spore: profile id: bronze-c954 spore_version: 0.2 family: copper-alloys name: Aluminium bronze C95400 abbreviation: C954 role: cast bearing, gear and marine alloy category: metals type: copper-alloys summary: | Aluminium bronze C95400 (UNS C95400, ASTM B505 and B148, SAE 68A) is a copper alloy with 10.00 to 11.50 % aluminium and 3.00 to 5.00 % iron, cast for bearings, gears, valve parts and marine hardware. Its density is 7.45 g/cm3 and it melts between 1027 and 1038 °C. The continuous-cast grade has a minimum tensile strength of 586 MPa as cast and 655 MPa heat treated, with 12 % and 10 % minimum elongation (Concast). Seawater attack is rated low in general, but dealuminification can leave a weak, porous copper residue. For the pure metal see the [copper profile](/profiles/copper/). best_for: Heavily loaded, low-speed bearings, worm gears and valve parts, and marine hardware in seawater (Concast, Bunting, Wikipedia) weakest_at: Dealuminification in seawater crevices, under deposits or with galvanic coupling, and oxyacetylene welding (not recommended by Concast) identity: formula: 'Cu-Al-Fe casting alloy, UNS C95400: copper 83.00 min, aluminium 10.00 to 11.50, iron 3.00 to 5.00, nickel 1.50 max (includes cobalt), manganese 0.50 max (wt %, ASTM B505 limits as printed)' source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, ASTM B505/B505M-23; the CDA cast-bronze table (row C95400), the Aviva page and the Bunting page print the same ranges designations: - system: Name code: C95400 Aluminum Bronze note: C954 - system: Name code: Aluminum Bronze 9C - system: Name code: 9C - system: CDA code: '954' - system: UNS code: C95400 - system: ASTM code: B505 - system: ASTM code: B148 - system: ASTM code: B271 - system: ASTM code: B-763 - system: Name code: SB-148 Grade C - system: SAE code: J461 - system: SAE code: J462 - system: SAE code: 68A - system: Name code: CA954 - system: AMS code: '4870' - system: AMS code: '4871' - system: AMS code: '4635' - system: Name code: QQ-C-390, G5 - system: MIL code: B-16033 - system: MIL code: Class 3 - system: Name code: Aluminium Bronzes note: CDA group C95000-C95999 tags: environments: [] stresses: [] applications: - mechanisms - structures properties: - benchmark: density label: Density, C95400 (Concast) value: 7.45 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (standard continuous-cast sheet) temperature: 20 °C unit_in_source: 0.269 lb/in3 at 68 °F (US column) method: Value printed in the metric column of a manufacturer's physical properties table status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Density row, metric column - benchmark: melting_point label: Solidus, C95400 (Concast) value: 1027 unit: °C scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 unit_in_source: 1880 °F pressure: not stated method: Value printed in the metric column of a manufacturer's physical properties table status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Melting point solidus row, metric column - benchmark: melting_point label: Liquidus, C95400 (Concast) value: 1038 unit: °C scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 unit_in_source: 1900 °F pressure: not stated method: Value printed in the metric column of a manufacturer's physical properties table status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Melting point liquidus row, metric column - benchmark: thermal_conductivity label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, C95400 (Aviva) value: 58.7 unit: W/(m·K) scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 20 °C unit_in_source: 33.9 Btu·ft/(hr·ft²·°F) at 68 °F (US column) method: Value printed in the metric column of a supplier's physical properties table; the metric unit is printed as W/m·K status: ground source: aviva-c95400 where: Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, metric column - benchmark: cte label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C (Aviva) value: 16.2 unit: ppm/K scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 20 to 300 °C unit_in_source: 16.2 × 10^-6 per °C (20 to 300 °C) us_column: 9.0 × 10^-6 per °F (68 to 572 °F) method: Metric value printed in a supplier's physical properties table; 10^-6 per K is the same unit as ppm/K, so the number is copied without conversion status: ground note: Concast prints 15.5 for the same range (next row); the two sources disagree. source: aviva-c95400 where: Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, metric column - benchmark: cte label: Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C (Concast) value: 15.5 unit: ppm/K scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 20 to 300 °C unit_in_source: 15.5 × 10^-6 per °C (20 to 300 °C) us_column: 9 × 10^-6 per °F (68 to 572 °F) method: Metric value printed in a manufacturer's physical properties table; the same sheet's US value converts to about 16.2, so the two columns disagree status: ground note: Aviva prints 16.2 for the same range (previous row). source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row, metric column - benchmark: electrical_conductivity label: Electrical conductivity, C95400 (Concast) value: 13 unit: '%IACS' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 68 °F (20 °C) unit_in_source: 13% IACS at 68 °F method: Value printed in the US column of a manufacturer's physical properties table; electrical_conductivity is a snake_case name because it is not in the property canon status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Electrical conductivity row - benchmark: electrical_resistivity label: Electrical resistivity, C95400 (Aviva) value: 13.33 unit: µΩ·cm scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 20 °C unit_in_source: 80.2 ohms-cmil/ft at 68 °F (US column) method: Value printed in the metric