonnages are in the where field.
  - The 1995 brochure (H-2104C) and the 2020 datasheet (H-2104E) give different acetic and phosphoric acid rates, so the boiling acid rates were taken only from the 2020 datasheet and the 2020 Alloy at a Glance.
  - PubChem nickel GHS classification could not be read (the site showed a browser check). Element-level hazard data for nickel are therefore taken only from the Haynes SDS.
  - The Haynes SDS covers a group of alloys, not B-3 alone; its B-3 row and hazard statements are used as printed.
  - The ASM Alloy Digest (Ni-461) is paywalled and was not opened.
  - Other vendor pages give density 8.08 g/cm3 and different tensile values for B-3; these conflict with the Haynes and Rolled Alloys figures and were not used.
  - No Ni4Mo time-temperature values beyond the datasheet text were read; the T-T-T chart is an image.
  - Charpy impact energy and Rockwell B hardness are not in the property canon, so the snake_case names charpy_impact_energy and hardness_rockwell_b_w are used.
  - Creep, fatigue and long-term stress-rupture data for B-3 were not found in the sources read.
  - The Alloy at a Glance field test (20 to 30 % H2SO4 with ferrous sulfate, 96 days) gives no rate in the text read, so it is not recorded.
sources:
  haynes-b3:
    title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy, Haynes International datasheet H-2104E
    id: H-2104E, copyright 2020 Haynes International; UNS N10675
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/pdf-alloy-b-3.pdf
    year: 2020
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-glance:
    title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy, Alloy at a Glance, Haynes International H-2101E
    id: H-2101E, copyright 2020 Haynes International
    url: https://haynesintl.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/alloy-at-glance-b-3.pdf
    year: 2020
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer summary, general information only (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-brochure:
    title: HASTELLOY B-3 alloy brochure, Haynes International H-2104C (copy hosted by Titan Metal Finishing)
    id: H-2104C, copyright 1995 Haynes International
    url: https://www.titanmetalfinishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Hastelloy-B-3-Brochure-Haynes-Intl.pdf
    year: 1995
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer brochure, older edition (cited, not reproduced)
  rolled-alloys:
    title: HASTELLOY B-3 Data Sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin 304US
    id: Bulletin No. 304US, 10/11
    url: https://www.rolledalloys.ca/wp-content/uploads/HASTELLOY-B-3_Datasheet-rolled-alloys.pdf
    year: 2011
    kind: datasheet
    license: Distributor data sheet, no warranty (cited, not reproduced)
  haynes-sds:
    title: Safety Data Sheet H2071-10, Haynes International, corrosion-resistant and high-temperature alloy group
    id: SDS H2071-10; revised January 29, 2016; replaces H2071-9
    url: https://amp.generalair.com/MsdsDocs/WWH207110S.pdf
    year: 2016
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-nickel:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-molybdenum:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  wikipedia-hastelloy:
    title: Hastelloy (Wikipedia), brand history and Haynes International
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastelloy
    year: 2026
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-26'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 19
  unreachable: 2
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the Haynes datasheet H-2104E and the other pages named in each entry (PDFs extracted with pdftotext). Unreachable: PubChem nickel GHS (browser check) and the ASM Alloy Digest (paywall). Caveats: tensile values are as-supplied mill-annealed datasheet values, the plate values are averages of 6 lots, the 1995 brochure differs from the 2020 datasheet on acid rates, and the hazard statements come from a group SDS.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The main health route is metal dust and fume from welding, cutting or grinding. Solid metal is rated 0 on every HMIS scale in the Haynes SDS.
      level: 1
      verdict: Fume and dust
      points:
        - label: Solid metal
          line: The Haynes SDS gives the solid article a health, flammability and reactivity rating of 0, 0, 0.
        - label: Dust and fume
          line: Metal dust and fume from melting, welding, cutting or grinding can irritate the airways. Excessive inhalation of nickel can cause metal fume fever, and insoluble nickel compounds are linked to lung cancer.
