spore: profile id: e-glass spore_version: 0.2 family: glass-and-composites name: E-glass fibre abbreviation: E-glass role: reinforcement fibre category: composites type: glass-fiber-reinforced summary: | E-glass is an alumino-borosilicate glass fibre with alkali oxides held below about 1 to 2 percent. CompositesWorld says it still makes up most of the world's fibreglass output. The HP Textiles datasheet for its E-glass roving fabric gives a density of 2.59 to 2.62 kg/dm³, a tensile strength of 2600 MPa, a Young's modulus of 73 GPa and an elongation at break of 3.5 to 4 percent. This is a draft: only five E-glass values, the oxide percentages and any hazard class could not be read in this run. best_for: General reinforcement of polyester, epoxy and vinylester laminates, such as boats, vehicle parts and containers, which are the end uses HP Textiles lists for its E-glass roving fabrics weakest_at: 'Chemical resistance is not its strong point: HP Textiles lists C-glass, ECR-glass and boron-free Advantex as the corrosion-resistant types, and no E-glass corrosion value was read in this run' identity: formula: 'Alumino-borosilicate glass fibre (E-glass): SiO2 with Al2O3, CaO, MgO and B2O3, and alkali oxides below 1% by weight' source: cw-glass-fiber where: 'CompositesWorld, Batching step: the E-glass composition includes SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO, with B2O3 added later. Alkali oxides below 1% w/w (Wikipedia, Fiberglass article); alkali-free, below 2% (Wikipedia, Glass fiber article; German Wikipedia, Glasfaser: ''weniger als 2 % Alkalioxiden'').' designations: - system: Trade name code: E-glass note: generic glass-type name; E stands for electrical, the first application source: cw-glass-fiber where: 'Batching step: ''E-glass, originally aimed at electrical applications''' - system: Trade name code: E-Glas note: German name for the same glass type source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, Glastype row tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - structures - propulsion-and-tanks properties: - benchmark: density label: Density, E-glass glass type value: 2.59 value_high: 2.62 bound: range unit: kg/dm³ scope: material conditions: form: E-glass glass type in a roving-fabric datasheet; filament, yarn or fabric not stated temperature: not stated method: Printed as 2,59 - 2,62 kg/dm³ (German decimal commas) in the 'Eigenschaften von E-Glas' table of the datasheet. The same row is printed in the HP Textiles product catalogue. status: ground source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, E-Glas row, Dichte column - benchmark: softening_point label: Softening temperature, E-glass glass type value: 825 value_high: 860 bound: range unit: °C scope: material conditions: form: E-glass glass type in a roving-fabric datasheet; filament, yarn or fabric not stated basis: softening temperature as printed; test method not stated method: Printed as 825 - 860 °C in the Erweichungstemperatur column of the same table. The page names no test method. status: ground source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, E-Glas row, Erweichungstemperatur column - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, E-glass glass type value: 2600 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: form: E-glass glass type in a roving-fabric datasheet; filament, yarn or fabric not stated temperature: not stated method: Printed as 2600 MPa in the Zugfestigkeit column of the same table. status: ground source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, E-Glas row, Zugfestigkeit column - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Young's modulus, E-glass glass type value: 73 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: form: E-glass glass type in a roving-fabric datasheet; filament, yarn or fabric not stated temperature: not stated method: Printed as 73 in the Elastizitätsmodul column; the unit is printed as Gpa and is written here as GPa. status: ground source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, E-Glas row, Elastizitätsmodul column - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation at break, E-glass glass type value: 3.5 value_high: 4 bound: range unit: '%' scope: material conditions: form: E-glass glass type in a roving-fabric datasheet; filament, yarn or fabric not stated temperature: not stated method: Printed as 3,5 - 4 % in the Bruchdehnung column of the same table. status: ground source: hp-datasheet where: Eigenschaften von E-Glas table, E-Glas row, Bruchdehnung column corrosion: [] risks: hazards: - text: 'Respirable fibres, Bavarian LfU (2018): fibres shorter than 250 µm and thinner than 3 µm can reach the lung. The most critical fibres are longer than 5 µm, thinner than 3 µm and have a length-to-diameter ratio above 3:1 (WHO fibres).' ghs: [] source: lfu-kmf-2018 where: Section 3, 'Kritische Fasern 1, WHO 2-Fasern' - text: LfU lists textile glass fibres (continuous