column of a supplier's physical properties table status: ground source: aviva-c95400 where: Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, metric column - benchmark: specific_heat label: Specific heat capacity, C95400 (Aviva) value: 419 unit: J/(kg·K) scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: 293 K (20 °C) unit_in_source: 0.1 Btu/lb/°F at 68 °F (US column) method: Value printed in the metric column of a supplier's physical properties table status: ground source: aviva-c95400 where: Physical Properties table, Specific Heat Capacity row, metric column - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Modulus of elasticity in tension, C95400 (Concast) value: 107000 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 temperature: not stated unit_in_source: 15500 ksi (US column) method: Value printed in the metric column of a manufacturer's physical properties table; the row label is printed as Modulas status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Physical properties table, Modulus of elasticity in tension row, metric column - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, continuous cast C95400, as cast (minimum) value: 586 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast, standard sheet heat_treatment: as cast (standard sheet; the heat-treated grade has its own sheet, C95400HT) measure: minimum unit_in_source: 85 ksi method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table, metric column status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Mechanical properties table, Tensile strength min, MPa column - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength, continuous cast C95400, as cast (minimum, 0.5 % extension under load) value: 221 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast, standard sheet heat_treatment: as cast (standard sheet; the heat-treated grade has its own sheet, C95400HT) measure: minimum, 0.5 % extension under load unit_in_source: 32 ksi method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table, metric column; the yield definition is 0.5 % extension under load status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Mechanical properties table, Yield strength at 0.5% extension under load min, MPa column - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, continuous cast C95400, as cast (minimum) value: 12 bound: lower unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast, standard sheet heat_treatment: as cast (standard sheet; the heat-treated grade has its own sheet, C95400HT) gauge_length: 2 in or 50 mm method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Mechanical properties table, Elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min column - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, continuous cast solid bar, as cast (minimum), US units value: 85000 bound: lower unit: psi scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: as cast measure: minimum caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, as cast status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, As Cast, Tensile Strength PSI 85,000 min - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength, continuous cast solid bar, as cast (minimum), US units value: 32000 bound: lower unit: psi scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: as cast measure: minimum caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, as cast status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, As Cast, Yield Strength PSI 32,000 min - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, continuous cast solid bar, as cast (minimum) value: 12 bound: lower unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: as cast caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, as cast status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, As Cast, Elongation 12% min - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, continuous cast C95400HT, heat treated (minimum) value: 655 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400HT (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast heat_treatment: heat treated (C95400HT sheet) measure: minimum unit_in_source: 95 ksi method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table, metric column; the remarks column reads Heat treated status: ground source: concast-c95400ht where: Mechanical properties table, row 95 ksi / 655 MPa, Tensile strength min - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength, continuous cast C95400HT, heat treated (minimum, 0.5 % extension under load) value: 310 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400HT (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast heat_treatment: heat treated (C95400HT sheet) measure: minimum, 0.5 % extension under load unit_in_source: 45 ksi method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table, metric column status: ground source: concast-c95400ht where: Mechanical properties table, row 45 ksi / 310 MPa, Yield strength at 0.5% extension under load min - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, continuous cast C95400HT, heat treated (minimum) value: 10 bound: lower unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400HT (ASTM B505/B505M-23) casting_method: continuous cast heat_treatment: heat treated (C95400HT sheet) gauge_length: 2 in or 50 mm method: Minimum value printed in a manufacturer's mechanical properties table status: ground source: concast-c95400ht where: Mechanical properties table, row 10 %, Elongation in 2 in or 50 mm min - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, continuous cast solid bar, heat treated (minimum), US units value: 95000 bound: lower unit: psi scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: heat treated measure: minimum caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, heat treated status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, Heat Treated, Tensile Strength PSI 95,000 min - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength, continuous cast solid bar, heat treated (minimum), US units value: 45000 bound: lower unit: psi scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: heat treated measure: minimum caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, heat treated status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, Heat Treated, Yield Strength PSI 45,000 min - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, continuous cast solid bar, heat treated (minimum) value: 10 bound: lower unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: heat treated caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Minimum value printed in a supplier's typical properties block, continuous cast, heat treated status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Physical Properties, Continuous Cast, Heat Treated, Elongation 10% min - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength label: Tensile strength, sand casting to ASTM B148 (minimum) value: 515 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B148 sand casting) casting_method: sand casting (ASTM B148) heat_treatment: as cast or solution annealed or normalized (the sheet's heat-treatment column; minimums not split by route) measure: minimum caveat: reference values on a casting vendor's sheet; the vendor disclaims them method: Minimum value printed on a casting vendor's ASTM B148 data sheet status: ground source: icast-b148 where: Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 515 min - benchmark: yield_strength label: Yield strength, sand casting to ASTM B148 (minimum) value: 205 bound: lower unit: MPa scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B148 sand casting) casting_method: sand casting (ASTM B148) heat_treatment: as cast or solution annealed or normalized (the sheet's heat-treatment column; minimums not split by route) measure: minimum caveat: reference values on a casting vendor's sheet; the vendor disclaims them method: Minimum value printed on a casting vendor's ASTM B148 data sheet status: ground source: icast-b148 where: Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 205 min - benchmark: elongation label: Elongation, sand casting to ASTM B148 (minimum) value: 12 bound: lower unit: '%' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B148 sand casting) casting_method: sand casting (ASTM B148) heat_treatment: as cast or solution annealed or normalized (the sheet's heat-treatment column; minimums not split by route) caveat: reference values on a casting vendor's sheet; the vendor disclaims them method: Minimum value printed on a casting vendor's ASTM B148 data sheet status: ground source: icast-b148 where: Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in % 12 min - benchmark: hardness_brinell label: Hardness, sand casting to ASTM B148 (minimum) value: 150 bound: lower unit: BHN scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 (ASTM B148 sand casting) casting_method: sand casting (ASTM B148) heat_treatment: as cast or solution annealed or normalized (the sheet's heat-treatment column; minimums not split by route) caveat: reference values on a casting vendor's sheet; the vendor disclaims them method: Minimum value printed on a casting vendor's ASTM B148 data sheet; the name hardness_brinell is snake_case because it is not in the property canon status: ground source: icast-b148 where: Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in BHN 150 min - benchmark: hardness_brinell label: Brinell hardness, continuous cast solid bar, as cast (3000 kg load) value: 170 unit: BHN scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: as cast load: 3000 kg caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Value printed in a supplier's typical properties block; the name hardness_brinell is snake_case because it is not in the property canon status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: 'Typical Properties block, Brinell Hardness (3000 kg load; As Cast): 170' - benchmark: hardness_brinell label: Brinell hardness, continuous cast solid bar, heat treated (3000 kg load) value: 195 unit: BHN scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 casting_method: continuous cast solid bar heat_treatment: heat treated load: 3000 kg caveat: typical properties, not for specification (supplier note) method: Value printed in a supplier's typical properties block; the name hardness_brinell is snake_case because it is not in the property canon status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: 'Typical Properties block, Brinell Hardness (3000 kg load; Heat Treated): 195' - benchmark: machinability_rating label: Machinability rating, C95400 (supplier index) value: 60 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 basis: relative index as printed; the sheet does not print the reference alloy method: Index printed in a manufacturer's machinability table; the name machinability_rating is snake_case because it is not in the property canon status: ground source: concast-c95400 where: Machinability table, Copper alloy UNS no. C95400, Machinability rating 60 - benchmark: max_service_temp label: Maximum operating temperature, bar product (intermittent) value: 750 bound: upper unit: °F scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 note_in_source: intermittent to 1200 °F basis: service limit printed for the bar product method: Maximum operating temperature printed in a supplier's typical properties block status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Maximum Operating Temperature row - benchmark: min_service_temp label: Minimum operating temperature, bar product value: -450 unit: °F scope: material conditions: grade: C95400 basis: service limit printed for the bar product method: Minimum operating temperature printed in a supplier's typical properties block status: ground source: bunting-c95400 where: Typical Properties block, Minimum Operating Temperature row corrosion: - environment: Sea water, free exposure (general corrosion) headline: Hendrix says general corrosion in sea water is too small to cause significant damage to non-ferrous alloys in normal use. effect: Hendrix says the metal removed by general corrosion in sea water or fresh water is insufficient to cause significant damage to any non-ferrous metal or alloy in normal commercial use. It also says aluminium bronzes free from gamma-2 phase show no selective phase corrosion under free exposure in fresh or sea water. No measured corrosion rate for C95400 was read. rating: low conditions: basis: qualitative statements for non-ferrous alloys and for aluminium bronzes (Hendrix); no C95400 rate in the pages read test: not stated source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (i) Uniform or General Corrosion; Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack, free exposure paragraph - environment: Sea water with sulphide pollution (pitting) headline: Sulphide pollution of sea water may pit aluminium bronzes, although copper alloys do not normally pit in sea water. effect: Hendrix says pitting in copper alloys is not directly associated with chloride content, and copper alloys do not normally show significant pitting in sea water service. Sulphide pollution of sea water may cause pitting in most copper alloys, including aluminium bronzes; for polluted waters it names copper alloys containing tin as usually best. rating: unknown conditions: basis: qualitative; the source gives no depth, rate, test time or rating pollutant: sulphide source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (ii) Pitting - environment: 'Dealuminification: sea water or fresh water under crevices, deposits, marine growth, or galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling' headline: Dealuminification is the selective loss of aluminium from aluminium bronze, and it can be largely prevented with an alloy free of gamma-2 phase. effect: Hendrix says dealuminification is selective phase attack in aluminium bronzes. It describes dealloying as leaving a porous, very low strength copper residue that keeps the shape of the part, which makes the depth hard to judge without metallographic sections. Under free exposure in fresh or sea water, gamma-2-free aluminium bronzes show no selective phase corrosion, but crevices, deposits, marine growth, galvanic corrosion or electrical leakage can cause it. Hendrix calls selective phase attack, of which dealuminification is a form, not usually of great significance, and says it occurs only under particular severe service conditions. rating: low conditions: basis: 'Hendrix wording: ''not usually of great significance''; no depth or rate for C95400 in the pages read' gamma2_phase: C95400 gamma-2 status not stated in the pages read source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying risks: hazards: - text: 'Copper dust, spray or crystals: the CDC ToxFAQ says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. It also says the U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer.' ghs: [] source: atsdr-copper where: ToxFAQs sections How can copper affect my health? and Can copper cause cancer? - text: 'Nickel and lead: the composition has up to 1.50 % nickel including cobalt (ASTM B505 limits on the Concast sheet). Bunting''s warning for its C95400 bars says the product can expose you to nickel, lead and tetrafluoroethylene, which California lists as causing cancer, and to nickel and lead, which California lists as causing birth defects or other reproductive harm.' ghs: [] source: bunting-c95400 where: Warning paragraph after the typical properties failure_risks: - mode: Dealuminification of two-phase aluminium bronze trigger: Sea water or fresh water in crevices, under deposits or marine growth, or with galvanic or electrical-leakage coupling; Hendrix ties the risk to gamma-2 phase in the alloy consequence: Selective removal of aluminium leaves a porous, weak copper residue that keeps the shape of the part. Hendrix says the depth is very hard to judge except by sectioning. Severity is our judgement from the Hendrix wording, which calls selective phase attack not usually of great significance but possible under crevice and galvanic conditions. severity: moderate source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying - mode: Stress corrosion cracking in ammonia trigger: Tensile stress from working, welding or assembly, together with ammonia or an ammonia-like atmosphere consequence: Hendrix says stress corrosion cracking of aluminium bronzes in ammonia follows a transgranular path. It rates aluminium bronzes much superior to brasses, though not as good as copper-nickel. severity: low source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion - mode: Pitting in sulphide-polluted sea water trigger: Sulphide pollution of sea water consequence: Hendrix says pitting is important because it can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. The source gives no depth or rate for C95400. severity: moderate source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (ii) Pitting side_effects: - text: 'Copper pick-up: in some aggressive waters, pure copper and some high-copper alloys can put enough copper into water to increase corrosion of galvanized steel or aluminium alloys downstream. Hendrix says aluminium bronzes are virtually unaffected by cupro-solvent waters and show no copper