spore: profile id: g-10-glass-epoxy-laminate spore_version: 0.2 family: glass-and-composites name: NEMA G-10 glass epoxy laminate (non-flame-retardant woven glass/epoxy) abbreviation: G-10 role: Rigid laminate of woven fibreglass cloth bonded with epoxy resin, non-flame-retardant grade category: composites type: glass-fiber-reinforced summary: | NEMA G-10 is a non-flame-retardant laminate of woven fibreglass sheet bonded with epoxy resin. The Gund Company datasheet gives a typical density of 1.850 g/cc for G-10 and says the sheet keeps its mechanical, electrical and physical properties up to 130 °C. Polymershapes lists a temperature index of 140 °C for its Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR sheet. In a conductive anodic filament (CAF) substrate ranking that Turbini quotes, G-10 resists CAF better than FR-4 but worse than CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT. best_for: Structural and electrical insulating parts up to 130 °C where a non-flame-retardant grade is acceptable, per the Gund datasheet weakest_at: Flame rating (class HB in the Gund datasheet) and CAF resistance in humid high-voltage circuits, below CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT in Turbini's ranking identity: formula: Woven fibreglass sheet in a cured epoxy resin binder; a laminate with no single formula (the Gund SDS describes it as cured epoxy with glass fibre and mineral fillers, composition proprietary) source: gund-g10 where: Product description paragraph and Standards line (NEMA LI-1 Grade G-10) designations: - system: MIL code: I-24768/2 note: GEE type, as printed source: gund-g10 where: Standards line - system: Trade name code: Epoxyglas G10 note: Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR, Polymershapes product line source: polymershapes-g10 where: Title block tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - structures - electronics-and-chips properties: - benchmark: density label: Density, typical value, G-10 (Gund) value: 1.85 unit: g/cc scope: material conditions: basis: typical value in the TYPICAL VALUES column for G-10; the datasheet says the data are typical, not specification values method: Typical value printed on the datasheet, printed as 0.067 (1.850) lbs/in3 (g/cc); no test method is printed for this row status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, PHYSICAL group, Density row, G-10 column - benchmark: moisture_absorption label: Moisture absorption, 3 mm specimen, G-10 (Gund) value: 0.13 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D570 method: Typical value in the G-10 column; the NEMA requirement column is not used here status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, PHYSICAL group, Moisture Absorption (3 mm) row - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Flexural strength, lengthwise, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 435 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: direction: lengthwise specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D790 form: laminate sheet, G-10 grade method: Typical value in the G-10 column, printed as 63 (435) ksi (MPa) status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, MECHANICAL group, Flexural Strength Lengthwise (3 mm) row - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Flexural strength, crosswise, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 373 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: direction: crosswise specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D790 form: laminate sheet, G-10 grade method: Typical value in the G-10 column, printed as 54 (373) ksi (MPa) status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, MECHANICAL group, Flexural Strength Crosswise (3 mm) row - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Flexural strength, ISO 178, G-10 (Gund) value: 483 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: method_as_printed: ISO 178 direction: not printed form: laminate sheet, G-10 grade method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, MECHANICAL group, Flexural Strength (ISO 178) row - benchmark: dielectric_strength label: Dielectric strength, perpendicular, G-10 (Gund) value: 485 unit: V/mil scope: material conditions: direction: perpendicular method_as_printed: ASTM D149 method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: 'Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Dielectric Strength: Perpendicular row' - benchmark: dielectric_strength label: Electric strength, perpendicular, 90 °C in oil, 1.5 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 15 unit: kV/mm scope: material conditions: temperature: 90 °C in oil thickness: 1.5 mm method_as_printed: IEC 60243-1 method: Typical value in the G-10 column, the IEC 60243-1 row status: ground source: gund-g10 where: 'Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Electric Strength: Perpendicular at 90°C in Oil (1.5 mm) row' - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Permittivity, condition A, 1 