spore: profile id: aluminosilicate-glass spore_version: 0.2 family: glass-and-composites name: Aluminosilicate glass abbreviation: Aluminosilicate role: display and cover glass category: glasses-optics type: borosilicate summary: | Aluminosilicate glass is a silica network with alumina and alkali or alkaline-earth oxides added. Corning's EAGLE XG, an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate, has a density of 2.38 g/cc, a strain point of 669 C and a working point of 1293 C (Corning MIE 301, 2006). Corning's Gorilla Glass 2, an alkali aluminosilicate, has a compressive stress capability of 1000 MPa at a 40 um depth of layer after chemical strengthening (Corning product sheet, 2012). Chemical strengthening swaps sodium ions in the surface for potassium ions from a hot salt bath. NASA tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate window glass for Apollo and found no refractive-index change at the third decimal after 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation (NASA, 1968). best_for: Thin cover and display glass that is chemically strengthened, where hardness and a high softening point matter more than cost weakest_at: 'Cost and processing: EAGLE XG has a working point of 1293 C, and strengthening needs a molten potassium salt bath (EAGLE XG data, Zeng et al. 2016)' identity: formula: 'Silica-alumina network with alkali or alkaline-earth oxides (model alkali aluminosilicate: 0.25 Na2O, 0.08 Al2O3, 0.67 SiO2 in mole fraction; EAGLE XG is an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate)' source: wikipedia-gorilla-glass where: 'Infobox, composition row (alkali-aluminosilicate: SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, MgO). The model composition is from the Experimental section of Zeng et al. 2016.' designations: - system: Trade name code: EAGLE XG source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Title block, trademark note - system: Trade name code: Xensation source: schott-xensation where: Technical details page, Mechanical properties table header tags: environments: - cislunar stresses: [] applications: - electronics-and-chips - solar-arrays - habitats-and-suits properties: - benchmark: density label: Density (EAGLE XG) value: 2.38 unit: g/cc scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature: 20 C method: Printed as 2.38 g/cc (20 C, 68 F) in the Density row of the mechanical table. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Mechanical table, Density row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Young's modulus (EAGLE XG) value: 73.6 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG method: Printed as 73.6 GPa (10.7 x 10^6 psi) in the Young's Modulus row. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Mechanical table, Young's Modulus row - benchmark: shear_modulus label: Shear modulus (EAGLE XG) value: 30.1 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG method: Printed as 30.1 GPa in the Shear Modulus row. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Mechanical table, Shear Modulus row - benchmark: poissons_ratio label: Poisson's ratio (EAGLE XG) value: 0.23 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG method: Printed as 0.23 in the Poisson's Ratio row. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Mechanical table, Poisson's Ratio row - benchmark: cte label: Linear thermal expansion, 0 to 300 C (EAGLE XG) value: 31.7 unit: x10^-7/C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature_range: 0 to 300 C method: Printed as 31.7 x 10^-7/C (0 to 300 C) and 17.7 x 10^-7/F. The metric value is used, unconverted. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Thermal Expansion row, 0 to 300 C - benchmark: cte label: Linear thermal expansion, room temperature to setting point (EAGLE XG) value: 35.5 unit: x10^-7/C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature_range: 25 to 675 C method: Printed as 35.5 x 10^-7/C (25 to 675 C) in the Room Temperature To Setting Point row. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Thermal Expansion, Room Temperature To Setting Point row - benchmark: annealing_point label: Annealing point, 10^13 poise (EAGLE XG) value: 722 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG viscosity: 10^13 poise method: Printed as 722 C at 1013 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Viscosity block, Annealing Point row - benchmark: strain_point label: Strain point, 10^14.5 poise (EAGLE XG) value: 669 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG viscosity: 10^14.5 poise method: Printed as 669 C at 1014.5 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Viscosity block, Strain Point row - benchmark: softening_point label: Softening point, 10^7.6 poise (EAGLE XG) value: 971 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG viscosity: 10^7.6 poise method: Printed as 971 C at 107.6 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Viscosity block, Softening Point row - benchmark: working_point label: Working point, 10^4 poise (EAGLE XG) value: 1293 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG viscosity: 10^4 poise method: Printed as 1293 C at 10^4 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Viscosity block, Working Point row - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Dielectric constant (EAGLE XG) value: 5.27 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG frequency: 1 kHz temperature: 20 C method: Printed as 5.27 at 20 C, 1 kHz. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Electrical table, Dielectric Constant row - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Loss tangent (EAGLE XG) value: 0.3 unit: '%' scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG frequency: 1 kHz temperature: 20 C method: Printed as Loss Tangent 0.30% at 20 C, 1 kHz. The printed percent is kept. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Electrical table, Loss Tangent row - benchmark: refractive_index label: Refractive index (EAGLE XG) value: 1.5099 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG wavelength: 589.3 nm method: Printed as 1.5099 at 589.3 nm in the Optical table. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Optical table, 589.3 nm row - benchmark: specific_heat label: Specific heat (EAGLE XG) value: 0.768 unit: J/(g.K) scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature: 23 C method: Printed as 0.768 J/(gm-K) at 23 C. The printed unit is kept. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Thermal table, Specific Heat column, 23 C row - benchmark: thermal_conductivity label: Thermal conductivity, calculated (EAGLE XG) value: 0.0109 unit: W/cm.K scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature: 23 C method: MIE 301 states that thermal conductivity is calculated as diffusivity times specific heat times density. Printed as 0.0109 W/cm-K at 23 C; the printed unit is kept. status: calculated source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Thermal table, Thermal Conductivity column, 23 C row - benchmark: log10_volume_resistivity label: Log10 volume resistivity (EAGLE XG) value: 12.9 unit: log10 ohm-cm scope: material conditions: product: EAGLE XG temperature: 250 C method: Printed as 12.9 log10 ohm-cm at 250 C (482 F). Not a canonical name. status: ground source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Electrical block, Log10 Volume Resistivity row, 250 C - benchmark: density label: Density (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 2.42 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 basis: no temperature printed on the sheet method: Printed as 2.42 g/cm3 in the Density row of the Properties block. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Density row - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Young's modulus (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 71.5 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 method: Printed as 71.5 GPa in the Young's Modulus row. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Young's Modulus row - benchmark: shear_modulus label: Shear modulus (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 29.6 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 method: Printed as 29.6 GPa in the Shear Modulus row. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Shear Modulus row - benchmark: poissons_ratio label: Poisson's ratio (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 0.21 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 method: Printed as 0.21 in the Poisson's Ratio row. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Poisson's Ratio row - benchmark: cte label: Coefficient of expansion, 0 to 300 C (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 81.4 unit: x10^-7/C scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 temperature_range: 0 to 300 C method: Printed as 81.4 x 10^-7/C (0 to 300 C). status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Coefficient of Expansion row - benchmark: annealing_point label: Annealing point, 10^13 poise (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 653 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 viscosity: 10^13.2 poise method: Printed as 653 C at 1013.2 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Viscosity block, Annealing Point row - benchmark: strain_point label: Strain point, 10^14.7 poise (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 599 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 viscosity: 10^14.7 poise method: Printed as 599 C at 1014.7 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Viscosity block, Strain Point row - benchmark: softening_point label: Softening point, 10^7.6 poise (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 895 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 viscosity: 10^7.6 poise method: Printed as 895 C at 107.6 poises in the Viscosity block. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Viscosity block, Softening Point row - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness, unstrengthened (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 534 unit: kgf/mm2 scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 state: unstrengthened load: 200 g method: Printed as 534 kgf/mm2 at 200 g load, unstrengthened. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Vickers Hardness row, unstrengthened line - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness, strengthened (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 649 unit: kgf/mm2 scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 state: chemically strengthened load: 200 g method: Printed as 649 kgf/mm2 at 200 g load, strengthened. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Vickers Hardness row, strengthened line - benchmark: fracture_toughness label: Fracture toughness (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 0.68 unit: MPa m0.5 scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 method: Printed as 0.68 MPa m0.5 in the Fracture Toughness row. Not a canonical name. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Properties block, Fracture Toughness row - benchmark: refractive_index label: Refractive index, core glass (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 1.5 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 wavelength: 590 nm method: Printed as 1.50 for the core glass at 590 nm. The compression layer is 1.51 on the same line. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Optical block, Refractive Index, Core Glass row - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Dielectric constant (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 7.24 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 frequency: 50 MHz method: Printed as 7.24 at 50 MHz in the Electrical table. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Electrical table, 50 MHz row - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Loss tangent (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 0.03 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 frequency: 50 MHz bound: printed as less than 0.03 method: Printed as less than 0.03 at 50 MHz. The value is the printed upper bound. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Electrical table, Loss Tangent column, 50 MHz row - benchmark: compressive_stress_capability label: Compressive stress capability (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 1000 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 depth_of_layer: 40 um method: Printed as 1000 MPa at 40 um DOL. The sheet also prints 950 MPa at 50 um DOL. Not a canonical name. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Chemical Strengthening block, Compressive Stress Capability row - benchmark: depth_of_layer label: Depth of layer capability (Gorilla Glass 2) value: 50 unit: um scope: material conditions: product: Gorilla Glass 2 basis: capability printed on the sheet method: Printed as 50 um in the Depth of Layer Capability row. Not a canonical name. status: ground source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Chemical Strengthening block, Depth of Layer Capability row - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness, untreated, 1 to 7 mol% P2O5 (model glass) value: 4.8 value_high: 5.1 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: Model glass xP2O5-(100-x)(0.25Na2O-0.08Al2O3-0.67SiO2) state: untreated load: 0.98 N, 10 s method: Text says the hardness of the untreated glasses decreases from about 5.1 to 4.8 GPa as P2O5 rises from 1 to 7 mol%. Read as a range. status: ground source: zeng-2016 where: Results, Vickers hardness paragraph (page 4) - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness after ion exchange, 400 C 6 h (model glass) value: 5.5 value_high: 6.1 unit: GPa scope: material conditions: product: Model glass xP2O5-(100-x)(0.25Na2O-0.08Al2O3-0.67SiO2) state: ion exchanged in molten KNO3 at 400 C for 6 h load: 0.98 N, 10 s method: Text says the hardness of the ion-exchanged glasses increases from 5.5 to 6.1 GPa with rising P2O5. status: ground source: zeng-2016 where: Results, Vickers hardness paragraph (page 4) - benchmark: density label: Density (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 2.38 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core basis: typical measured values, unstrengthened glass method: Printed as 2.38 g/cm3 in the Density row, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Density row, Core column - benchmark: density label: Density (SCHOTT Xensation Up) value: 2.48 unit: g/cm3 scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Up basis: typical measured values, unstrengthened glass method: Printed as 2.48 g/cm3 in the Density row, Up column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Density row, Up column - benchmark: elastic_modulus label: Young's modulus (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 78 unit: kN/mm2 scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core basis: typical measured values, unstrengthened glass method: Printed as 78 kN/mm2 in the Young's modulus row, Core column. The printed unit is kept. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Young's modulus row, Core column - benchmark: shear_modulus label: Shear modulus (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 32 unit: kN/mm2 scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core basis: typical measured values, unstrengthened glass method: Printed as 32 kN/mm2 in the Shear modulus row, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Shear modulus row, Core column - benchmark: poissons_ratio label: Poisson's ratio (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 0.22 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core method: Printed as 0.22 in the Poisson's ratio row, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Poisson's ratio row, Core column - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness, unstrengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 610 unit: HV scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core state: unstrengthened method: Printed as 610 HV, unstrengthened, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Vickers hardness row, unstrengthened line - benchmark: vickers_hardness label: Vickers hardness, strengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 670 unit: HV scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core state: typical after chemical strengthening method: Printed as 670 HV in the strengthened line, Core column. SCHOTT says the values are typical after chemical strengthening. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, Vickers hardness row, strengthened line - benchmark: flexural_strength label: Four-point bending strength, chemically strengthened (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 800 unit: MPa scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core bound: printed as greater than 800 MPa state: after chemical strengthening method: Printed as capable of greater than 800 MPa for Core. Only the lower bound is printed. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Mechanical properties table, 4-point bending strength row, Core column - benchmark: cte label: Mean linear expansion, 20 to 300 C (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 5 unit: x10^-6/K scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core temperature_range: 20 to 300 C method: Printed as 5.0 x 10^-6 K^-1 for Core. The printed unit is kept. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, mean linear expansion row, Core column - benchmark: cte label: Mean linear expansion, 20 to 300 C (SCHOTT Xensation Up) value: 8.3 unit: x10^-6/K scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Up temperature_range: 20 to 300 C method: Printed as 8.3 x 10^-6 K^-1 for Up. The printed unit is kept. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, mean linear expansion row, Up column - benchmark: transformation_temperature label: Transformation temperature (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 580 unit: C scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core method: Printed as 580 C in the transformation temperature row, Core column. Not a canonical name. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, transformation temperature row, Core column - benchmark: annealing_point label: Annealing point, 10^13 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 590 unit: C scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core viscosity: 10^13 dPas method: Printed as 590 C at 10^13 dPas in the viscosity rows, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, annealing point, Core column - benchmark: softening_point label: Softening point, 10^7.6 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 820 unit: C scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core viscosity: 10^7.6 dPas method: Printed as 820 C at 10^7.6 dPas, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, softening point, Core column - benchmark: working_point label: Working point, 10^4 dPas (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 1190 unit: C scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core viscosity: 10^4 dPas method: Printed as 1190 C at 10^4 dPas, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Thermal properties table, viscosity rows, working point, Core column - benchmark: refractive_index label: Refractive index, core glass (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 1.511 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core wavelength: 595 nm method: Printed as 1.511 for the core glass at 595 nm, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Optical properties table, refractive index row, Core column - benchmark: dielectric_constant label: Dielectric constant (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 6.1 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core frequency: 54 MHz basis: extrapolated method: Printed as 6.1 at 54 MHz in the electrical table, Core column. SCHOTT labels these values as extrapolated. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Electrical properties table, 54 MHz row, Core column - benchmark: dissipation_factor label: Loss tangent (SCHOTT Xensation Core) value: 0.009 unit: '-' scope: material conditions: variant: Xensation Core frequency: 54 MHz basis: extrapolated method: Printed as 0.009 at 54 MHz in the electrical table, Core column. status: ground source: schott-xensation where: Electrical properties table, 54 MHz row, Core column - benchmark: annealing_point label: Annealing point, Corning code 1723 (aluminosilicate window glass) value: 710 unit: C scope: material conditions: product: Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate glass note: stated as the annealing point of this glass method: Printed in the text as 710 C for this glass, in the results on refractive index. Read from OCR text, so verify with the page image if in doubt. status: ground source: nasa-1968-apollo-windows where: Results and conclusions, section 1 (refractive index), report page 69 corrosion: - environment: Weathering by atmospheric water and carbon dioxide (EAGLE XG) headline: EAGLE XG is rated weathering class 1, which almost never shows weathering effects effect: Corning defines weathering as corrosion by atmospheric gases and vapour such as water and carbon dioxide. Class 1 glasses will almost never show weathering effects, class 2 occasionally, and class 3 need careful consideration. No test duration is printed. rating: low conditions: product: EAGLE XG basis: Corning weathering class source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Chemical block, Weathering row - environment: Hydrofluoric acid 10 percent, 20 min, 20 C (EAGLE XG) headline: Hydrofluoric acid removes the most glass of the EAGLE XG reagents tested effect: Weight loss 5.18 mg/cm2 in the EAGLE XG durability table, the largest of the reagents listed. NH4F:HF 10 percent for the same time gives 0.84 mg/cm2. rating: unknown conditions: time: 20 min temperature: 20 C basis: Corning durability test; values depend strongly on test conditions source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Chemical block, Durability table, HF 10% row - environment: Sodium hydroxide 5 percent, 6 h, 95 C (EAGLE XG) headline: EAGLE XG weight loss in hot sodium hydroxide is 1.83 mg/cm2 over 6 h effect: Weight loss 1.83 mg/cm2 in the EAGLE XG durability table. Na2CO3 0.02N for 6 h at 95 C gives 0.16 mg/cm2. rating: unknown conditions: time: 6 h temperature: 95 C source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Chemical block, Durability table, NaOH 5% row - environment: Deionised water, 24 h, 95 C (EAGLE XG) headline: No measurable weight loss in hot deionised water effect: Weight loss printed as 0.00 mg/cm2 for 24 h at 95 C in the EAGLE XG durability table. rating: unknown conditions: time: 24 h temperature: 95 C source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Chemical block, Durability table, DI H2O row - environment: Hydrofluoric acid 10 percent, 20 min, 