pick-up problems.' affects: Galvanized steel and aluminium alloys downstream of the component source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (i) Uniform or General Corrosion, first paragraph handling: - text: 'Specify the condition on the order: continuous-cast as cast gives 586 MPa minimum tensile and 12 % minimum elongation; the heat-treated C95400HT gives 655 MPa and 10 %.' source: concast-c95400 where: Mechanical properties tables (ASTM B505/B505M-23) for C95400 and C95400HT - text: Bearings need hardened steel shafts and constant lubrication with grease, graphite or molybdenum disulfide, according to Bunting. source: bunting-c95400 where: Item description paragraph - text: Oxyacetylene welding is not recommended. Gas shielded arc welding and coated metal arc welding are rated good. source: concast-c95400 where: Fabrication properties table - text: If you work with copper, wear the necessary protective clothing and equipment, follow safety procedures, and shower and change clothes before going home, according to the CDC. source: atsdr-copper where: How can I protect my family from copper exposure? mitigations: - text: Keep the alloy free from gamma-2 phase by controlling its composition and cooling rate. Hendrix says this very largely prevents dealuminification under most conditions of service. source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (iv) Selective Phase Attack and Section (v) Dealloying - text: Stress-relieve parts after working or welding, and keep assembly stresses low, to reduce the risk of stress corrosion cracking, according to Hendrix. source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion - text: Where service stresses are high, the low susceptibility of aluminium bronzes to stress corrosion matters, and Hendrix says it is especially low for nickel aluminium bronzes, which are a different alloy. source: hgh-al-bronze where: Section (viii) Stress Corrosion uses: - application: mechanisms device: Bearings, bushings, spur gears and heavily loaded worm gears example: Concast lists bearing segments for the steel industry, bearings, bushings, gears, heavily loaded worm gears and spur gears among the typical uses of C95400. source: concast-c95400 where: Typical uses list, Industrial entry - application: structures device: Covers for marine hardware and ship building parts example: Concast lists covers for marine hardware and ship building among the typical uses of C95400. The application slug is our mapping of this marine use. source: concast-c95400 where: Typical uses list, Marine entry - application: mechanisms device: Pump parts, valve bodies, valve guides, valve seats and valves example: Concast lists pump parts, valve bodies, valve guides, valve seats and valves among the typical uses of C95400. source: concast-c95400 where: Typical uses list, Industrial entry supply: - subject: Copper (mine production, copper content, 2025e), the matrix of the alloy at 83.00 % minimum producers: - country: Chile share_percent: 23 year: 2025 - country: Congo (Kinshasa) share_percent: 13.9 year: 2025 - country: Peru share_percent: 11.7 year: 2025 - country: China share_percent: 7.8 year: 2025 - country: Russia share_percent: 5.7 year: 2025 critical_lists: - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, per the USGS copper summary) listed: true recycling: 'USGS: brass and wire-rod mills accounted for about 80 % of the copper recovered from scrap, and copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30 % of U.S. copper supply.' substitutes: - 'USGS: aluminum, optical fiber and plastics substitute for copper in some uses, and titanium and steel are used in heat exchangers. The summary does not mention bronze.' source: usgs-copper-mcs2026 where: World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e (world total 23,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 5,300, 3,200, 2,700, 1,800 and 1,300); Critical minerals paragraph; Recycling; Substitutes - subject: Aluminium (primary smelter production, 2025e), the main alloying element at 10.00 to 11.50 % abundance: 'USGS: global bauxite resources are estimated at 55 billion to 75 billion tons' producers: - country: China share_percent: 60.8 year: 2025 - country: India share_percent: 5.7 year: 2025 - country: Russia share_percent: 5.3 year: 2025 - country: Canada share_percent: 4.5 year: 2025 - country: United Arab Emirates share_percent: 3.6 year: 2025 critical_lists: [] recycling: 'USGS: aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.6 million tons in 2025, and aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 28 % of apparent consumption.' substitutes: - 'USGS: composites, magnesium, steel and titanium can substitute for aluminum in some ground transportation uses. The summary does not mention bronze.' source: usgs-aluminum-mcs2026 where: World Smelter Production and Capacity table, smelter production 2025e (world total 74,000 thousand t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed values 45,000, 4,200, 3,900, 3,300 and 2,700); Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources documents: - title: 'Wieland Concast: C95400 aluminum bronze, continuous cast datasheet (standard stock, ASTM B505)' type: datasheet url: https://www.concast.com/files/C95400.pdf - title: 'Wieland Concast: C95400HT heat-treated aluminum bronze datasheet' type: datasheet url: https://www.concast.com/files/C95400HT.pdf - title: 'Aviva Metals: C95400 Aluminum Bronze (C954), product page with standards, uses and physical properties' type: datasheet url: https://avivametals.com/products/c95400-aluminum-bronze-9c - title: 'Bunting Bearings: C95400 continuous cast aluminum bronze solid bar item page (typical properties)' type: datasheet url: https://catalog.buntingbearings.com/sl/printitem/-font-color-black-continuous-cast-solid-bars-font-/-font-color-black-c95400-font-aluminum-bronze-bars/b954s000022 - title: 'iCast Alloys: ASTM B148 Aluminum Bronze UNS C95400 data sheet' type: datasheet url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B148%20Aluminum%20Bronze%20UNS%20C95400.pdf - title: 'Copper Development Association: Standard Designation for Cast Copper Alloys (application datasheet, revised 13 May 2026)' type: datasheet url: https://datasheets.copper.org/cast-bronzes.