spore: profile
id: bronze-c510
spore_version: 0.2
family: copper-alloys
name: Phosphor bronze C51000 (CuSn5P)
abbreviation: C510
role: wrought copper-tin alloy for springs, electrical contacts and fasteners
category: metals
type: copper-alloys
summary: |
  Phosphor bronze C51000 (UNS C51000, EN CW451K, name CuSn5, also sold as phosphor bronze 5% A) is a wrought copper alloy with 4.20 to 5.80 % tin and 0.03 to 0.35 % phosphorus. Its density is 8.86 g/cm3 and its electrical conductivity is 15 %IACS. The spring temper H08 has a minimum tensile strength of 790 MPa in fine round sizes, and H02 wire has a yield strength of 550 MPa. It is sold for springs, electrical contacts and fasteners.
best_for: 'Springs and electrical contacts: H08 spring temper has a minimum tensile strength of 790 MPa in fine round sizes (Concast), and the alloy solders and brazes well'
weakest_at: Dust and fume when cut, ground or welded (Fisk SDS); a seawater corrosion rate for C51000 was not found in this run
identity:
  formula: 'Cu-Sn-P wrought alloy, UNS C51000: copper remainder (93.6 to 95.6 %), tin 4.20 to 5.80 %, phosphorus 0.03 to 0.35 %; lead 0.05 max, zinc 0.30 max, iron 0.10 max (wt %)'
  source: concast-c51000
  where: Chemical composition table, C51000 section (concast.com); the aircraftmaterials.com composition table prints the same tin, phosphorus, lead, zinc and iron limits; the Sullins datasheet gives copper 93.6 to 95.6
  designations:
    - system: UNS
      code: C51000
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Page title
    - system: CDA
      code: C510
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Sentence C510 is also designated as CuSn5, CW451K, and PB102
    - system: EN name
      code: CW451K
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Same sentence as the C510 designation
    - system: EN name
      code: CuSn5
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Same sentence as the C510 designation
    - system: BS
      code: PB102
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Same sentence as the C510 designation
    - system: ISO
      code: CuSn5
      source: sullins-ca510
      where: Key Words line, ISO CuSn5
    - system: ASTM
      code: B139
      note: bar and rod
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Bar and Rod row
    - system: ASTM
      code: B103
      note: bar, plate, sheet and strip
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Bar, Plate, Sheet and Strip row
    - system: ASTM
      code: B159
      note: wire
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Wire row
    - system: SAE
      code: J461
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Rod, Sheet, Strip and Wire row
    - system: SAE
      code: J463
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Rod, Sheet, Strip and Wire row
    - system: AMS
      code: '4625'
      note: bar, rod and tube
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Bar, Rod and Tube row
    - system: AMS
      code: '4510'
      note: plate, sheet and strip
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Plate, Sheet and Strip row
    - system: AMS
      code: '4720'
      note: wire
      source: aircraftmaterials-cda510
      where: Specifications table, Wire row
    - system: Trade name
      code: Phosphor bronze 5% A
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Product overview, product description
tags:
  environments: []
  stresses: []
  applications:
    - electronics-and-chips
    - mechanisms
    - structures
properties:
  - benchmark: density
    label: Density, phosphor bronze C51000
    value: 8.86
    unit: g/cm3
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C51000 (5 % Sn, 0.2 % P)
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 0.32 lb/in3 at 68 °F
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Physical Properties table, row Density (page 1)
  - benchmark: melting_point
    label: Solidus and liquidus, phosphor bronze C51000
    value: 954
    value_high: 1049
    bound: range
    unit: °C
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C51000
      unit_in_source: solidus 1750 °F; liquidus 1920 °F
      pressure: not stated
    method: Solidus and liquidus printed in the physical properties table of a supplier page; value is the solidus (low) and the liquidus (high)
    status: ground
    note: The Sullins wire datasheet prints a different range, solidus 975 °C and liquidus 1060 °C, for the same alloy. Both are recorded in the sources; this entry uses the Concast figures.
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Physical properties table, rows Melting point liquidus and solidus
  - benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    label: Electrical conductivity, phosphor bronze C51000
    value: 15
    unit: '%IACS'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      grade: C51000
      temperature: 68 °F (20 °C)
      footnote: Determined on an alloy containing 5 % tin and 0.2 % phosphorus
    method: Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier page
    status: ground
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Physical properties table, row Electrical conductivity
  - benchmark: thermal_conductivity
    label: Thermal conductivity at 20 °C, phosphor bronze C51000 wire
    value: 84
    unit: W/(m·K)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire, 2 mm diameter
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 583 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    note: The Concast physical properties table gives 40 Btu/sq ft/ft hr/°F at 68 °F in US units only; that value is not converted here and is not entered as a property.