        - label: Skin and sensitisation
          line: The SDS lists H317 (skin sensitisation) and H334 (respiratory sensitisation) for the product group that includes B-3.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: These are the failure routes the sources describe. Each comes from a datasheet statement, not from a field failure record.
      points:
        - label: Cracking in welds
          line: After more than about 7 % cold work without solution annealing, Haynes says B-3 is very susceptible to cracking in the welded region, which may show only in service.
        - label: Phase formation
          line: Ni4Mo can form between 500 and 900 °C and lowers ductility and stress corrosion resistance. B-3 forms it more slowly than B-2.
        - label: Oxidising conditions
          line: Ferric or cupric salts and wet chlorine or hypochlorite attack the alloy, which has almost no chromium to protect it.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Anneal after forming
          line: Solution anneal at 1066 °C, hold 10 to 30 minutes and water quench; re-anneal after outer-fibre elongation of 7 % or more.
        - label: Narrow hot-work window
          line: Hot forging starts at 1232 °C and finishes at 982 °C, and the alloy work-hardens faster than austenitic stainless steel.
        - label: Filler metal
          line: Use ENiMo-10 coated electrodes or ERNiMo-10 bare rod as matching filler metal.
  why: 'Hastelloy B-3 is a nickel-molybdenum alloy made for acids. With a nominal 28.5 % molybdenum and at least 65 % nickel, Haynes says it resists pure hydrochloric, hydrobromic and sulfuric acids, and Rolled Alloys says it resists hydrochloric acid at all concentrations and temperatures. Its main advantage over the older B-2 alloy is thermal stability: it forms unwanted phases more slowly, so it stays ductile through fabrication. Its density is 9.22 g/cm3 and its melting range is 1370 to 1418 °C. The Hastelloy brand belongs to Haynes International.'
  uses:
    - where: Chemical plants
      line: Haynes names reaction vessels for pure, reducing acid service as its main use. Rolled Alloys lists acetic acid production (initial phase, with an iodide catalyst), methyl methacrylate production with hot 98 % sulfuric acid, and herbicide, insecticide, ethylene glycol and ethylbenzene production.
    - where: Spacecraft, rockets and satellites
      line: No spacecraft, rocket or satellite use of B-3 was found in the sources read. A Wikipedia line about the Space Shuttle refers to the original Hastelloy B grade, not B-3, and is not counted.
  can_do:
    - label: Resist hot hydrochloric acid
      value: 0.29 mm/y, boiling 20 % HCl
      line: At boiling, 20 wt% hydrochloric acid corrodes B-3 at 0.29 mm/y in Haynes laboratory tests with reagent-grade acid. The Alloy at a Glance gives 11 mpy, against 15 mpy for B-2 and more than 20,000 mpy for 316L.
    - label: Resist hot sulfuric acid
      value: 0.03 mm/y, boiling 50 % H2SO4
      line: In boiling 50 wt% sulfuric acid B-3 corrodes at 0.03 mm/y in the same Haynes tests.
    - label: Resist chloride cracking
      value: No cracking in 1,008 h
      line: In boiling 45 % magnesium chloride, stressed U-bend samples of B-3 showed no cracking in six weeks, while 316L cracked in 2 hours.
    - label: Carry load when hot
      value: 269 MPa yield at 538 °C
      line: Sheet yield strength falls from 421 MPa at room temperature to 269 MPa at 538 °C (0.2 % offset, datasheet values).
    - label: Stay tough when cold
      value: 453 J at -196 °C
      line: Plate Charpy V-notch energy is 479 J at room temperature and 453 J at -196 °C, three tests each.
    - label: Weigh
      value: 9.22 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: Density is 9.22 g/cm3 at room temperature.
  compare: The 2020 Alloy at a Glance sets B-3 against B-2, 316L and Monel in boiling acids. In 20 % hydrochloric acid B-3 corrodes at 11 mpy, B-2 at 15 mpy, 316L at more than 20,000 mpy and Monel at 1587 mpy. In 50 % sulfuric acid B-3 is at 1.1 mpy, B-2 at 1.0 mpy, 316L at more than 20,000 mpy and Monel at 185 mpy. In the same boiling-acid test B-2 is about as good as B-3 in sulfuric acid, so the gain is mainly in thermal stability and in hydrochloric acid.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Melting range
      benchmark: melting_point
    - label: Yield strength, sheet at room temperature
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Solution anneal at 1066 °C and water quench after hot working, and after cold work above about 7 %.