MHz, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 4.8 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: A frequency: 1 MHz specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D150 method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Permittivity Condition A at 1 MHz (3 mm) row - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Permittivity, condition D-24/23, 1 MHz, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 4.7 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: D-24/23 frequency: 1 MHz specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D150 method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Permittivity Condition D-24/23 at 1 MHz (3 mm) row - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Dissipation factor, condition A, 1 MHz, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 0.016 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: A frequency: 1 MHz specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D150 method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Dissipation Factor Condition A at 1 MHz (3 mm) row - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Dissipation factor, condition D-24/23, 1 MHz, 3 mm, G-10 (Gund) value: 0.019 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: D-24/23 frequency: 1 MHz specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D150 method: Typical value in the G-10 column status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, ELECTRICAL group, Dissipation Factor Condition D-24/23 at 1 MHz (3 mm) row - benchmark: max_service_temp label: Temperature up to which properties are maintained, G-10 (Gund) value: 130 unit: °C scope: material conditions: basis: stated in the product description as the temperature up to which mechanical, electrical and physical properties are maintained method: Statement in the product description paragraph; the datasheet gives no separate test for this figure status: ground source: gund-g10 where: Product description paragraph (first page) - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Flexural strength, lengthwise, 0.125 in, condition A, Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR (Polymershapes) value: 448 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: direction: lengthwise thickness: 0.125 in condition: A note_as_printed: printed as greater than 65,000 psi method: Typical value printed on the Polymershapes sheet, printed as greater than 65,000 psi (448 MPa) status: ground source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Properties table, Physical Data, Flexural Strength-LW-A-.125 row - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Flexural strength, crosswise, 0.125 in, condition A, Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR (Polymershapes) value: 345 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: direction: crosswise thickness: 0.125 in condition: A note_as_printed: printed as greater than 50,000 psi method: Typical value printed on the Polymershapes sheet, printed as greater than 50,000 psi (345 MPa) status: ground source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Properties table, Physical Data, Flexural Strength-CW-A-.125 row - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Permittivity, condition A, Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR (Polymershapes) value: 4.8 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: A frequency: not printed on the sheet method: Typical value printed on the Polymershapes sheet; the test frequency is not printed status: ground source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Properties table, Electrical Data, Permittivity-A row - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Dissipation factor, condition A, Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR (Polymershapes) value: 0.017 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: condition: A frequency: not printed on the sheet method: Typical value printed on the Polymershapes sheet; the test frequency is not printed status: ground source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Properties table, Electrical Data, Dissipation Factor-A row - benchmark: temperature_index label: Temperature index, Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR (Polymershapes) value: 140 unit: °C scope: material conditions: basis: printed as Temperature Index, 140 °C (284 °F); the sheet does not name the test or the endpoint method: Value printed in the Physical Data section of the Polymershapes sheet status: ground note: Non-canonical property name; the sheet's own label is kept. Polymershapes' figure is a different number from the Gund 130 °C statement and is shown side by side, not merged. source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Properties table, Physical Data, Temperature Index row - benchmark: decomposition_temperature label: Temperature above which combustion products form, per the Gund SDS value: 300 unit: °C scope: material conditions: basis: 'SDS statement: temperatures above this value produce products of combustion' method: Statement in the SDS, not a measured decomposition temperature; printed as 572 °F (300 °C) status: ground source: gund-sds where: Section 10, Conditions to avoid (polymerization) row corrosion: - environment: High humidity with a DC voltage gradient (conductive anodic filament, CAF) headline: Moisture and voltage can grow a copper salt filament through the glass-epoxy interface of G-10, and in Turbini's ranking G-10 is less resistant than CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT. effect: Turbini describes CAF as a copper salt that grows from anode to cathode along the epoxy-glass interface, enhanced by high humidity, high voltage gradient and higher processing temperatures. Turbini gives a susceptibility trend drawn from earlier substrate comparisons, which places G-10 after FR-4 and polyimide (more resistant than those) and before CEM-3, cyanate ester (CE) and BT (less resistant than those), with BT the most resistant and MC-2 the least. The source gives this as a ranking only, with no G-10 humidity test numbers. rating: moderate conditions: basis: qualitative ranking from a historical review that quotes earlier substrate studies; no G-10 test conditions printed source: turbini-caf where: Section 'CAF Resistant Materials' (substrate comparison and ranking) - environment: Humid air (moisture uptake of the laminate) headline: The typical moisture absorption of G-10 is 0.13 % after the ASTM D570 test, which Turbini links to CAF behaviour across substrates. effect: Low moisture uptake is the reason Turbini gives for BT being the most CAF-resistant material in his comparison. G-10 is not tested for humidity ageing in the source; the 0.13 % figure is a single typical value for a 3 mm specimen. rating: low conditions: specimen: 3 mm method_as_printed: ASTM D570 source: gund-g10 where: Properties table, Moisture Absorption (3 mm) row; compare with Turbini, CAF Resistant Materials - environment: Heat above 300 °C, fire or thermal decomposition headline: Above 300 °C, G-10 gives off irritating and toxic gases, which the Gund SDS lists as hydrogen bromide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. effect: The Gund SDS lists hydrogen bromide among the decomposition gases. The Gund datasheet states that G-10 is non-brominated, so the two Gund documents disagree on halogen content; the supplier should confirm the composition of the sheet being bought before use in a halogen-sensitive application. rating: moderate conditions: temperature: above 300 °C source: gund-sds where: Section 5 (Hazardous decomposition products) and Section 10 (Conditions to avoid) risks: hazards: - text: The Gund SDS states that G-10 has no hazards as shipped; hazards arise only after machining, punching or thermal decomposition. ghs: [] source: gund-sds where: Section 2, Hazard statements - text: For dust from machining the SDS gives skin sensitisation, skin irritation, respiratory sensitisation and eye sensitisation (category 2B) hazards. ghs: - H316 - H317 - H334 source: gund-sds where: Section 2, GHS classification and hazard statements - text: The SDS lists an exposure guideline for fibrous glass dust in Section 8 and recommends local exhaust ventilation to control dust. ghs: [] source: gund-sds where: Section 8, Exposure Guidelines and Ventilation failure_risks: - mode: Conductive anodic filament shorts between closely spaced conductors trigger: High humidity with a DC voltage gradient across the laminate; higher processing temperatures add to the risk (Turbini) consequence: A copper salt filament grows along the epoxy-glass interface from anode to cathode and can create a short circuit. severity: high source: turbini-caf where: Abstract and Introduction - mode: Sensitisation from machining dust trigger: Cutting, drilling, punching or grinding that generates dust consequence: Skin and respiratory sensitisation (H317 and H334 in the SDS). severity: moderate source: gund-sds where: Section 2, hazard statements - mode: Decomposition gases during overheating trigger: Temperatures above 300 °C, in a fire or in thermal decomposition consequence: Hydrogen bromide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide may be released, per the SDS. severity: moderate source: gund-sds where: Section 5 and Section 10 side_effects: - text: The SDS says ingredients may cause moderate eye, skin and throat irritation, and that machining dust may irritate the eyes. affects: Operators and workshop air during cutting and drilling source: gund-sds where: Section 11, Toxicological information; Section 8, Eye Protection handling: - text: Use local exhaust ventilation to control dust, and an approved dust respirator if dust exposure exceeds the guidelines (SDS Section 8). source: gund-sds where: Section 8, Ventilation and Respiratory Protection - text: Wear safety glasses with side shields and protective gloves where dust may contact the skin (SDS Section 8). source: gund-sds where: Section 8, Eye