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Physical Properties table, page 2, row Thermal Conductivity
  - benchmark: cte
    label: Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 300 °C
    value: 17.8
    unit: µm/(m·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temperature_range: 20 to 300 °C (68 to 570 °F)
      unit_in_source: 9.89 µin/in-°F
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    note: The Sullins table row is labelled 250 °C, but the range printed in the same cell is 20 to 300 °C, so the range is recorded as printed.
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Thermal Properties table, row CTE linear
  - benchmark: specific_heat
    label: Specific heat capacity, phosphor bronze C51000 wire
    value: 0.38
    unit: J/(g·°C)
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 0.0908 BTU/lb-°F
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Thermal Properties table, row Specific Heat Capacity
  - benchmark: elastic_modulus
    label: Modulus of elasticity, phosphor bronze C51000 wire
    value: 110
    unit: GPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      temperature: not stated
      unit_in_source: 16000 ksi
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Mechanical Properties table, row Modulus of Elasticity
  - benchmark: electrical_resistivity
    label: Electrical resistivity at 20 °C, phosphor bronze C51000 wire
    value: 0.0000087
    unit: ohm·cm
    scope: material
    conditions:
      form: wire
      temperature: 20 °C
      unit_in_source: 8.7e-006 ohm-cm
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Electrical Properties table (page 2), row Electrical Resistivity
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, H04 hard temper, minimum
    value: 485
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H04 hard
      size: 1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal
      unit_in_source: 70 ksi
      standard: ASTM B139
    method: Minimum value printed in a mechanical properties table of a supplier page
    status: ground
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Mechanical properties table, H04 hard, row 1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal, column Tensile MPa
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, H04 hard temper, minimum
    value: 13
    bound: lower
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H04 hard
      size: 1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal
      basis: 4 times diameter or specimen thickness
    method: Minimum value printed in a mechanical properties table of a supplier page
    status: ground
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Mechanical properties table, H04 hard, row 1/4 to 1/2 inch round and hexagonal, column Elongation
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, H08 spring temper, minimum
    value: 790
    bound: lower
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H08 spring
      size: 0.026 inch to 1/16 inch round
      unit_in_source: 115 ksi
      standard: ASTM B139
    method: Minimum value printed in a mechanical properties table of a supplier page
    status: ground
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Mechanical properties table, H08 spring, row 0.026 inch to 1/16 inch round inclusive, column Tensile MPa
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Tensile strength, H02 wire
    value: 585
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H02
      form: wire, 2 mm diameter
      unit_in_source: 84800 psi
      elongation_gauge: 50 mm
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength Ultimate
  - benchmark: yield_strength
    label: Yield strength at 0.5 % extension, H02 wire
    value: 550
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H02
      form: wire, 2 mm diameter
      measure: 0.5 % extension under load
      unit_in_source: 79800 psi
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength Yield
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation at break, H02 wire
    value: 8
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: H02
      form: wire, 2 mm diameter
      gauge_length: 50 mm
    method: Value printed in a supplier wire datasheet
    status: ground
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Mechanical Properties table, row Elongation at Break
  - benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
    label: Ultimate tensile strength, hard temper sheet (France et al. 1969 data)
    value: 607
    unit: MPa
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: hard, made by three roll and anneal cycles then a final roll to 0.040 inch
      form: sheet
      unit_in_source: 88 ksi
    method: Value in the data file of a University of Waterloo materials page, which cites W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969; the source notes the data were digitised from plots and may contain errors
    status: ground
    source: fde-510-hard
    where: Data file, row Su (ultimate tensile strength)
  - benchmark: elongation
    label: Elongation, hard temper sheet (France et al. 1969 data)
    value: 9
    unit: '%'
    scope: material
    conditions:
      temper: hard
      form: sheet
      gauge_length: 2 inch
    method: Value in the data file of a University of Waterloo materials page; digitised from plots
    status: ground
    source: fde-510-hard
    where: Data file, row Elongation
corrosion:
  - environment: Air and general service, rated qualitatively
    headline: The wire datasheet rates corrosion resistance as good to excellent, with no numeric rate.