    - Keep ferric and cupric salts, wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite bleach away from the alloy.
    - Use ENiMo-10 or ERNiMo-10 filler metal and avoid excessive heat input in welding.
  good_for:
    - 'Reducing hydrochloric and sulfuric acid service: 0.29 mm/y in boiling 20 % HCl and 0.03 mm/y in boiling 50 % H2SO4 in Haynes lab tests.'
    - Welded parts in the as-welded condition, because the carbon content is 0.01 % or less.
    - 'Equipment that must resist chloride cracking: no cracking in 1,008 h in boiling 45 % magnesium chloride.'
  watch_out:
    - 'Oxidising salts: ferric or cupric salts can cause rapid corrosion failure, and wet chlorine or hypochlorite is not withstood.'
    - Cold work above about 7 % without re-annealing makes welds crack, sometimes only in service.
    - Ni4Mo can form between 500 and 900 °C; B-3 forms it more slowly than B-2 but is not immune.
    - No spacecraft, outgassing, radiation or atomic-oxygen data were found for this alloy.
  verdict: Hastelloy B-3 is a nickel-molybdenum alloy for hot, non-oxidising acids, especially hydrochloric acid. It has a density of 9.22 g/cm3 and, as solution-annealed sheet, a room-temperature tensile strength of 862 MPa. It works well in reducing chemical plant, fails in oxidising salts and wet chlorine, and must be annealed after heavy cold work. No space or rocket use was found for this grade.
  recipe:
    line: Ni-Mo alloy made as wrought plate, sheet, strip, billet, bar, wire, pipe and tube (Haynes brochure). Wrought products are supplied solution heat-treated (mill annealed) unless otherwise specified, and the annealing temperature is 1066 °C with a water quench (Haynes H-2104E). Rolled Alloys gives the specification ranges Ni 65 min, Mo 27 to 32, Cr 1 to 3, Fe 1 to 3 and maxima for the rest. The parts below are the Haynes nominal composition.
    parts:
      - name: Nickel
        symbol: Ni
        share_percent: 65
        share_note: minimum; the rest of the alloy
        role: matrix metal, gives the austenitic structure and corrosion resistance
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Nickel 65 min
      - name: Molybdenum
        symbol: Mo
        share_percent: 28.5
        role: main alloying element, gives resistance to reducing acids
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Molybdenum 28.5
      - name: Chromium
        symbol: Cr
        share_percent: 1.5
        role: minor addition; Haynes notes little chromium is present
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Chromium 1.5
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share_percent: 1.5
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Iron 1.5
      - name: Tungsten
        symbol: W
        share_note: maximum 3
        role: minor element, improves stability
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Tungsten 3 max
      - name: Manganese
        symbol: Mn
        share_note: maximum 3
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Manganese 3 max
      - name: Cobalt
        symbol: Co
        share_note: maximum 3
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Cobalt 3 max
      - name: Aluminum
        symbol: Al
        share_note: maximum 0.5
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Aluminum 0.5 max
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_note: maximum 0.2
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Titanium 0.2 max
      - name: Silicon
        symbol: Si
        share_note: maximum 0.1
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Silicon 0.1 max
      - name: Carbon
        symbol: C
        share_note: maximum 0.01
        role: kept low so the alloy can be used as welded
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Carbon 0.01 max
      - name: Niobium
        symbol: Nb
        share_note: maximum 0.2
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Niobium 0.2 max
      - name: Vanadium
        symbol: V
        share_note: maximum 0.2
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Vanadium 0.2 max
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share_note: maximum 0.2
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Copper 0.2 max
      - name: Tantalum
        symbol: Ta
        share_note: maximum 0.2
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Tantalum 0.2 max
      - name: Zirconium
        symbol: Zr
        share_note: maximum 0.01
        role: minor element
        source: haynes-b3
        where: Nominal Composition table, Zirconium 0.01 max