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'The Hendrix Group archive: aluminium bronze, 3 corrosion types' type: report url: https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types - title: 'Wikipedia: Aluminium bronze (seawater resistance, marine applications, alloy designations)' type: database url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze year: 2026 - title: 'ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (U.S. CDC)' type: report url: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf year: 2026 - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf year: 2026 gaps: - Seawater corrosion rate for C95400 was not found in any page we could open. The copper.org marine pages returned by search were blocked or cover nickel aluminium bronze (C95800), so they are not used. A forum estimate seen in search results is not used. - Dealuminification has no depth, rate or test time for C95400 in the pages read. Hendrix does not say whether C95400 forms gamma-2 phase, and the composition at which gamma-2 forms is not printed on the pages read. - The Pumps and Systems article on dealloying in service-water pumps redirected to a viewer, and the Corrosionpedia dealuminization page returned an error. Neither is used. - Aviva's mechanical-property table could not be read cell by cell in the extracted text (its sand-cast and centrifugal rows shift columns), so those rows are not used. No shear, fatigue or impact strength for C95400 is recorded. - 'The coefficient of thermal expansion disagrees between sources: Concast prints 15.5 ppm/K for 20 to 300 °C, while its own U.S. value (9 × 10^-6 per °F) converts to about 16.2, and Aviva prints 16.2. Both are kept, each with its source.' - 'Electrical conductivity: Aviva prints 0.75 MegaSiemens/cm at 20 °C, which does not agree with its own 13 %IACS; Concast prints 0.075, which does. Only the %IACS value is recorded.' - 'Two metric units are printed wrongly on the Concast sheet: thermal conductivity as W/m and specific heat as J/kg. The Aviva page prints W/m·K and J/kg·K, so Aviva values are used for those two properties.' - Sand-cast minimums (515 MPa, 205 MPa, 12 %, 150 BHN) come from the iCast ASTM B148 sheet, which disclaims them as reference only and gives one heat-treatment column for as cast, solution annealed or normalized. The ASTM B148 text itself was not opened. - Bunting's typical properties are marked not to be used for specification. Concast's ASTM B505 minimums are the closer basis; both are kept with their own conditions. - The standard Concast sheet does not print 'as cast' beside its mechanical row; it is read as the as-cast grade because the heat-treated grade has its own sheet, C95400HT. - 'Hardness: Concast prints typical hardness of 170 as cast and 177 heat treated at 500 kg. These are not recorded because Bunting''s values are at 3000 kg, and the name hardness_brinell is not in the property canon.' - 'Lead: the Concast composition table has no lead line, but Bunting''s California warning for its C95400 bars lists lead. The lead limit of this alloy is not settled by the sources read.' - SAE 68A is printed on the Aviva page for C95400. A 2013 National Bronze table, seen only in search results, pairs 68A with C95200; it was not opened, so the 68A match rests on one page. - 'Aluminium''s status on the U.S. 2025 critical-minerals list is not stated: the USGS aluminum summary does not mention the list, and the USGS list page returned a 403 block. Copper is listed, per the USGS copper summary.' - Machinability 60 is a supplier index with no reference alloy printed. The name machinability_rating is not in the property canon. - No CAS number, crystal system or space group was read for the alloy, and no GHS classification. Hazard data rest on the CDC ToxFAQ for copper and on Bunting's Prop 65 warning. - No space-environment data (vacuum, outgassing, radiation or atomic oxygen) for C95400 were read, so tags.environments is empty. - 'Supply shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed USGS values: copper 2025e mine production, world total 23,000 thousand t; aluminium 2025e smelter production, world total 74,000 thousand t. Neither USGS summary mentions bronze.' - No Poisson's ratio or fatigue strength was found in the pages read. No media were added; no image was fetched or checked. sources: concast-c95400: title: Wieland Concast, C95400 aluminum bronze, continuous cast datasheet (standard stock; composition, mechanical, physical, machinability, fabrication, typical uses) url: https://www.concast.com/files/C95400.pdf kind: datasheet license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced) concast-c95400ht: title: Wieland Concast, C95400HT heat-treated aluminum bronze datasheet (mechanical properties, machinability) url: https://www.concast.com/files/C95400HT.pdf kind: datasheet license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced) aviva-c95400: title: Aviva Metals, C95400 Aluminum Bronze (C954), product page (standards, typical uses, physical properties) url: https://avivametals.com/products/c95400-aluminum-bronze-9c kind: datasheet license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced) bunting-c95400: title: Bunting Bearings, C95400 continuous cast aluminum