    effect: The Sullins material notes say the alloy has good to excellent corrosion resistance. No corrosion rate in mm/year or mpy was printed on any page read in this run.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: qualitative statement from a wire datasheet
      exposure: not stated
    source: sullins-ca510
    where: Material Notes
  - environment: Alloy chemistry, tin content
    headline: Tin is the element that gives phosphor bronze its corrosion resistance.
    effect: Wikipedia says tin raises the corrosion resistance and strength of phosphor bronze, and that phosphorus raises wear resistance and stiffness. The article gives no corrosion data.
    rating: low
    conditions:
      basis: general description, no test data
    source: wikipedia-phosphor-bronze
    where: Lead section, first paragraph
risks:
  hazards:
    - text: The Fisk Alloy SDS covers C51000, C51900 and C52100 as one product group. The solid alloy is Not Classified under GHS-US, with No Labeling Applicable. Cutting, welding, melting or grinding produce dust and fume that may cause irritation and metal fume fever, and fine dust in air may present an explosion hazard.
      ghs: []
      source: fisk-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazard(s) identification (classification table and HNOC paragraphs)
    - text: The same SDS says tin dust and fume may cause stannosis after chronic exposure, that tin has been shown to increase sarcoma incidence in animal tests, and that long-term phosphorus exposure may affect the kidney and liver.
      ghs: []
      source: fisk-sds
      where: Section 11, Toxicological information, tin and phosphorus paragraphs
  failure_risks:
    - mode: Fatigue under reversed bending
      trigger: Cyclic bending of hard temper sheet at stress amplitudes of about 170 to 340 MPa
      consequence: In the digitised data, the sample with a stress amplitude of 337 MPa failed at 618,640 reversals, and the runout samples at 174 to 182 MPa survived 200,000,000 reversals without failure.
      severity: moderate
      source: fde-510-hard
      where: Fatigue strain-life table, rows 1 and 22 to 24
    - mode: Loss of the set temper on annealing
      trigger: Heating into the annealing range of 475 to 675 °C
      consequence: The temper is reset, so the H02, H04 or H08 strength values stop applying to the part.
      severity: moderate
      source: sullins-ca510
      where: Processing Properties table, row Annealing Temperature
  side_effects: []
  handling:
    - text: Specify the temper, since H04 hard, H08 spring and H02 wire have very different strengths, from 485 MPa minimum for H04 to 790 MPa minimum for H08 in fine round sizes.
      source: concast-c51000
      where: Mechanical properties tables, H04 hard and H08 spring
    - text: Keep parts out of the annealing range of 475 to 675 °C unless the temper is to be reset.
      source: sullins-ca510
      where: Processing Properties table
    - text: Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding, since the SDS warns of irritation and a combustible dust hazard.
      source: fisk-sds
      where: Section 2, Hazard(s) identification
  mitigations: []
uses:
  - application: electronics-and-chips
    device: Electrical contacts and wire forms
    example: Sullins sells phosphor bronze 5 % Sn wire in the H02 temper as a contact material. Wikipedia says phosphor bronze wire is suited to springs, electrical contacts and wire forms where beryllium copper is not required.
    source: wikipedia-phosphor-bronze
    where: Industrial uses, electrical contacts paragraph; Sullins title block
  - application: mechanisms
    device: Springs, bushings and bearings
    example: Wikipedia lists springs, bolts, bushings and bearings among phosphor bronze applications. The H08 spring temper is rated for spring use by its 790 MPa minimum tensile strength.
    source: wikipedia-phosphor-bronze
    where: Industrial uses section
  - application: structures
    device: Fasteners
    example: Concast lists fasteners among the typical uses of C51000, and sells the alloy as bar, rod and wire in the H04 and H08 tempers.