and Skin Protection - text: The SDS lists no special handling and storage precautions for the cured sheet (Section 7). source: gund-sds where: Section 7, Handling and Storage mitigations: - text: Keep the service temperature at or below 130 °C, the temperature up to which the Gund datasheet says properties are maintained. source: gund-g10 where: Product description paragraph - text: For humid, high-voltage circuitry, Turbini's ranking puts BT the most CAF-resistant; the source notes a cost penalty for BT. source: turbini-caf where: CAF Resistant Materials, final paragraph uses: - application: electronics-and-chips device: Electrical insulation and printed circuit boards example: The Gund datasheet says NEMA G-10 is used in electrical insulation, printed circuit boards and structural components, and that it is non-brominated and non-flame-retardant. source: gund-g10 where: Product description paragraph - application: structures device: Structural components, including cryogenic applications example: Polymershapes says its Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR sheet suits many structural and cryogenic applications where halogenated compounds may be undesirable. source: polymershapes-g10 where: Typical Applications paragraph supply: - subject: Borates (boron minerals used in specialty glass and ceramics) producers: - country: Turkey year: 2025 - country: Bolivia year: 2025 - country: Chile year: 2025 - country: China year: 2025 - country: Peru year: 2025 - country: Argentina year: 2025 - country: Russia year: 2025 - country: Germany year: 2025 recycling: 'USGS boron chapter: recycling is insignificant.' substitutes: - 'USGS boron chapter: substitution is possible in detergents, enamels, insulation and soaps; some enamels can use phosphates as the glass-producing substance.' source: usgs-mcs2026-boron where: 'World Production and Reserves table, All forms, 2025 column (thousand metric tons): Turkey refined borates 1,500; Bolivia ulexite 380; Chile ulexite 300; China boric oxide equivalent 230; Peru crude borates 220; Argentina crude ore 170; Russia datolite ore 80; Germany compounds 40. The United States is withheld (W) and the world total is printed as XX, so no country share is calculated. Glass link: Domestic Production and Use paragraph (glass and ceramics were the leading domestic users in 2025) and World Resources paragraph (colemanite, primarily used in heat-resistant glass). The chapter does not say that E-glass contains boron.' documents: - title: NEMA G-10 Glass Epoxy Laminate technical data sheet (The Gund Company, TGCR 10/2025) type: datasheet url: https://thegundcompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NEMA-G-10-Glass-Epoxy-Laminate-by-The-Gund-Co.pdf year: 2025 - title: Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR product data sheet (Polymershapes) type: datasheet url: https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_Accurate_DataSheet-Acculam-Epoxyglas-G10-NonFR.pdf year: 2020 - title: Safety Data Sheet, G-10 and related glass epoxy laminates (The Gund Company, revision 08/01/2024) type: sds url: https://thegundcompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Glass-Epoxy-Laminates-SDS-by-The-Gund-Co.pdf year: 2024 - title: 'Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation: An Historic Perspective (Turbini, 2005)' type: paper url: https://www.electronics.org/system/files/technical_resource/E17&S02-3.pdf year: 2005 - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Boron (U.S. Geological Survey)' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf year: 2026 gaps: - Supply of the woven E-glass cloth and of the epoxy resin (producers, country shares, critical-mineral lists) was not found in any source read in this run. The supply section covers only borates from the USGS boron chapter, which names glass as a use but does not name G-10 or E-glass. - The Norplex-Micarta G-10 page says the NEMA LI-1 standard has no minimum glass transition temperature requirement. No glass transition value for the laminate was read. - Thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and glass transition temperature are not recorded. The Gund datasheet has a THERMAL heading, but its values did not come through in the PDF text layer and were not read. - 'The Ryertex Grade G10 technical data bulletin (W.S. Hampshire) was read but not used for values: it states that the product contains bromine and is rated V-0, so it is not the non-flame-retardant G-10 grade.' - The Gund SDS lists hydrogen bromide among decomposition products, while the Gund datasheet says G-10 is non-brominated. This is recorded as a conflict and not resolved. - No space flight, vacuum outgassing or radiation data for G-10 were found in this run. The spacecraft support use cited in the lane brief is not sourced in this profile. - No cryogenic (77 K or 4 K) mechanical data for the non-flame-retardant G-10 grade were found. The G-10CR cryogenic grade is a different product and its values are not used here. - Gund