20 C (Gorilla Glass 2) headline: Gorilla Glass 2 loses more to hydrofluoric acid than EAGLE XG does effect: Weight loss 11.88 mg/cm2 in the Gorilla Glass 2 chemical durability table, against 5.18 mg/cm2 for EAGLE XG in the same reagent and time. rating: unknown conditions: time: 20 min temperature: 20 C product: Gorilla Glass 2 source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Chemical Durability table, HF 10% row - environment: Sodium hydroxide 5 percent, 6 h, 95 C (Gorilla Glass 2) headline: Gorilla Glass 2 weight loss in hot sodium hydroxide effect: Weight loss 1.42 mg/cm2 in the Gorilla Glass 2 chemical durability table. rating: unknown conditions: time: 6 h temperature: 95 C product: Gorilla Glass 2 source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Chemical Durability table, NaOH-5% row - environment: Alkaline solution, DIN ISO 695 (SCHOTT Xensation Core) headline: Core is alkali class A2 and loses 104 mg/dm2 in 3 h effect: SCHOTT prints alkali class A2 and surface weight loss 104 mg/dm2 after 3 h for Core. Alpha is A2 at 92 mg/dm2 and Up is A1 at 42 mg/dm2. Values are for unstrengthened glass. rating: unknown conditions: variant: Xensation Core test: DIN ISO 695 time: 3 h basis: class letter printed by SCHOTT; no rating scale in the datasheet source: schott-xensation where: Chemical properties table, alkali resistance rows - environment: Acid, DIN 12 116, 6 h (SCHOTT Xensation Core) headline: Core is acid class S3 with 8.5 mg/dm2 half surface weight loss effect: SCHOTT prints acid class S3 and half surface weight loss 8.5 mg/dm2 after 6 h for Core. Alpha is S2 at 1.4 mg/dm2 and Up is S4 at 19 mg/dm2. rating: unknown conditions: variant: Xensation Core test: DIN 12 116 time: 6 h source: schott-xensation where: Chemical properties table, acid resistance rows - environment: Water, DIN ISO 719 (SCHOTT Xensation Core) headline: Core is hydrolytic class HGB 1, with 21 ug/g Na2O released from grains effect: SCHOTT prints hydrolytic class HGB 1 and an equivalent of 21 ug/g Na2O per gram of glass grains for Core. Alpha is HGB1 at 32 ug/g and Up is HGB2 at 38 ug/g. rating: unknown conditions: variant: Xensation Core test: DIN ISO 719 source: schott-xensation where: Chemical properties table, hydrolytic resistance rows risks: hazards: - text: 'PubChem aggregated GHS for potassium nitrate, the salt used for the ion-exchange bath: H272 (may intensify fire; oxidizer, Danger) and H319 (causes serious eye irritation, Warning). These classes describe the salt, not the finished glass.' ghs: - H272 - H303 - H315 - H319 - H335 source: pubchem-potassium-nitrate where: GHS Classification, Potassium Nitrate (CID 24434) failure_risks: - mode: Loss of the compressive layer if ion exchange runs too hot trigger: Ion exchange at or above the annealing range consequence: Zeng et al. ran the treatment below the annealing range so that the stress introduced is not removed by relaxation. severity: moderate source: zeng-2016 where: Results, paragraph on compressive stress and depth of layer - mode: Strength limited by surface flaws trigger: Surface flaws from handling, scratching or impact consequence: Zeng et al. state that the practical strength of glasses is about two orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value because of surface flaws. Gorilla Glass 2 has a fracture toughness of 0.68 MPa m0.5 (Corning sheet). severity: moderate source: zeng-2016 where: Introduction, first two paragraphs - mode: Surface attack by hydrofluoric acid trigger: Contact with 10 percent hydrofluoric acid consequence: EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C (MIE 301). Gorilla Glass 2 loses 11.88 mg/cm2 under the same test (Corning sheet). severity: high source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Durability table, HF 10% row - mode: Surface attack in alkaline solution (Xensation Core) trigger: Contact with an alkaline solution in the DIN ISO 695 test consequence: Surface weight loss of 104 mg/dm2 after 3 h, alkali class A2 (SCHOTT typical value for unstrengthened Core glass). severity: moderate source: schott-xensation where: Chemical properties table, alkali resistance rows side_effects: [] handling: - text: Handle the potassium nitrate bath as an oxidizer and an eye irritant (PubChem GHS H272 and H319). source: pubchem-potassium-nitrate where: GHS Classification - text: 'Hydrofluoric acid attacks the surface: 10 percent HF removes 5.18 mg/cm2 from EAGLE XG in 20 min at 20 C (Corning MIE 301).' source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Durability table - text: Keep the ion-exchange step below the annealing range and in the 390 to 430 C range used for the model glass (Zeng et al. used KNO3 at 390, 400, 410, 420 and 430 C for 2 to 10 h). source: zeng-2016 where: Experimental section, ion exchange; Results mitigations: [] uses: - application: electronics-and-chips device: Touchscreen cover glass for phones and tablets example: Corning says Gorilla Glass 2 is an ideal protective cover for displays in smartphones, laptop and tablet screens, and touchscreen devices. source: gorilla-glass-2 where: Applications list - application: electronics-and-chips device: Substrate for active-matrix flat-panel displays example: Corning's MIE 301 gives EAGLE XG's principal use as substrates for active-matrix flat-panel displays, in fusion-drawn sheet form. source: eagle-xg-mie301 where: Glass type, forms and principal uses, page 1 - application: solar-arrays device: Integral cover glass bonded to silicon solar cells example: NASA's 1971 final report on integral covers used Corning glass 1720, an aluminosilicate, as the cover in most evaporation tests, and called 1720 covers excellent candidates for lightweight array use after its electron-exposure test. source: nasa-1971-solar-covers where: Section 2.2, integral cover investigations; electron exposure results - application: habitats-and-suits device: Apollo spacecraft window example: A General Dynamics report for the Manned Spacecraft Center tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate glass for Apollo windows. It found no refractive-index change to the third decimal after 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation, though the aluminosilicate sample showed charged-particle discharge tracks. source: nasa-1968-apollo-windows where: Results and conclusions, sections 1 and 2 supply: - subject: Potash (potassium, as K2O) for potassium salts used in the ion-exchange bath abundance: 'USGS: world potash mine production about 49,000 thousand t K2O equivalent in 2025 (estimated), and world reserves of more than 5.9 billion t K2O equivalent.' producers: - country: Canada production: 15,000 thousand t K2O equivalent (2025e) year: 2025 - country: Russia production: 10,000 thousand t K2O equivalent (2025e) year: 2025 - country: Belarus production: 6,000 thousand t K2O equivalent (2025e) year: 2025 - country: China production: 6,300 thousand t K2O equivalent (2025e) year: 2025 critical_lists: [] recycling: 'USGS: no recycling is reported for potash.' substitutes: [] source: usgs-potash-2026 where: Mine production and reserves table; Recycling - subject: Potash, United States import sources abundance: 'USGS: potash import sources 2021 to 2024, as printed. Net import reliance was 92 percent of apparent US consumption in 2025 (estimated).' producers: - country: Canada share_percent: 79 year: 2024 basis: import sources 2021-24, as printed - country: Russia share_percent: 12 year: 2024 basis: import sources 2021-24, as printed - country: Israel share_percent: 3 year: 2024 basis: import sources 2021-24, as printed - country: Other share_percent: 6 year: 2024 basis: import sources 2021-24, as printed critical_lists: [] recycling: 'USGS: none.' substitutes: [] source: usgs-potash-2026 where: Import Sources (2021-24); Salient statistics, net import reliance (2025e value 92 percent) documents: - title: EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301 (Corning, January 2006; copy hosted by Valley Design) type: datasheet url: https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf year: 2006 - title: Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information (copy hosted by Valley Design, Rev B, January 2012) type: datasheet url: https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf year: 2012 - title: Xensation technical details (SCHOTT) type: datasheet url: https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details - title: Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide (Zeng et al., Frontiers in Materials, open access) type: paper url: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf year: 2016 - title: Evaluation of the effects of space environment exposure on index of refraction and extinction coefficients of Apollo window materials (General Dynamics, NASA contract report, April 1968) type: report url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680010998/downloads/19680010998.pdf year: 1968 - title: Development of integral covers on solar cells, final report June 1970 to June 1971 (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center contract) type: report url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720006385/downloads/19720006385.pdf year: 1971 - title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Potash (USGS)' type: report url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-potash.pdf year: 2026 - title: Potassium nitrate, PubChem CID 24434, GHS classification type: database url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24434/JSON - title: Gorilla Glass (Wikipedia) type: report url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass gaps: - 'Non-canonical property names used because spores/property-canon.yaml has no entry for them: softening_point, annealing_point, strain_point, working_point, vickers_hardness, fracture_toughness, transformation_temperature, compressive_stress_capability, depth_of_layer, log10_volume_resistivity. The canon file needs them added before import.' - 'Corning current product sheets for EAGLE XG (2021 and 2023 editions) and Gorilla Glass 3, Victus and Victus 2 could not be fetched: corning.com returned Access Denied (HTTP 403) to automated download, and the valleydesign copies are the 2006 EAGLE XG and 2012 Gorilla Glass 2 sheets. Search snippets quoted newer figures (for example EAGLE XG 74 GPa and 32 x10^-7/C in a 2023 sheet), but these were not read as pages in this run and are not used.' - EAGLE XG composition is not printed in MIE 301 (it is described only as an alkaline-earth boro-aluminosilicate), so no recipe shares are given for EAGLE XG. - Vickers hardness of EAGLE XG (640 at 200 g, 25 s) is printed without a unit in MIE 301, so it is left out. - 'Potassium aluminosilicate: no fetched source gives a potassium-rich aluminosilicate composition or its properties. Potassium enters as the exchange ion in the KNO3 bath (Zeng et al.; Wikipedia).' - 'Alumina and bauxite supply: the USGS bauxite summary was not reachable as a PDF in this run, so alumina is not covered in the supply section. The USGS aluminum summary was read but gives aluminium metal smelter output, not alumina, so it is not used.' - Critical-mineral status of potassium and aluminium oxide was not checked in this run. - 'Humidity and water-fatigue ageing of alkali or alkaline-earth aluminosilicate glass: no open paper with numeric results was opened. The Liu et al. 2020 paper (Physical Review Materials) concerns caesium aluminoborate glass and is not used. The Striepe et al. 2013 