bronze solid bar item page (typical properties, not for specification) url: https://catalog.buntingbearings.com/sl/printitem/-font-color-black-continuous-cast-solid-bars-font-/-font-color-black-c95400-font-aluminum-bronze-bars/b954s000022 kind: datasheet license: Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced) icast-b148: title: iCast Alloys, ASTM B148 Aluminum Bronze UNS C95400 data sheet (sand castings; reference only) url: https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B148%20Aluminum%20Bronze%20UNS%20C95400.pdf kind: datasheet license: Supplier data sheet (cited, not reproduced) cda-cast-bronzes: title: Copper Development Association, Standard Designation for Cast Copper Alloys (application datasheet, revised 13 May 2026; C95400 composition row) url: https://datasheets.copper.org/cast-bronzes.pdf year: 2026 kind: datasheet license: Copper Development Association (cited, not reproduced) hgh-al-bronze: title: 'The Hendrix Group, Material Property Data: aluminium bronze, corrosion types (uniform, pitting, selective phase attack, dealloying, stress corrosion, galvanic)' url: https://hghouston.com/archive/material-property-data/copper-and-copper-alloys/aluminum-bronze/3-corrosion-types kind: web license: Technical archive page (cited, not reproduced) wiki-aluminium-bronze: title: 'Aluminium bronze (Wikipedia): seawater resistance, marine applications, alloy composition table' url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze year: 2026 kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced) atsdr-copper: title: 'ATSDR ToxFAQs: Copper (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. CDC)' url: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=205&toxid=37 kind: report license: U.S. government public domain (cited, not reproduced) usgs-copper-mcs2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper' id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026 url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: public domain (USGS) usgs-aluminum-mcs2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum' id: USGS MCS 2026, February 2026 url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf year: 2026 kind: report license: public domain (USGS) license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-24' media: [] review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 31 unreachable: 0 caveats: 14 note: 'Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: the Concast C95400 and C95400HT sheets, the Aviva product page, the Bunting item page, the iCast ASTM B148 sheet, the CDA cast-bronze datasheet, the Hendrix corrosion page, Wikipedia, the CDC ToxFAQ for copper, and the USGS MCS 2026 copper and aluminum summaries. Blocked or not used: MakeItFrom (blocked), the PACE metallographic.com materials database (taken offline), the USGS 2025 critical-list page (403), Corrosionpedia (error), the Pumps and Systems article (viewer redirect), and copper.org marine pages (nickel aluminium bronze only). Caveats: the CTE disagrees between Concast and Aviva; the iCast and Bunting values carry the source''s own reference or not-for-specification notes.' story: why: Aluminium bronze C95400 is a copper alloy in which aluminium is the main alloying element. Aviva calls it the most popular all-purpose aluminium bronze, with high yield and tensile strength, good ductility, and exceptional resistance to wear, fatigue and deformation under shock or overload. Bunting says its physical properties stay good at elevated temperature and that it suits heavily loaded bearings. Concast lists marine hardware and ship building among its uses. Wikipedia says the aluminium forms a tough surface layer that protects the copper-rich alloy, and that aluminium bronzes resist corrosion in sea water. risk_groups: - title: For people lead: The alloy contains nickel, and Bunting's catalogue carries a California warning that names nickel and lead. Copper dust irritates the airways. level: 1 verdict: Warning on nickel and lead points: - label: Nickel line: C95400 contains up to 1.50 % nickel, including cobalt (ASTM B505 limits on the Concast sheet). Bunting's warning says the product can expose you to nickel, lead and tetrafluoroethylene, which California lists as causing cancer, and to nickel and lead, which California lists as causing birth defects or other reproductive harm. - label: Lead line: Bunting calls C95400 a non-lead alloy, and the Concast composition table has no lead line. The same Bunting warning lists lead, so these sources do not settle the lead content. - label: Copper dust line: The CDC says breathing copper dusts, sprays or crystals can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness and headaches. The U.S. DHHS, EPA and IARC have not evaluated copper for cancer. - title: If it fails lead: 'The failure routes in these sources are chemical: dealuminification in sea water, pitting in polluted sea water, and cracking in ammonia.' level: 2 verdict: Chemical attack in seawater points: - label: Dealuminification line: In sea water, crevices, deposits, marine growth or galvanic coupling can remove aluminium selectively, leaving a porous copper residue that is weak. Hendrix says selective phase attack, of which this is a form, is not usually of great significance and occurs only under particular severe conditions. - label: Sulphide pollution line: Sulphide-polluted sea water may pit aluminium bronzes. Hendrix says pitting can perforate a valve, pump casting or water tube in a relatively short time. - label: Ammonia line: Hendrix says aluminium bronzes can crack in ammonia under tensile stress, along a transgranular path, and that they resist this much better than brasses. - title: Handling and storage points: - label: Pick the condition line: As cast, continuous-cast C95400 gives 586 MPa minimum tensile strength and 12 % elongation. Heat treated, C95400HT gives 655 MPa and 10 %. Bunting says the bar is available either way. - label: Welding line: Concast rates oxyacetylene welding as not recommended, and gas shielded and coated metal arc welding as good. - label: Bearings line: Bunting says C95400 needs hardened steel shafts and constant lubrication with grease, graphite or molybdenum disulfide. uses: - where: Bearings, gears and valve parts line: Concast and Aviva both list bearings, bushings, spur and worm gears, heavily loaded worm gears, valve bodies, valve guides and valve seats among typical uses. Bunting says the alloy suits low-speed, very high load bearings. - where: Marine hardware and ship building line: Concast and Aviva list covers for marine hardware and ship building. Wikipedia says aluminium bronzes are used for marine propellers, pumps, valves, shipbuilding components and hull fittings, because of their resistance to sea water. can_do: - label: Strength as cast value: 586 MPa minimum tensile line: Continuous-cast C95400 as cast has a minimum tensile strength of 586 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 221 MPa, with 12 % minimum elongation (ASTM B505 minimums, Concast). - label: Strength heat treated value: 655 MPa minimum tensile line: The heat-treated C95400HT sheet gives 655 MPa minimum tensile and 310 MPa minimum yield strength, with 10 % minimum elongation (Concast). - label: Weight value: 7.45 g/cm3 benchmark: density line: Density is 7.45 g/cm3 at 20 °C (Concast, metric column). - label: Carry heat value: 58.7 W/(m·K) benchmark: thermal_conductivity line: Thermal conductivity is 58.7 W/(m·K) at 20 °C (Aviva, metric column). - label: Carry current value: 13 %IACS line: Electrical conductivity is 13 %IACS at 68 °F (Concast; Aviva prints the same value). - label: Melting value: 1027 to 1038 °C line: The solidus is 1027 °C and the liquidus is 1038 °C (Concast, metric column). - label: Hardness value: 170 BHN as cast line: Bunting prints 170 Brinell as cast and 195 heat treated, both at a 3000 kg load. The iCast ASTM B148 sand-casting minimum is 150 BHN. - label: Service temperature value: '-450 °F to 750 °F' line: Bunting prints a minimum operating temperature of -450 °F and a maximum of 750 °F, intermittent to 1200 °F. compare: The [copper profile](/profiles/copper/) covers the pure metal, which has no aluminium or iron. The rows below give this alloy's own density, thermal conductivity and elastic modulus. No other alloy was read in this run, so the comparison with other alloys is left to their own profiles. compare_rows: - label: Density benchmark: density - label: Thermal conductivity benchmark: thermal_conductivity - label: Elastic modulus benchmark: elastic_modulus handling: - 'Specify the condition on the order: as cast (586 MPa minimum tensile, 12 % elongation) or heat treated (655 MPa, 10 %).' - Use hardened steel shafts and constant lubrication for bearings (Bunting). - Avoid oxyacetylene welding (Concast). Gas shielded or coated metal arc welding is rated good. - Stress-relieve parts after working or welding (Hendrix), and keep them out of ammonia and ammonium compounds. - The CDC advises protective clothing and equipment for work with copper, and changing clothes before going home. good_for: - Heavily loaded, low-speed bearings, worm gears and valve parts (Concast, Aviva, Bunting). - Marine hardware and ship building, where sea water resistance matters (Concast; Wikipedia for sea water). - 'Parts that need strength from heat treatment: the C95400HT sheet gives 655 MPa minimum tensile.' watch_out: - Dealuminification in sea water crevices, under deposits, and with galvanic coupling (Hendrix). - Nickel, and the lead named in Bunting's California warning. - Oxyacetylene welding is not recommended (Concast). - The sand-cast minimums are a casting vendor's reference values, and the thermal expansion is printed as 15.5 by one source and 16.2 by another. verdict: 'C95400 is a strong, wear-resistant copper alloy for heavily loaded bearings, gears and marine hardware. Its strength depends on the condition: 586 MPa minimum tensile as cast and 655 MPa heat treated. Wikipedia links its corrosion resistance to its aluminium content, and dealuminification can occur in crevices and under deposits. No sea water corrosion rate, no space-environment data and no confirmed lead limit were found in the pages read.' recipe: line: C95400 is a copper-aluminium-iron casting alloy. Copper is the matrix, and aluminium is the main alloying element. Iron and nickel are added in smaller amounts, and manganese is limited (ASTM B505 limits as printed on the Concast sheet). parts: - name: Copper symbol: Cu share_percent: 83 share_note: minimum role: Matrix of the alloy, 83.00 % minimum as printed. source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, ASTM B505/B505M-23 - name: Aluminium symbol: Al share_percent: 10 share_high: 11.5 role: Main alloying element; it forms a tough surface layer that protects the copper-rich alloy (Wikipedia). source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, ASTM B505/B505M-23 - name: Iron symbol: Fe share_percent: 3 share_high: 5 role: Alloying addition, 3.00 to 5.00 % as printed. source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, ASTM B505/B505M-23 - name: Nickel symbol: Ni share_note: 1.50 maximum, including cobalt role: Limited addition; the Concast sheet says the nickel value includes cobalt. source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, footnote - name: Manganese symbol: Mn share_note: 0.50 maximum role: Limited addition, 0.50 % maximum as printed. source: concast-c95400 where: Chemical composition table, ASTM B505/B505M-23