rows for Izod impact, arc resistance, comparative tracking index, breakdown voltage and Rockwell hardness were not recorded, because their names are not in the canonical property list or the values are given as bounds. - The Polymershapes temperature index (140 °C) uses a non-canonical property name, temperature_index, and its test basis is not printed. - The Polymershapes permittivity and dissipation factor rows do not print a test frequency. - Humidity ageing or CAF test numbers for G-10 itself were not found; Turbini gives a qualitative ranking only. - Process (how the laminate is impregnated and pressed) is not described in the sources read. - Hazard data rest on one Gund SDS that covers G-10 with other laminate grades. No CAS number or PubChem record for the cured laminate was found. license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-11-01' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 18 unreachable: 0 caveats: 3 note: Read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from two G-10 datasheets (Gund, Polymershapes), one Gund SDS, one CAF paper (Turbini) and the Wikipedia FR-4 article for history. The Ryertex bulletin was read but not used because it describes a brominated V-0 product. story: recipe: line: NEMA G-10 is a laminate of continuous-filament woven fibreglass sheet bonded with cured epoxy resin. The Norplex-Micarta G-10 page describes the cloth as plain-weave E-glass with a non-brominated epoxy resin system. The Gund SDS describes the cured product as epoxy with glass fibre and mineral fillers and does not give a percentage split. parts: - name: Woven glass fibre fabric share: not disclosed (proprietary) role: Continuous-filament woven fibreglass sheet that carries the mechanical load in the laminate. - name: Epoxy resin binder share: not disclosed (proprietary) role: Cured resin that bonds the glass layers and carries the electrical insulation. - name: Mineral fillers share: not disclosed (proprietary) role: Named in the Gund SDS as part of the cured product; the datasheet does not list them. risk_groups: - title: For people level: 0 verdict: Not hazardous as shipped; dust is the hazard lead: The Gund SDS says the sheet has no hazards as shipped. The hazards come from dust and heat, from machining and from overheating. points: - label: The sheet line: The SDS states that no hazards are associated with the product as shipped. Hazards arise only after machining, punching or thermal decomposition. - label: Dust line: Cutting, drilling or grinding produces dust that can cause skin and respiratory sensitisation (H317 and H334 in the SDS). Local exhaust ventilation and gloves are advised. - label: Heat line: Above 300 °C the SDS lists hydrogen bromide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide among the products of combustion. - title: If the laminate is used in humid, high-voltage circuits verdict: CAF is the failure to design against lead: The main electrical risk is not heat or dust. It is copper salt filament growth in humid conditions with voltage across the laminate. points: - label: CAF ranking line: Turbini's susceptibility trend places G-10 more resistant than FR-4 and polyimide, but less resistant than CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT, and BT is the most resistant. - label: Moisture line: The typical moisture absorption of G-10 is 0.13 % (ASTM D570, 3 mm specimen) per the Gund datasheet. - title: Handling and storage points: - label: Storage line: The SDS calls for no special handling or storage precautions for the cured sheet. - label: Dust control line: Use local exhaust ventilation and, where dust exposure exceeds guidelines, an approved dust respirator. why: NEMA G-10 is a non-flame-retardant glass epoxy laminate, made from woven fibreglass sheet bonded with epoxy resin (Gund datasheet). Wikipedia's FR-4 article calls G-10 the predecessor of FR-4, which adds flame retardance. G-10 is chosen where a rigid, electrically insulating laminate is needed up to 130 °C and a non-flame-retardant grade is acceptable. Polymershapes describes its G10 non FR sheet as having a halogen-free epoxy binder, which suits applications where halogenated compounds are undesirable, and says the sheet keeps high mechanical strength and electrical insulating qualities under both dry and humid conditions. uses: - where: Electrical insulation and printed circuit boards line: The Gund Company says NEMA G-10 is used in electrical insulation, printed circuit boards and structural components for demanding environments. - where: Structural and cryogenic applications line: Polymershapes says its Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR sheet is used in many structural and cryogenic applications where halogenated compounds may be undesirable. can_do: - label: Structural load benchmark: flexural_strength value: 435 MPa lengthwise, 373 MPa crosswise line: The Gund typical flexural strength is 435 MPa lengthwise and 373 MPa crosswise on 3 mm specimens (ASTM D790). - label: Electrical