alkaline-earth aluminosilicate paper was not reachable as a PDF.' - 'Space radiation: NASA 1971 reports transmission losses after 1 MeV electron exposure for glass 1720, but the percentages in the OCR text are not clean enough to use as values, so they appear only in narrative text. No UV or radiation table with numbers was read for Gorilla Glass or EAGLE XG.' - Chemical strengthening outputs (compressive stress and depth of layer) for the model glass are shown only as a figure in Zeng et al. (Figure 5), so no numeric CS or DOL is taken from that paper. The 30 to 75 um depth of layer quoted by Zeng et al. from earlier work is not used as a property. - Potassium nitrate GHS classes come from PubChem's aggregated notifications for the salt, not from an SDS for the glass or the bath. No SDS for the ion-exchange bath was read in this run. - SCHOTT's Xensation page describes sodium-ion exchange, while Corning, Zeng et al. and Wikipedia describe potassium exchange. The sources are reported as printed and the difference is not resolved. - The SCHOTT Xensation values are for the Core, Alpha and Up variants of the Xensation family. The page does not name which variant is sold as Xensation Cover, so the variant is stated for each value. - Dielectric constant and loss tangent are measured at different frequencies in each source (1 kHz for EAGLE XG, 50 MHz for Gorilla Glass 2, 54 MHz for Xensation). The values are not directly comparable. - Corning's durability weight losses are for the stated reagent and time only. Corning says values are highly dependent on test conditions, so the table is not a service-life measure. sources: eagle-xg-mie301: title: Corning EAGLE XG AMLCD glass substrates, material information MIE 301 id: Corning Display Technologies, MIE 301, issued January 2006 (copy hosted by Valley Design) url: https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-eagle-xg-glass.pdf kind: datasheet year: 2006 license: manufacturer document, cited not reproduced gorilla-glass-2: title: Corning Gorilla Glass 2 product information sheet id: Corning Incorporated, Gorilla Glass 2 product information, Rev B, January 2012 (copy hosted by Valley Design) url: https://valleydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/corning-gorilla-glass.pdf kind: datasheet year: 2012 license: manufacturer document, cited not reproduced schott-xensation: title: Xensation technical details id: SCHOTT AG, Xensation technical details page url: https://www.schott.com/en-gb/products/xensation/technical-details kind: web license: manufacturer web page, cited not reproduced zeng-2016: title: Mechanical-structural investigation of chemical strengthening aluminosilicate glass through introducing phosphorus pentoxide id: Zeng H, Wang L, Ye F, Yang B, Chen J, Chen G, Sun L. Frontiers in Materials 3:53 (2016), doi 10.3389/fmats.2016.00053 url: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2016.00053/pdf kind: paper year: 2016 license: open access, CC BY nasa-1968-apollo-windows: title: Evaluation of the effects of space environment exposure on index of refraction and extinction coefficients of Apollo window materials id: NASA contract report, General Dynamics Corporation, April 1968, NTRS 19680010998 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19680010998/downloads/19680010998.pdf kind: report year: 1968 license: US government work, public domain nasa-1971-solar-covers: title: Development of integral covers on solar cells id: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center contract report, final report June 1970 to June 1971, NTRS 19720006385 url: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720006385/downloads/19720006385.pdf kind: report year: 1971 license: US government work, public domain usgs-potash-2026: title: 'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Potash' id: USGS, MCS 2026 url: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-potash.pdf kind: report year: 2026 license: US government work, public domain pubchem-potassium-nitrate: title: Potassium nitrate, PubChem CID 24434 id: PubChem, GHS classification of potassium nitrate url: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/24434/JSON kind: database license: PubChem, public domain wikipedia-gorilla-glass: title: Gorilla Glass id: Wikipedia, Gorilla Glass url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Glass kind: web license: CC BY-SA 4.0 license: CC-BY-4.0 updated: '2026-10-26' review: status: draft method: assistant checked_values: 52 unreachable: 4 caveats: 6 note: 'Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from sources read in this run: Corning MIE 301 (EAGLE XG, 2006) and Gorilla Glass 2 sheet (2012) as copies hosted by Valley Design, SCHOTT Xensation technical details, Zeng et al. 2016 (Frontiers, open access), NASA 1968 Apollo window report and NASA 1971 integral cover report, USGS potash 2026, PubChem potassium nitrate. Corning current sheets and the USGS bauxite summary could not be read. Numbers from search snippets are not used.' story: recipe: line: Aluminosilicate glass is a silica network modified by alumina and alkali or alkaline-earth oxides. Alkali aluminosilicate glass (Gorilla type) is strengthened by immersing it in a hot potassium-salt bath, which swaps smaller sodium ions in the surface for larger potassium ions (Wikipedia; Zeng et al. 2016). The model glass in Zeng et al. is melted at high temperature, cast in a preheated brass mold and annealed to relieve internal stress. Corning does not publish the EAGLE XG or Gorilla batch recipe. parts: - name: Silica symbol: SiO2 share: about 67 mol% of the base glass role: Network former. It forms the glass framework. share_percent: 67 - name: Sodium oxide symbol: Na2O share: about 25 mol% of the base glass role: Network modifier. Its sodium ions are the ones that potassium replaces in the ion-exchange bath. share_percent: 25 - name: Alumina symbol: Al2O3 share: about 8 mol% of the base glass role: Intermediate oxide that gives the aluminosilicate network its name. share_percent: 8 - name: Phosphorus pentoxide symbol: P2O5 share: 1 to 7 mol% added to the base glass role: Added in Zeng et al. to raise compressive stress, depth of layer and hardness. It makes the silicate network less polymerised, which speeds ion exchange. source: zeng-2016 where: Experimental section, glass preparation and compositions; Results on micro-Raman spectra. The Corning and SCHOTT compositions are not printed. risk_groups: - title: For people level: 0 verdict: Potassium nitrate bath is an oxidizer and eye irritant lead: The finished glass has no hazard class in the sources read. The hazard data read are for the potassium nitrate used in the ion-exchange bath (PubChem GHS H272 and H319) and for the glass edges. points: - label: Sharp edges line: Broken aluminosilicate glass is sharp. Handle broken pieces with gloves and dispose of them in a sharps container. - label: Potassium nitrate bath line: PubChem's aggregated GHS for potassium nitrate is H272, may intensify fire (oxidizer, Danger), and H319, causes serious eye irritation (Warning). These describe the salt, not the glass. - label: Hydrofluoric acid line: 'Hydrofluoric acid etches the surface: EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C (Corning MIE 301).' why: 'Aluminosilicate glass is the choice when a thin glass must be hard and chemically strengthened. The datasheets read here give high strain and softening points (EAGLE XG strain point 669 C, softening point 971 C), and chemical strengthening adds a surface layer under compression. The trade-off is cost and processing: a high working temperature (EAGLE XG 1293 C) and a salt-bath step.' uses: - where: Phone and tablet covers line: Corning gives Gorilla Glass 2 as an ideal protective cover for smartphone, laptop and tablet screens, and touchscreen devices. - where: Flat-panel display substrates line: EAGLE XG is made as fusion-drawn sheet for active-matrix flat-panel display substrates (Corning MIE 301). - where: Solar-array covers line: NASA's 1971 integral cover work used Corning glass 1720, an aluminosilicate, as the cover in most evaporation tests, and called 1720 covers excellent candidates for lightweight arrays. - where: Apollo windows line: A 1968 General Dynamics report for the Manned Spacecraft Center tested Corning Code 1723 aluminosilicate for Apollo windows. After 30 days of space-equivalent irradiation, no refractive-index change showed to the third decimal. can_do: - label: Density benchmark: density value: 2.38 g/cc (EAGLE XG) line: Corning gives 2.38 g/cc at 20 C for EAGLE XG. Gorilla Glass 2 is 2.42 g/cm3 and SCHOTT Xensation Core is 2.38 g/cm3. - label: Working point benchmark: working_point value: 1293 C (EAGLE XG) line: Corning gives a working point of 1293 C at 10^4 poises for EAGLE XG. - label: Hardness after ion exchange benchmark: vickers_hardness value: 5.5 to 6.1 GPa (model glass) line: Zeng et al. report that ion exchange at 400 C for 6 h raises the Vickers hardness of the model glass from 5.5 to 6.1 GPa as P2O5 rises from 1 to 7 mol%. - label: Compressive stress capability benchmark: compressive_stress_capability value: 1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer line: Corning prints 1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer, and 950 MPa at 50 um, for Gorilla Glass 2. compare: Among the sources read here, EAGLE XG has a density of 2.38 g/cc, a strain point of 669 C and a working point of 1293 C. Gorilla Glass 2 is denser at 2.42 g/cm3 and has a lower strain point of 599 C, but it is the one with a stated chemical strengthening capability of 1000 MPa at 40 um depth of layer. SCHOTT's Xensation Core is 2.38 g/cm3 with a transformation temperature of 580 C, and its Up variant has a larger expansion of 8.3 x10^-6/K against 5.0 for Core. compare_rows: - scope: material label: Density benchmark: density - scope: material label: Linear thermal expansion benchmark: cte - scope: material label: Softening point benchmark: softening_point handling: - Keep hydrofluoric acid away from the glass surfaces. EAGLE XG loses 5.18 mg/cm2 in 20 min at 20 C in 10 percent HF (Corning MIE 301). - 'Use eye protection with the potassium nitrate bath: PubChem classes it as an oxidizer (H272) and eye irritant (H319).' - Run ion exchange below the annealing range, as Zeng et al. did, so that the stress is not lost to relaxation. good_for: - Thin cover glass for displays and touchscreens, where a chemically strengthened surface and hardness matter. - Flat-panel display substrates, where EAGLE XG's low alkali content and high strain point matter (Corning MIE 301 gives total alkali of about 0.1 wt percent). - Lightweight solar-array covers, as NASA's 1971 work suggested for glass 1720. watch_out: - 'Processing is hotter and costlier than soda-lime glass: EAGLE XG has a working point of 1293 C and the strengthened glass needs a salt bath.' - Corning's durability table shows the glass is strongly attacked by hydrofluoric acid. Keep HF away from the surface. - No humidity-ageing or radiation-ageing data for chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass were read in this run. The 1968 Apollo test ran for 30 days of equivalent dose only. verdict: Aluminosilicate glass is the strong, thin choice for display and cover glass when the glass is chemically strengthened. The datasheets agree on density, strain point and hardness. The sources read here do not give ageing or flight-life data for chemically strengthened aluminosilicate, so flight use needs its own test.