filaments, Endlosfasern) among the artificial mineral fibres (KMF) and gives no hazard class for E-glass filaments. ghs: [] source: lfu-kmf-2018 where: Section 2.3, Textilglasfasern (Endlosfasern) failure_risks: [] side_effects: [] handling: - text: 'LfU: small amounts of KMF-containing waste must be packed at once in suitable containers, for example tear-resistant, dust-tight sacks or big bags, which must be labelled.' source: lfu-kmf-2018 where: Waste section, paragraph under Abb. 7 mitigations: [] uses: - application: structures device: Boats and vehicle parts laminated with E-glass roving fabric example: HP Textiles lists boat building (Bootsbau) and vehicle construction (Fahrzeugbau) among the end uses of its E-glass roving fabrics. source: hp-datasheet where: Endanwendungen list, datasheet page 1 - application: propulsion-and-tanks device: Containers and tanks laminated with E-glass roving fabric example: The same end-use list includes container construction (Behälterbau). source: hp-datasheet where: Endanwendungen list, datasheet page 1 supply: - subject: Silica sand (industrial silica, SiO2) abundance: 'USGS: quartz-rich sand and sandstone, the main sources of industrial silica sand, occur throughout the world. USGS also says the United States was the world''s leading producer and consumer of industrial sand and gravel.' producers: - country: United States share_percent: 27.9 year: 2025 - country: China share_percent: 21.4 year: 2025 - country: Netherlands share_percent: 15.8 year: 2025 - country: Turkey share_percent: 3.3 year: 2025 - country: France share_percent: 3 year: 2025 - country: Italy share_percent: 3 year: 2025 critical_lists: [] substitutes: - 'USGS: alternative materials that can be used for glassmaking, foundry and molding sands are chromite, olivine, staurolite and zircon sands.' source: usgs-mcs2026 where: Sand and Gravel (Industrial), World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2024 and 2025. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the printed world total of 430,000 (rounded); the unit is not printed in this section, so no tonnage is written. Substitutes paragraph. Table 6 (2025 critical list) names silicon metal and ferrosilicon, not silica sand. - subject: Boron (borates) abundance: 'USGS: in 2025 the glass and ceramics industries remained the leading domestic users of boron products, and more than three-quarters of world boron consumption went to ceramics, detergents, fertilizers and glass. 2025 production, thousand metric tons as printed: Turkey 1,500 (refined borates); Bolivia 380 (ulexite); Chile 300 (ulexite); Peru 220 (crude borates); China 230 (boric oxide equivalent); Argentina 170 (crude ore); Russia 80 (datolite ore); Germany 40 (compounds). USGS says a world total cannot be calculated, so no country shares are shown. US imports 2021 to 2024: Turkey 90%, Bolivia 6%, other 4%.' producers: - country: Turkey year: 2025 - country: Bolivia year: 2025 - country: Chile year: 2025 - country: Peru year: 2025 - country: China year: 2025 - country: Argentina year: 2025 - country: Russia year: 2025 - country: Germany year: 2025 critical_lists: - list: USGS 2025 Final List of Critical Minerals (published 7 November 2025) listed: true substitutes: [] source: usgs-boron where: Salient statistics; World Production and Reserves table (2024 and 2025); critical minerals paragraph (boron added to the final 2025 list); import sources 2021-24; footnote 4 (world totals cannot be calculated). media: [] documents: - title: HP Textiles product datasheet, Glasrovinggewebe (E-glass roving fabric) type: datasheet url: https://www.hp-textiles.com/proddat/Glasrovinggewebe.pdf - title: HP Textiles product catalogue (Produktkatalog) type: datasheet url: https://www.hp-textiles.com/Flyer/Produktkatalog.pdf - title: The making of glass fiber (CompositesWorld) type: report url: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/the-making-of-glass-fiber - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Boron (USGS)' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf year: 2026 - title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, full report (USGS) type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'UmweltWissen: Künstliche Mineralfasern (Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, 2018)' type: report url: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/buerger/doc/uw_32_kuenstliche_mineralfasern.pdf year: 2018 - title: Glass fiber (Wikipedia) type: report url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber - title: Fiberglass (Wikipedia) type: report url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass - title: Glasfaser (German Wikipedia) type: report url: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfaser gaps: - 'Not found in the sources read: coefficient of thermal expansion, dielectric constant and loss tangent, electrical resistivity, dielectric strength, refractive index, specific heat, Poisson''s ratio, compressive strength, annealing and strain points, maximum service temperature, and any virgin-filament, strand or laminate value.' - 'Thermal conductivity 0,15 W(m.K) is printed in the HP Textiles datasheet but is left out of the file: the verify step strips decimal commas, so this German value cannot be matched to the page.' - softening_point is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; it is used as a short snake_case name. - Composition limits in wt% for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO and B2O3 were not printed in the sources read; only the alkali-oxide limits (below 1% or below 2%) are given. - No ASTM D578 class, ISO, DIN or UNS code for E-glass was printed in the pages read; the designations are E-glass (CompositesWorld) and E-Glas (HP Textiles). - 'No OSHA, IARC or manufacturer SDS page could be read: the OSHA page returned HTTP 403, the IARC classification list is script-rendered, and no E-glass safety data sheet was found. The hazard entries use the Bavarian LfU (2018) fibre-size guidance instead.' - 'Corrosion, moisture and alkali attack: no E-glass test value was printed in a source read, so corrosion is empty.' - 'Failure risks, side effects and mitigations: none read.' - 'Media: none; no licensed E-glass image was checked.' - 'Space use: no space, vacuum or radiation data for E-glass was found; the uses listed are boat, vehicle and container work.' - Wikipedia pages (Glass fiber, Fiberglass, German Glasfaser) are cited only for composition, as the brief allows; their property tables were not used. - The HP Textiles datasheet does not say whether its E-glass row describes filament, yarn, roving or fabric, so the form condition is recorded as not stated. sources: hp-datasheet: title: HP Textiles product datasheet, Glasrovinggewebe (E-glass roving fabric) id: HP Textiles, Glasrovinggewebe.pdf url: https://www.hp-textiles.com/proddat/Glasrovinggewebe.pdf kind: datasheet license: manufacturer document, cited not reproduced hp-catalogue: title: HP Textiles product catalogue (Produktkatalog) id: HP Textiles, Produktkatalog.pdf url: https://www.hp-textiles.com/Flyer/Produktkatalog.pdf kind: datasheet license: manufacturer document, cited not reproduced cw-glass-fiber: title: The making of glass fiber (CompositesWorld) id: CompositesWorld article url: https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/the-making-of-glass-fiber kind: web license: trade-press article, cited not reproduced usgs-boron: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Boron' id: USGS MCS 2026 url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US government work, public domain usgs-mcs2026: title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, full report (Sand and Gravel (Industrial), Table 6 critical list) id: USGS MCS 2026, full report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: US government work, public domain lfu-kmf-2018: title: 'UmweltWissen: Künstliche Mineralfasern (Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt)' id: LfU Bayern, UmweltWissen Abfall, 2018 url: https://www.lfu.bayern.de/buerger/doc/uw_32_kuenstliche_mineralfasern.pdf year: 2018 kind: report license: Bavarian state publication, cited not reproduced wiki-glass-fiber: title: Glass fiber (Wikipedia) id: Wikipedia, Glass fiber url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 wiki-fiberglass: title: Fiberglass (Wikipedia) id: Wikipedia, Fiberglass url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 de-glasfaser: title: Glasfaser (German Wikipedia) id: Wikipedia (de), Glasfaser url: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfaser kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-24' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 5 unreachable: 0 caveats: 3 note: Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from the HP Textiles datasheet and catalogue, CompositesWorld, USGS MCS 2026 (boron and industrial sand), the Bavarian LfU (2018), and Wikipedia for composition only. Five properties; the rest are listed in gaps. story: recipe: line: E-glass is an alumino-borosilicate glass. CompositesWorld says it was developed as a more alkali-resistant alternative to soda-lime glass, built on silica, alumina, lime and magnesia, with boron added later. Wikipedia says the batch is melted from silica sand, limestone, kaolin, fluorspar, colemanite and dolomite, and the melt is drawn through bushings. No percentage limits for the main oxides were printed in the sources read. parts: - name: Silica symbol: SiO2 role: Main network former; CompositesWorld lists SiO2 in the E-glass composition. share_note: not printed in the sources read source: cw-glass-fiber where: Batching step - name: Alumina symbol: Al2O3 role: Listed in the E-glass composition (aluminum oxide or alumina). share_note: not printed in the sources read source: cw-glass-fiber where: Batching step - name: Lime symbol: CaO role: Listed in the E-glass composition (calcium oxide or lime). share_note: not printed in the sources read source: cw-glass-fiber where: Batching step - name: Magnesia symbol: MgO role: Listed in the E-glass composition (magnesium oxide or magnesia). share_note: not printed in the sources read source: cw-glass-fiber where: Batching step - name: Boric oxide symbol: B2O3 role: Added later to widen the gap between melting and crystallising temperatures, which stops nozzle clogging (CompositesWorld). share_note: not printed in the sources read source: cw-glass-fiber where: Batching step - name: Alkali oxides symbol: Na2O + K2O role: Kept low so the glass is alkali-free. share_note: below 1% by weight (Wikipedia, Fiberglass article); below 2% (Wikipedia, Glass fiber article) source: wiki-fiberglass where: E-glass paragraph risk_groups: - title: For people level: 1 verdict: Fibre size limits set; no E-glass hazard class found lead: The only hazard text read in this run is the Bavarian LfU fibre-size guidance. No OSHA, IARC or SDS page for E-glass could be read. points: - label: Fibre size line: Fibres longer than 5 µm, thinner than 3 µm and with a length-to-diameter ratio above 3:1 are the most critical (WHO fibres, LfU). - label: Continuous filaments line: LfU lists textile glass fibres (continuous filaments) among the artificial mineral fibres but gives no hazard class for them. - label: Waste line: Small amounts of KMF-containing waste must be packed at once in tear-resistant, dust-tight sacks or big bags (LfU). why: E-glass is an alumino-borosilicate glass fibre. CompositesWorld says it was developed as a more alkali-resistant alternative to soda-lime glass, was among the first glasses drawn into continuous filament, and still makes up most of the world's fibreglass output. HP Textiles weaves E-glass roving yarns into fabrics and prints a density of 2.59 to 2.62 kg/dm³ and a tensile strength of 2600 MPa for the glass type. uses: - where: Boats and vehicles line: HP Textiles lists boat building (Bootsbau) and vehicle construction (Fahrzeugbau) among the end uses of its E-glass roving fabrics. - where: Containers and tanks line: The same list includes container construction (Behälterbau). - where: Space line: No space or vacuum use of E-glass was found in the sources read. can_do: - label: Density benchmark: density line: HP Textiles prints 2.59 to 2.62 kg/dm³ for the E-glass row of its roving-fabric datasheet. - label: Tensile strength benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength line: The same row prints 2600 MPa. The datasheet does not say whether this is for filament, yarn or fabric. - label: Stiffness benchmark: elastic_modulus line: Young's modulus on the same row is 73 GPa. - label: Elongation benchmark: elongation line: Elongation at break on the same row is 3.5 to 4 percent. - label: Softening benchmark: softening_point line: The softening temperature on the same row is 825 to 860 °C. compare: The HP Textiles catalogue sets E-glass against its other glass types. It describes C-glass as having good chemical resistance, ECR-glass (E-glass corrosion resistant) as extremely corrosion resistant, and Advantex as a boron-free glass with significantly improved corrosion resistance. The catalogue gives no E-glass corrosion number, so the comparison is qualitative. For density, the E-glass datasheet row gives 2.59 to 2.62 kg/dm³. compare_rows: - label: Density benchmark: density scope: material - label: Tensile strength benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength scope: material - label: Young's modulus benchmark: elastic_modulus scope: material handling: - Small amounts of KMF-containing waste go at once into tear-resistant, dust-tight sacks or big bags, which must be labelled (LfU). good_for: - General reinforcement of polyester, epoxy and vinylester laminates, which HP Textiles names as suitable resins for its E-glass roving fabrics. - Boats, vehicle parts and containers, which are the end uses HP Textiles lists for its E-glass roving fabrics. watch_out: - 'Chemical resistance: the HP catalogue lists C-glass with good chemical resistance, ECR-glass with extremely high corrosion resistance and boron-free Advantex with improved corrosion resistance. No E-glass corrosion value was read.' - 'Boron: CompositesWorld reports a trend in E-glass manufacturing toward removing boron, which it calls expensive and a source of undesirable emissions.' - 'Respirable fibres: the LfU criteria put the most critical fibres at longer than 5 µm, thinner than 3 µm and with a length-to-diameter ratio above 3:1.' verdict: 'E-glass is the common general-purpose reinforcement for polymer laminates (CompositesWorld: most of the world''s fibreglass output). This draft has five E-glass values from the HP Textiles datasheet: density, softening range, tensile strength, Young''s modulus and elongation. Composition percentages, corrosion data, failure data and an OSHA, IARC or SDS hazard class are still open.'