    source: concast-c51000
    where: Typical uses section, fasteners
supply:
  - subject: Copper (93.6 to 95.6 % of the alloy)
    producers:
      - country: Chile
        share_percent: 23
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 13.9
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.7
        year: 2025
      - country: China
        share_percent: 7.8
        year: 2025
      - country: Russia
        share_percent: 5.7
        year: 2025
    critical_lists:
      - list: U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals (copper added, 90 FR 50494)
        listed: true
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum substitutes for copper in electrical equipment and power cable, and optical fiber substitutes for copper in telecommunications applications.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-copper
    where: World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e in thousand tons of copper content (world total 23,000; Chile 5,300; Congo (Kinshasa) 3,200; Peru 2,700; China 1,800; Russia 1,300); shares calculated from those values; Critical minerals text; Substitutes
  - subject: Tin (4.20 to 5.80 % of the alloy)
    producers:
      - country: China
        share_percent: 24.5
        year: 2025
      - country: Indonesia
        share_percent: 21
        year: 2025
      - country: Peru
        share_percent: 11.4
        year: 2025
      - country: Brazil
        share_percent: 9.7
        year: 2025
      - country: Congo (Kinshasa)
        share_percent: 9.3
        year: 2025
    critical_lists: []
    recycling: 'USGS: about 17,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was recycled in 2025, of which about 10,000 tons came from old scrap, and the scrap supplied 22 % of apparent consumption.'
    substitutes:
      - 'USGS: aluminum, glass, paper, plastic or tin-free steel substitute for tin in cans and containers; epoxy resins substitute for tin in solder.'
    source: usgs-mcs2026-tin
    where: 'World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e in metric tons of tin content (world total 290,000; China 71,000; Indonesia 61,000; Peru 33,000; Brazil 28,000; Congo (Kinshasa) 27,000); shares calculated from those values; Recycling; Substitutes; Import Sources (2021-24): refined tin from Peru 31 %, Bolivia 27 %, Indonesia 15 %, Brazil 10 %'
documents:
  - title: Concast, C51000 phosphor bronze product page (composition, physical, mechanical and designation tables)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://concast.com/c51000.php
  - title: aircraftmaterials.com, Phosphor Bronze CDA 510 (UNS C51000)
    type: datasheet
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/copper/cda510.html
  - title: Sullins Corporation, Contact Material Phosphor Bronze CA5100 H02 Temper Wire datasheet
    type: datasheet
    url: https://www.sullinscorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Contact-Material-Phosphor-Bronze-CA5100-H02-Temper-Wire1.pdf
  - title: University of Waterloo FDE data file, Phosphor Bronze C51000 hard temper (after W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969)
    type: database
    url: https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze510-hard.html
  - title: 'Wikipedia: Phosphor bronze'
    type: database
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronze
  - title: Fisk Alloy Safety Data Sheet FAWSDS-5, C51000, C51900, C52100 (revision 11-09-2017)
    type: sds
    url: https://fiskalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Fisk-Alloy-Safety-Datasheet-FAWSDS-5.pdf
    year: 2017
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Copper'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
  - title: 'USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin'
    type: report
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf
    year: 2026
gaps:
  - No seawater or marine corrosion rate for C51000 was read. The Copper Development Association seawater guideline returned HTTP 401 and was not reachable; search snippets were not used as values.
  - No W.Nr. number (2.1020) was confirmed. The search summary gave it from memory and it was not printed on any fetched page, so it is not entered.
  - The EN numeric designation CW451K is printed on the Concast page; a Ningbo Jintian datasheet seen in search lists CW450K instead. The Concast value is used and the conflict is not resolved here.
  - 'Two melting ranges conflict: Concast prints solidus 954 °C and liquidus 1049 °C; the Sullins datasheet prints solidus 975 °C and liquidus 1060 °C. Both are in the sources.'
  - The Concast thermal conductivity is printed only in US units (40 Btu/sq ft/ft hr/°F at 68 °F) and is not converted. The Sullins value of 84 W/(m·K) is used.
  - The France et al. 1969 data file prints an elastic modulus of 110300 with no unit. It is not entered, because the unit was not printed.
  - Hardness (Rockwell B, typical 87 for H04) and machinability rating (20) are printed on the Concast and aircraftmaterials pages but not entered, because their names are not in the canonical property list.
  - Outgassing, cold welding and atomic oxygen erosion for C51000 were not searched and no values are recorded.
  - The USGS tin summary read in this run does not mention a critical minerals list, so the critical list field for tin is empty; the 2025 list was not checked separately.
  - The Fisk SDS composition (copper 89 to 96 %, tin 4.2 to 9.0 %) covers three grades as one product group and is not used as the C51000 composition.
  - Fatigue data are digitised from plots and are taken from one 1969 source; the values are not confirmed against the original paper.
  - Atomic weights for the alloy elements were not read in this run, so the recipe parts carry weight shares only.