insulation benchmark: dielectric_constant value: 4.8 at 1 MHz line: The Gund typical permittivity is 4.8 and the dissipation factor is 0.016 at 1 MHz in condition A (ASTM D150). - label: Dielectric strength benchmark: dielectric_strength value: 485 V/mil line: The Gund typical dielectric strength perpendicular to the laminate is 485 V/mil (ASTM D149). - label: Service temperature benchmark: max_service_temp value: 130 °C line: The Gund product description says the laminate keeps its mechanical, electrical and physical properties up to 130 °C. compare: G-10 is the non-flame-retardant predecessor grade of FR-4 (Wikipedia), and it lacks the self-extinguishing behaviour that FR-4 has. Gund rates G-10 HB in its flammability row. In the CAF ranking Turbini gives, G-10 resists filament growth better than FR-4 but worse than CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT. The typical G-10 density is 1.850 g/cc and its typical flexural strength lengthwise is 435 MPa, both per the Gund datasheet, and the compare rows below set these against other laminate grades on the same benchmarks. compare_rows: - label: Density benchmark: density - label: Flexural strength, lengthwise benchmark: flexural_strength - label: Maximum service temperature benchmark: max_service_temp handling: - Use local exhaust ventilation to control dust when cutting, drilling or grinding the sheet. - Wear safety glasses with side shields and gloves where dust may reach the skin. - Keep the service temperature at or below 130 °C, the temperature to which properties are maintained. - Do not heat the sheet above 300 °C, where combustion products are released. good_for: - Rigid electrical insulation and structural parts, where the Gund datasheet lists electrical insulation, printed circuit boards and structural components as uses. - Structural and cryogenic applications where halogenated compounds are undesirable, per the Polymershapes sheet. watch_out: - 'Flame rating: G-10 is rated HB in the Gund datasheet, so it does not self-extinguish like FR-4.' - 'Humid high-voltage circuits: in Turbini''s ranking G-10 is less resistant to conductive anodic filament than CEM-3, cyanate ester and BT.' - 'Halogen content: the Gund datasheet says non-brominated, but the Gund SDS lists hydrogen bromide among decomposition products.' - 'Dust: machining produces dust that can sensitise the skin and airways.' verdict: A useful rigid insulator up to 130 °C where a non-flame-retardant grade is acceptable. For humid, high-voltage circuitry, Turbini's CAF ranking points to CEM-3, cyanate ester or BT instead. sources: gund-g10: title: NEMA G-10 Glass Epoxy Laminate technical data sheet (The Gund Company, TGCR 10/2025) id: The Gund Company, TGCR 10/2025 url: https://thegundcompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/NEMA-G-10-Glass-Epoxy-Laminate-by-The-Gund-Co.pdf year: 2025 kind: datasheet license: manufacturer data sheet, cited not reproduced polymershapes-g10: title: Acculam Epoxyglas G10 non FR Product Data Sheet (Polymershapes) id: undated; file uploaded 2020/04 per the URL url: https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Polymershapes_Accurate_DataSheet-Acculam-Epoxyglas-G10-NonFR.pdf year: 2020 kind: datasheet license: supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced gund-sds: title: 'Safety Data Sheet: G-10, G-11/G-11H, G-11R, G-13, G-15 Glass Epoxy Laminate (The Gund Company)' id: Version 1, revision date 08/01/2024 url: https://thegundcompany.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Glass-Epoxy-Laminates-SDS-by-The-Gund-Co.pdf year: 2024 kind: datasheet license: supplier SDS, cited not reproduced turbini-caf: title: 'Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation: An Historic Perspective (Turbini, ECWC 10 and APEX 2005)' id: Laura J. Turbini, University of Toronto; presented at ECWC 10, IPC Printed Circuits Expo and APEX 2005 url: https://www.electronics.org/system/files/technical_resource/E17&S02-3.pdf year: 2005 kind: paper license: conference paper, cited not reproduced wiki-fr4: title: FR-4 (Wikipedia article) id: Wikipedia, English edition url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4 year: 2026 kind: web license: Wikipedia text, cited for composition and history only usgs-mcs2026-boron: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Boron (U.S. Geological Survey)' id: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US government work, cited not reproduced norplex-g10-what-is: title: 'What is G-10: Glass Epoxy? (Norplex-Micarta)' id: undated manufacturer web page url: https://www.norplex-micarta.com/structural-materials/what-is-g-10/ kind: web license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced norplex-nema-li1: title: NEMA LI 1 electrical industry standards page (Norplex-Micarta) id: undated manufacturer web page url: https://www.norplex-micarta.com/electrical-materials/electrical-industry-standards/nema/ kind: standard license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced