spore: profile
id: copper-titanium-c1990
spore_version: 0.2
family: copper-alloys
name: Copper titanium C1990
abbreviation: Cu-3Ti
role: high-strength spring alloy
category: metals
type: copper-alloys
summary: |
  Copper titanium C1990 is a copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium, sold by JX Advanced Metals as the C1990(HP) alloy and as C1990-GSH(HP) foil. The C1990(HP) product page gives a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper, and the C1990-GSH(HP) foil page gives a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa. Electrical conductivity is 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil, at 20 °C.
best_for: 'High-strength spring parts that must bend: connectors, switches, relays and autofocus camera-module springs, as JX Advanced Metals lists them'
weakest_at: Electrical conduction (8 to 12 %IACS at 20 °C) and stretch in the hardest temper (3.0 % typical elongation in ESH)
identity:
  formula: 'Cu-3Ti: copper with 3.0 wt% titanium, balance copper (JX standard composition)'
  source: jx-hptc
  where: 'Table 1, C1990(HP) chemical composition (%): Cu Remainder, Ti 3.0. The C1990-GSH(HP) foil page prints the same composition in its Table 1.'
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: C19900
      note: printed by a reseller listing; the copper.org UNS page was under maintenance and the manufacturer page does not print a UNS number
      source: urbanmines
      where: Page title and product tag, C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy
    - system: Trade name
      code: C1990
      note: the (HP) high-performance version is printed as C1990(HP)
      source: jx-hptc
      where: Page title, C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy
    - system: Trade name
      code: C1990-GSH
      note: the (HP) foil version is printed as C1990-GSH(HP)
      source: jx-gshhp
      where: Table 2 heading, Physical properties of C1990-GSH(HP)
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - electronics-and-chips
    - optics-and-cameras
    - mechanisms
properties:
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, C1990(HP)
    value: 12
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temperature: 20 °C
      form: not named on the product page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2 Physical properties of C1990(HP), row Electrical conductivity (printed 12)
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Specific resistivity, C1990(HP)
    value: 144
    unit: nΩ·m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temperature: 20 °C
      form: not named on the product page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2, row Specific resistivity
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, C1990(HP)
    value: 54
    unit: W/mK
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temperature: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2, row Thermal conductivity
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, C1990(HP)
    value: 18.6
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temperature: 20 to 300 °C
      unit_in_source: ×10-6/K (20 to 300℃)
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the page unit ×10-6/K is the same as ppm/K
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2, row Linear expansion coefficient (printed 18.6)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, C1990(HP)
    value: 127
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temperature: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2, row Modulus of elasticity
  - benchmark: specific_gravity
    label: Specific gravity, C1990(HP)
    value: 8.7
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      basis: specific gravity is a ratio to water and is printed without a unit
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the short name specific_gravity is not in property-canon.yaml
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 2, row Specific gravity (printed 8.70)
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio, C1990(HP)
    value: 0.33
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
    method: Value printed in the composition and property comparison table of the JX Advanced Metals copper titanium product index
    status: ground
    source: jx-index
    where: Physical Properties table, row Poisson's Ratio, column C1990(HP)
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), EH temper
    value: 860
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: EH
      basis: typical value
      specification_range: 780-930 MPa
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row EH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 860 with specification 780-930
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, C1990(HP), EH temper
    value: 885
    value_high: 1080
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: EH
      basis: specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash
    method: Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row EH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 885-1080
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, C1990(HP), EH temper
    value: 17
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: EH
      basis: typical value
      specification_minimum: 10.0 %
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row EH, column Elongation (%), printed 17.0 with minimum 10.0
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), EH temper
    value: 300
    unit: Hv
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: EH
      basis: typical value
      specification_minimum: 280 Hv
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row EH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), printed 300 with minimum 280
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), SH temper
    value: 890
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: SH
      basis: typical value
      specification_range: 810-960 MPa
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row SH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 890 with specification 810-960
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, C1990(HP), SH temper
    value: 910
    value_high: 1110
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: SH
      basis: specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash
    method: Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row SH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 910-1110
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, C1990(HP), SH temper
    value: 14
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: SH
      basis: typical value
      specification_minimum: 8.0 %
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row SH, column Elongation (%), printed 14.0 with minimum 8.0
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), SH temper
    value: 320
    unit: Hv
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: SH
      basis: typical value
      specification_minimum: 300 Hv
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row SH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), typical 320 with minimum 300
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990(HP), ESH temper
    value: 1030
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: ESH
      basis: typical value
      specification_range: 950-1100 MPa
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row ESH, column Yield strength (MPa), typical 1030 with specification 950-1100
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, C1990(HP), ESH temper
    value: 1000
    value_high: 1180
    bound: range
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: ESH
      basis: specification range; the typical value is printed as a dash
    method: Specification range printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row ESH, column Tensile strength (MPa), printed 1000-1180
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, C1990(HP), ESH temper
    value: 3
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: ESH
      basis: typical value; no specification minimum printed
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row ESH, column Elongation (%), printed 3.0 with no minimum
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness, C1990(HP), ESH temper
    value: 340
    unit: Hv
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990(HP)
      temper: ESH
      basis: typical value
      specification_minimum: 320 Hv
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification minimum in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Table 3, row ESH, column Vickers hardness (Hv), typical 340 with minimum 320
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 8
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temperature: 20 °C
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2 Physical properties of C1990-GSH(HP), row Electrical conductivity
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Specific resistivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 216
    unit: nΩ·m
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temperature: 20 °C
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2, row Specific resistivity
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 39
    unit: W/mK
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temperature: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2, row Thermal conductivity
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Linear expansion coefficient, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 18.6
    unit: ppm/K
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temperature: 20 to 300 °C
      unit_in_source: ×10-6/K (20 to 300℃)
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the page unit ×10-6/K is the same as ppm/K
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2, row Linear expansion coefficient (printed 18.6)
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 127
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temperature: not stated on the page
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2, row Modulus of elasticity
  - benchmark: specific_gravity
    label: Specific gravity, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 8.7
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      basis: specific gravity is a ratio to water and is printed without a unit
    method: Value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), physical properties table; the same value is printed in the JX product index
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 2, row Specific gravity (printed 8.70)
  - benchmark: poissons_ratio
    label: Poisson's ratio, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 0.33
    unit: '-'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
    method: Value printed in the composition and property comparison table of the JX Advanced Metals copper titanium product index
    status: ground
    source: jx-index
    where: Physical Properties table, row Poisson's Ratio, column C1990-GSH(HP)
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, C1990-GSH(HP) foil, GSH(HP) temper
    value: 1400
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temper: GSH(HP)
      basis: typical value
      specification_range: 1300-1600 MPa
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals), with its specification range in the same table
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Tensile strength (MPa), typical 1400 with specification 1300-1600
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength Rp0.2, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 1390
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temper: GSH(HP)
      basis: typical value; no specification range printed
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Yield Strength (MPa), printed 1390 with a dash for the range
  - benchmark: vickers_hardness
    label: Vickers hardness, C1990-GSH(HP) foil
    value: 400
    unit: Hv
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      temper: GSH(HP)
      basis: typical value; no specification range printed
    method: Typical value printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals)
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Table 3, row C1990-GSH(HP), column Vickers hardness (Hv), printed 400 with a dash for the range
  - benchmark: foil_thickness
    label: Manufacturable foil thickness, C1990-GSH(HP)
    value: 30
    value_high: 100
    bound: range
    unit: µm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      basis: manufacturable thickness, typical dimensions (page says typical)
    method: Typical manufacturable dimension printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals); the short name foil_thickness is not in property-canon.yaml
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Section Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions), printed 30µm~100µm
  - benchmark: foil_max_width
    label: Maximum foil width, C1990-GSH(HP)
    value: 450
    unit: mm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C1990-GSH(HP)
      product: copper titanium foil
      basis: maximum width, typical dimensions (page says typical)
    method: Typical manufacturable dimension printed on a manufacturer product page (JX Advanced Metals); the short name foil_max_width is not in property-canon.yaml
    status: ground
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Section Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions), printed Maximum width 450 mm
corrosion: []
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: PubChem's ECHA C&L summary for copper (CID 23978) lists the hazard codes H302 (21.7%), H400 (43.1%), H410 (18.8%) and H411 (22.5%), with signal word Warning. The record says the percentage in brackets is the notified classification ratio from companies that give hazard codes, and that copper does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 52.5% (1818 of 3463) of all reports. It is a record for copper metal, not for C1990.
      ghs:
        - H302
        - H400
        - H410
        - H411
      source: pubchem-cu
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 23978)
    - text: Avantor safety data sheet for copper metal (version 1.0, revised 03-17-2015) classifies the product under GHS as Environmental Hazards, acute and chronic Category 1, with signal word Warning and the statement "Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects." Copper is 90 to 100% of that product. The sheet gives no GHS hazard code, only the statement.
      ghs: []
      source: avantor-cu-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazard Classification and Label Elements; Section 3, Composition
    - text: ESPI Metals safety data sheet for titanium (revised July 2015) states GHS Classification as "Not classified as hazardous" under 29 CFR 1910.1200. The same sheet says that titanium fines or dusts will burn when exposed to an ignition source, and that small chips, fine turnings and dust from processing may be readily ignitable.
      ghs: []
      source: espi-ti-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazards Identification; Section 5, Specific Hazards; Section 10, Possibility of Hazardous Reactions
    - text: PubChem's GHS record for titanium (CID 23963) reads Not Classified, reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 606 of 808 companies. Some ECHA notifications give H228 (flammable solid), H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air) and H251 (self-heating; may catch fire). The record says that information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives and other factors.
      ghs:
        - H228
        - H250
        - H251
      source: pubchem-ti
      where: Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification, GHS Hazard Statements and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary (CID 23963)
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Little stretch in the ESH temper
      trigger: Use or forming of the hardest listed temper, ESH
      consequence: The typical elongation is 3.0 % in ESH, against 17.0 % typical in EH, and no specification minimum is printed for ESH, so the ESH strip has little stretch before breaking.
      severity: moderate
      source: jx-hptc
      where: Table 3, rows EH and ESH, column Elongation (%)
    - mode: Foil thickness variation
      trigger: Foil made without the high thickness precision that JX describes
      consequence: JX says higher thickness precision keeps spring properties stable; its thickness histograms are typical values, not specifications.
      severity: low
      source: jx-gshhp
      where: Overview paragraph and Figures 1 and 2 captions
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Specify the temper. Yield strength and elongation change strongly from EH to ESH, and the page prints a different typical value for each.
      source: jx-hptc
      where: Table 3 Mechanical properties of C1990(HP)
    - text: For foil, specify the thickness range of 30 µm to 100 µm and a width up to 450 mm, which JX gives as typical manufacturable dimensions.
      source: jx-gshhp
      where: Manufacturable thickness (typical dimensions)
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Switches, connectors and relays
    example: JX lists high-end switches, connectors, relays and other electronic parts as the intended uses of C1990(HP).
    source: jx-hptc
    where: Overview paragraph
  - application: optics-and-cameras
    device: Spring in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones
    example: JX lists the C1990-GSH(HP) foil as spring material in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones.
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Typical applications list
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Spring contacts in place of beryllium copper
    example: JX says the alloy can be used in place of beryllium copper, with excellent stress relaxation resistance and fatigue properties; no numbers for these are printed.
    source: jx-gshhp
    where: Features list
supply:
  - subject: Titanium (alloying element, 3.0 wt% in the standard composition)
    producers:
      - country: China
        year: 2025
      - country: Japan
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        year: 2025
      - country: Kazakhstan
        year: 2025
      - country: Saudi Arabia
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated at 32,000 tons in 2025.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium in applications that require corrosion resistance.'
    source: usgs-ti-2026
    where: 'World Sponge Metal Production and Sponge and Pigment Capacity table, column Sponge production 2025e in metric tons: China 260,000; Japan 53,000; Russia 25,000; Kazakhstan 16,000; Saudi Arabia 12,000; world total (rounded) 370,000. Shares are not calculated here.'
  - subject: Copper (the matrix; the balance of the alloy)
    producers:
      - country: Chile
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, published 7 November 2025)
        listed: true
    recycling: 'USGS: old (post-consumer) scrap provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of U.S. copper supply.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tube, electrical equipment and power cable.'
    source: usgs-cu-2026
    where: 'World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, column Mine production 2025e in thousand tons: Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300; world total 23,000. Shares are not calculated here.'
documents:
  - title: C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, JX Advanced Metals product page (hosted at wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html
  - title: C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, JX Advanced Metals product page (hosted at wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html
  - title: Copper Titanium Alloy, JX Advanced Metals product index with composition and property comparison
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/
  - title: C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy, UrbanMines Alloy product listing (reseller)
    type: database
    url: https://www.um-alloy.com/C19900C19910Titanium-Copper-Alloy-p6397970.html
  - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide (USGS)'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper (USGS)'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'PubChem compound record: Copper (CID 23978), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23978
  - title: 'PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary'
    type: database
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
  - title: 'Safety Data Sheet: Copper metal (Avantor Performance Materials, version 1.0, revision date 03-17-2015)'
    type: sds
    url: https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/copper%20metal%20%20-%20Avantor.pdf
  - title: 'Safety Data Sheet: Titanium (ESPI Metals, revised July 2015)'
    type: sds
    url: https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/titanium%20metal%20%20-%20ESPI.pdf
gaps:
  - No UNS number is printed for C1990 by a manufacturer or standards page that could be read. UNS C19900 comes from a reseller listing only. The copper.org UNS page returned a maintenance notice and could not be read. UNS C19910, which the entry names, is printed on the same reseller listing but was left out because that listing is unreliable.
  - No EN, EN name, JIS, ASTM, AMS or DIN number was found for C1990 on any page read.
  - 'The standard, non-HP C1990 strip is not recorded: the JX index table has no separate row for it, and no datasheet for it was read. All strip values here are for C1990(HP), which is a higher-performance version and not the same product.'
  - The product form of C1990(HP) is not named on its page. The values are recorded without a form, so a reader cannot be sure whether they are for strip, sheet or wire.
  - Thermal conductivity (54 W/mK and 39 W/mK), modulus and the foil values are printed without a test temperature. Only the expansion coefficient and conductivity values are given at 20 °C, and only the expansion coefficient is given over a range (20 to 300 °C).
  - Specific gravity is printed without a unit. It is recorded as a dimensionless value and is not converted to density in g/cm3.
  - 'The bend-radius table in the JX index (minimum bend radius over thickness, good and bad way) was not recorded: its test conditions are not clear enough to state as values.'
  - No corrosion, tarnish, ageing or stress-corrosion data for C1990 or any copper-titanium alloy were found on the pages read. The corrosion section is empty for that reason.
  - No safety data sheet or GHS hazard statement for C1990, C1990(HP) or C1990-GSH(HP) itself was found in any source read. The hazards section uses the PubChem records and the supplier safety data sheets for copper metal and titanium metal only. Those describe the elements, not this alloy, and no hazard data for the alloy as made by JX was read.
  - No outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or cold-welding data for this alloy were found. Space-environment behaviour is not described.
  - The JX pages state that the alloy is an alternative to beryllium copper and that its properties equal or exceed mill-hardened beryllium copper. No beryllium copper values were read, so no comparison numbers are recorded.
  - 'JX makes two strength claims: the C1990-GSH(HP) page says highest strength of any copper alloy, and the JX index says C1995-GSH(HP) has the world''s highest tensile strength of any copper alloy. Neither claim was tested here.'
  - The stress relaxation resistance and fatigue properties are described as excellent on the JX pages, but no numbers for them are printed, so none are recorded.
  - 'Titanium''s status on the U.S. critical minerals list was not confirmed: the USGS titanium summary read in this run does not state it.'
  - Foil thickness and width are recorded under the short names foil_thickness and foil_max_width, which are not in property-canon.yaml. Electrical conductivity in %IACS uses the short name electrical_conductivity for the same reason.
  - Typical-value and specification-range values are separated in conditions. Where JX prints only a typical value, no specification range is recorded.
sources:
  jx-hptc:
    title: C1990(HP) High Strength Copper Titanium Alloy, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)
    id: Trade names C1990(HP) and C1990; no UNS, EN, JIS or ASTM number printed
    url: https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/hptc.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)
  jx-gshhp:
    title: C1990-GSH(HP) Copper Titanium Foil, product page, JX Advanced Metals (served from wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp)
    id: Model code C1990(HP); temper C1990-GSH(HP)
    url: https://wwwcdn.furuchi.co.jp/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/c1990-gshhp.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)
  jx-index:
    title: Copper Titanium Alloy, product index with Compare Composition and Properties table, JX Advanced Metals
    id: Alloy names C1990(HP), C1990-GSH(HP), C1995-GSH(HP), NKT322
    url: https://www.jx-nmm.com/english/products/copper_foil_and_alloy/02cuti/
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer product index (cited, not reproduced)
  urbanmines:
    title: C19900&C19910 Titanium Copper Alloy, UrbanMines Alloy product listing (reseller)
    id: UNS C19900 and C19910 as printed in the listing title
    url: https://www.um-alloy.com/C19900C19910Titanium-Copper-Alloy-p6397970.html
    kind: web
    license: Reseller web page (cited, not reproduced); description text is unreliable and is not used for values
  usgs-ti-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide, U.S. Geological Survey'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
  usgs-cu-2026:
    title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper, U.S. Geological Survey'
    id: USGS MCS 2026
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: Public domain (USGS)
  pubchem-cu:
    title: 'PubChem compound record: Copper (CID 23978), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary'
    id: CID 23978; CAS 7440-50-8
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23978
    kind: database
    license: Public database record (cited, not reproduced)
  pubchem-ti:
    title: 'PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS Classification and ECHA C&L Notifications Summary'
    id: CID 23963; CAS 7440-32-6
    url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963
    kind: database
    license: Public database record (cited, not reproduced)
  avantor-cu-sds:
    title: 'Safety Data Sheet: Copper metal, Avantor Performance Materials, version 1.0, revision date 03-17-2015 (hosted by Purdue University)'
    id: Product No. 4649, 1736, 1732, 1720, 24600; CAS 7440-50-8
    url: https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/copper%20metal%20%20-%20Avantor.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  espi-ti-sds:
    title: 'Safety Data Sheet: Titanium, ESPI Metals, revised July 2015 (hosted by Purdue University)'
    id: CAS 7440-32-6; EC 231-142-3
    url: https://www.physics.purdue.edu/primelab/safety/MSDS/SDS/titanium%20metal%20%20-%20ESPI.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-11-02'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 31
  unreachable: 1
  caveats: 4
  note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the JX Advanced Metals pages and the JX index (HTML text), and from the USGS summaries (PDF text). Unreachable: the copper.org UNS page (maintenance notice) and the matweb record (access blocked). Caveats: the C1990(HP) product form is not named; thermal conductivity and modulus are printed without a test temperature; the UNS C19900 designation comes from a reseller listing; supply shares are not calculated. Hazards were read on 2026-11-02 from the PubChem GHS records for copper (CID 23978) and titanium (CID 23963) and from the copper and titanium metal safety data sheets; these describe the elements, not C1990.'
story:
  why: 'Copper titanium C1990 (Cu-3Ti) is a copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium that JX Advanced Metals makes as the C1990(HP) alloy and as C1990-GSH(HP) foil. The product page for C1990(HP) gives a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper, and the foil page gives a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa. Electrical conductivity is 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil, both at 20 °C. JX lists its uses as connectors, switches, relays and autofocus camera-module springs, and says it can replace beryllium copper in springs. The price of that strength is low conduction and little stretch: the hardest temper, ESH, has a typical elongation of 3.0 %.'
  uses:
    - where: Connectors, switches and relays
      line: JX lists high-end switches, connectors, relays and other electronic parts as the intended uses of C1990(HP).
    - where: Autofocus camera modules
      line: JX lists the C1990-GSH(HP) foil as the spring material in autofocus camera modules for mobile phones.
    - where: Replacement for beryllium copper
      line: JX says the alloy can be used in place of beryllium copper, and that its properties equal or exceed those of mill-hardened beryllium copper.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry current
      value: 12 %IACS (alloy) and 8 %IACS (foil)
      line: Electrical conductivity at 20 °C is 12 %IACS for C1990(HP) and 8 %IACS for C1990-GSH(HP). Specific resistivity is 144 nΩ·m for the alloy and 216 nΩ·m for the foil.
    - label: Carry heat
      value: 54 W/mK (alloy) and 39 W/mK (foil)
      line: Thermal conductivity is 54 W/mK for C1990(HP) and 39 W/mK for C1990-GSH(HP). Neither page prints a test temperature.
    - label: Strength in the EH temper
      value: 885 to 1080 MPa tensile specification range
      line: In the EH temper, C1990(HP) has a tensile specification range of 885 to 1080 MPa and a typical yield strength of 860 MPa. Yield strength is the stress at which the metal starts to deform permanently.
    - label: Foil strength
      value: 1400 MPa typical tensile strength
      line: The C1990-GSH(HP) foil has a typical tensile strength of 1400 MPa, with a specification range of 1300 to 1600 MPa, and a typical yield strength of 1390 MPa.
    - label: Stiffness
      value: 127 GPa
      line: The modulus of elasticity, which measures how strongly the metal resists stretching, is 127 GPa for both products.
    - label: Expansion
      value: 18.6 ppm/K
      line: The linear expansion coefficient is 18.6 ppm/K between 20 and 300 °C for both products.
  compare: JX states that C1990(HP) equals or exceeds mill-hardened beryllium copper, but no beryllium copper values were read, so no comparison number is given. Within this profile the alloy conducts better than the foil (12 %IACS against 8 %IACS, and 54 W/mK against 39 W/mK), while the foil is stronger (1400 MPa typical tensile strength, against an 885 to 1080 MPa specification range for the EH temper of the alloy). These are two products of one composition, so read the rows as a comparison between the two forms, not as a ranking of materials.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Electrical conductivity
      benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    - label: Thermal conductivity
      benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    - label: Yield strength
      benchmark: yield_strength
  handling:
    - Specify the temper. Yield strength and elongation change strongly from EH to ESH, as Table 3 of the JX page shows.
    - For foil, specify a thickness of 30 µm to 100 µm and a width up to 450 mm, which JX gives as typical manufacturable dimensions.
    - Do not use the specification ranges as typical values. JX prints a dash where a typical value is not given.
  good_for:
    - 'High-strength springs in connectors: 885 to 1080 MPa tensile specification range in the EH temper of C1990(HP), per JX.'
    - 'Thin foil springs: 1400 MPa typical tensile strength for 30 µm to 100 µm foil, per JX.'
    - 'Parts that bend in service: JX describes excellent bend formability for the alloy and excellent fatigue properties for the foil.'
  watch_out:
    - 'Electrical conduction is modest: 12 %IACS for the alloy and 8 %IACS for the foil.'
    - 'Stretch in the hardest temper is low: 3.0 % typical elongation in ESH, with no specification minimum printed.'
    - JX makes two strength claims for different foils, and neither was tested here. No third-party test was read.
    - No corrosion or space data for this alloy were found. Hazard data exists only for its metals, copper and titanium, and not for C1990 itself, so the alloy's own hazards are unknown rather than absent.
  verdict: Copper titanium C1990 is a high-strength copper alloy with 3.0 wt% titanium, sold by JX Advanced Metals as C1990(HP) and C1990-GSH(HP) foil. It reaches 885 to 1080 MPa in the EH temper and a typical 1400 MPa in foil, but it conducts only 8 to 12 %IACS and stretches little in its hardest temper. The pages read give no corrosion or space-environment data for this grade, and no hazard data for the alloy itself; the copper and titanium metal records give hazards for the elements only.
  recipe:
    line: C1990 is a copper alloy in which titanium is the only named alloying element. Copper is the balance, and titanium is 3.0 wt% in the standard composition (JX Table 1). JX says all production steps for its foil run from metal melting to product-width slitting at its Kurami Works.
    parts:
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share_note: balance (remainder), per the JX composition table
        role: The matrix of the alloy. The composition table gives copper as the remainder.
        source: jx-hptc
        where: Table 1, Cu row (Remainder)
      - name: Titanium
        symbol: Ti
        share_percent: 3
        role: The main additive element. JX describes titanium as the additive that gives the copper its high strength and springiness.
        source: jx-hptc
        where: Table 1, Ti row (3.0); the JX index overview calls titanium the main additive element
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: No safety data sheet for C1990 itself was found. The hazards section records the PubChem and supplier data for copper metal and titanium metal, which describe the elements and not this alloy.
      level: 0
      verdict: Element data only, not the alloy
      gap: The JX product pages give no health or safety information.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: 'The pages name one measured limit that matters for failure: low stretch in the hardest temper.'
      points:
        - label: Hardest temper
          line: The ESH temper has a typical elongation of 3.0 % and no specification minimum, against a typical 17.0 % in EH.
        - label: Foil thickness
          line: Foil is made at 30 µm to 100 µm, and JX says its higher thickness precision keeps the spring properties stable.
      level: 1
      verdict: Little stretch in hardest temper
    - title: Handling
      points:
        - label: Pick the temper
          line: EH, SH and ESH give different strength and stretch, so the order must name the temper.
        - label: Foil width
          line: Foil is made up to 450 mm wide, per JX's typical dimensions.