  - The 545 MPa yield strength of the 1969 hard temper sheet is printed in the raw page (Sy line, 545 mpa), but verify-values could not match it, so the property was removed rather than kept unverified; the 607 MPa tensile and 9 % elongation from the same page are kept.
sources:
  concast-c51000:
    title: Concast, C51000 phosphor bronze product page
    url: https://concast.com/c51000.php
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer product page (cited, not reproduced)
  aircraftmaterials-cda510:
    title: Phosphor Bronze CDA 510 (UNS C51000), aircraftmaterials.com
    url: https://aircraftmaterials.com/data/copper/cda510.html
    kind: datasheet
    license: Web page (cited, not reproduced)
  sullins-ca510:
    title: Sullins Corporation, Contact Material Phosphor Bronze CA5100 H02 Temper Wire datasheet
    url: https://www.sullinscorp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Contact-Material-Phosphor-Bronze-CA5100-H02-Temper-Wire1.pdf
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer datasheet (cited, not reproduced)
  fde-510-hard:
    title: University of Waterloo FDE, Phosphor Bronze C51000 hard temper, from W.D. France et al., ASTM Journal of Materials, 1969
    url: https://fde.uwaterloo.ca/Fde/Materials/Other/France/france-PhosphorBronze510-hard.html
    kind: database
    license: University web page (cited, not reproduced)
  wikipedia-phosphor-bronze:
    title: 'Wikipedia: Phosphor bronze'
    url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor_bronze
    kind: web
    license: CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)
  fisk-sds:
    title: Fisk Alloy Safety Data Sheet FAWSDS-5, C51000, C51900, C52100
    url: https://fiskalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Fisk-Alloy-Safety-Datasheet-FAWSDS-5.pdf
    year: 2017
    kind: datasheet
    license: Manufacturer safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)
  usgs-mcs2026-copper:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Copper
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
  usgs-mcs2026-tin:
    title: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tin
    url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf
    year: 2026
    kind: report
    license: public domain (USGS)
license: CC-BY-4.0
updated: '2026-10-25'
review:
  status: draft
  method: assistant
  checked_values: 16
  unreachable: 3
  caveats: 6
  note: 'Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry; the USGS PDFs were extracted with pdftotext. Unreachable: the Copper Development Association seawater guideline (HTTP 401), the Wieland B05 datasheet (HTTP 404) and the MakeItFrom page (HTTP 403). Caveats: the FDE values are digitised from plots; the melting ranges conflict between Concast and Sullins; the Concast and Sullins strengths are for different tempers and forms; the tin critical-list status was not read; the W.Nr. number was not confirmed.'
story:
  risk_groups:
    - title: For people
      lead: The opened sources give a hazard for dust and fume from the alloy, not for the solid metal.
      level: 1
      verdict: Dust and fume, not solid metal
      points:
        - label: Solid alloy
          line: The Fisk SDS classifies the solid alloy as Not Classified under GHS-US, with no labelling. Hazards come from the dust, fume and powder made when it is cut, ground or welded.
        - label: Tin and phosphorus in dust
          line: The same SDS says tin dust and fume can cause stannosis after chronic exposure and that tin has been shown to increase sarcoma incidence in animal tests. It also says long-term phosphorus exposure may affect the kidney and liver.
    - title: If it fails
      lead: The failure routes in the sources are fatigue in hard temper sheet and loss of temper on annealing.
      points:
        - label: Fatigue
          line: In the digitised 1969 data, hard temper sheet failed at 618,640 reversals at 337 MPa stress amplitude, and samples at 174 to 182 MPa reached runout at 200,000,000 reversals.
        - label: Annealing
          line: The Sullins datasheet gives an annealing range of 475 to 675 °C. Heating into it resets the temper.
    - title: Handling and storage
      points:
        - label: Specify the temper
          line: H04 hard has 485 MPa minimum tensile strength, H08 spring has 790 MPa minimum in fine round sizes, and H02 wire has 550 MPa yield. Choose the temper before the strength is quoted.
        - label: Dust
          line: Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding.
  why: Phosphor bronze C51000 is a copper alloy with about 5 % tin and 0.2 % phosphorus. Tin gives it corrosion resistance and strength, and phosphorus adds wear resistance and stiffness. The Concast C51000 page gives a minimum tensile strength of 485 MPa for H04 hard bar and 790 MPa for H08 spring in fine round sizes. The Sullins H02 wire datasheet gives 585 MPa tensile and 550 MPa yield at 0.5 % extension. The alloy is used for springs, electrical contacts and fasteners.
  uses:
    - where: Electrical contacts
      line: Sullins sells the H02 wire as a contact material, and Wikipedia says phosphor bronze wire is suited to springs, electrical contacts and wire forms where beryllium copper is not required.
    - where: Springs and bushings
      line: Wikipedia lists springs, bolts, bushings and bearings among phosphor bronze applications. The H08 spring temper has a minimum tensile strength of 790 MPa in fine round sizes.
    - where: Fasteners
      line: Concast lists fasteners among the typical uses of C51000 and sells it as bar, rod and wire.
  can_do:
    - label: Carry springs
      value: 790 MPa minimum
      benchmark: ultimate_tensile_strength
      line: The H08 spring temper has a minimum tensile strength of 790 MPa for 0.026 inch to 1/16 inch round wire.
    - label: Take the density
      value: 8.86 g/cm3
      benchmark: density
      line: The Sullins datasheet gives a density of 8.86 g/cm3 at 20 °C.
    - label: Conduct electricity
      value: 15 %IACS
      benchmark: electrical_conductivity
      line: The Concast page gives an electrical conductivity of 15 %IACS at 68 °F, for an alloy with 5 % tin and 0.2 % phosphorus.
    - label: Melt
      value: 954 to 1049 °C
      benchmark: melting_point
      line: The solidus is 954 °C and the liquidus is 1049 °C in the Concast table. The Sullins sheet gives a different range.
  compare: Compared with pure copper, the phosphor bronze C51000 gives much higher strength in the spring temper, and the datasheets give 15 %IACS electrical conductivity for the alloy. Compare the three rows below as examples; the copper profile uses a different grade.
  compare_rows:
    - label: Density
      benchmark: density
    - label: Electrical conductivity
      benchmark: electrical_conductivity
    - label: Thermal expansion
      benchmark: cte
  handling:
    - Specify the temper, since the strength depends strongly on it.
    - Keep parts out of the annealing range of 475 to 675 °C unless the temper is to be reset.
    - Control dust, fume and sparks when cutting, grinding or welding.
  good_for:
    - 'Springs and electrical contacts: H08 spring temper gives 790 MPa minimum tensile strength in fine round sizes.'
    - 'Solderable and brazeable parts: the Concast fabrication table rates soldering and brazing as excellent.'
    - 'Fasteners and bushings: wear resistance is raised by phosphorus, according to Wikipedia.'
  watch_out:
    - Dust and fume when cut, ground or welded, per the Fisk SDS.
    - Strength falls if the part is annealed above 475 °C.
    - No seawater corrosion rate for C51000 was found in this run.
    - Melting ranges differ between the Concast and Sullins sources.
  verdict: Phosphor bronze C51000 is a tin-bronze with 4.20 to 5.80 % tin and 0.03 to 0.35 % phosphorus. Its strength depends strongly on temper, and the H08 spring temper gives 790 MPa minimum tensile strength in fine round sizes. The alloy is solderable and brazeable, and dust from machining is the main hazard. This profile lacks a seawater corrosion rate and the W.Nr. number.
  recipe:
    line: 'C51000 is a copper-tin-phosphorus alloy: copper is the matrix, and tin gives most of the strength and corrosion resistance. Phosphorus is a trace addition that Wikipedia says raises wear resistance and stiffness. Lead, zinc and iron are impurity limits, and the wrought bar, rod, wire and sheet are made by cold working and annealing.'
    parts:
      - name: Copper
        symbol: Cu
        share: 93.6 to 95.6 %
        role: The matrix. The Sullins datasheet gives Cu 93.6 to 95.6 %; the Concast page gives copper as the remainder.
      - name: Tin
        symbol: Sn
        share: 4.20 to 5.80 %
        role: Gives most of the strength and corrosion resistance (Wikipedia, Concast composition table).
      - name: Phosphorus
        symbol: P
        share: 0.03 to 0.35 %
        role: A trace addition that raises wear resistance and stiffness (Wikipedia).
      - name: Lead
        symbol: Pb
        share: 0.05 % max
        role: Impurity limit.
      - name: Zinc
        symbol: Zn
        share: 0.30 % max
        role: Impurity limit.
      - name: Iron
        symbol: Fe
        share: 0.10 % max
        role: Impurity limit.