{
  "id": "spacex-raptor",
  "title": "Raptor engine",
  "maker": "SpaceX",
  "maker_type": "Commercial",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "engines",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/spacex-raptor/",
  "website": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/02/spacex-casting-raptor-engine-parts-from-supersteel-alloys.html",
  "summary": "SpaceX’s full-flow staged-combustion methane/oxygen engine for Starship and Super Heavy; SpaceX has said it developed the SX300/SX500 superalloys for the oxygen-rich turbopump.",
  "application": "Raptor engines power SpaceX’s Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage. Full-flow staged combustion puts hot, oxygen-rich gas through the turbopumps, which is why SpaceX developed special superalloys for them.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Raptor is the methane-burning engine that powers both stages of SpaceX's Starship.",
    "intro": [
      "SpaceX built Raptor to power both stages of Starship. It burns liquid methane with liquid oxygen. The Super Heavy booster carries 33 of them and the ship carries six: three for sea level and three for vacuum.",
      "Raptor was the first full-flow staged combustion engine to power a vehicle in flight. Two preburners drive its turbines: one burns all the oxygen with a little methane, the other all the methane with a little oxygen. Elon Musk has said SpaceX developed its own superalloys, SX300 and SX500, for the hot oxygen-rich turbopump."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "Burners and pumps",
        "text": "Each engine has two turbopumps, pumps spun by turbines, one for oxygen and one for methane. An oxygen-rich turbine drives the oxygen pump, and a fuel-rich turbine drives the methane pump. Torch igniters light the preburners.",
        "parts": [
          "Oxygen-rich preburner",
          "Fuel-rich preburner",
          "Oxygen turbopump (driven by an oxygen-rich turbine)",
          "Methane turbopump (driven by a fuel-rich turbine)",
          "Torch igniters in the preburners"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chamber and nozzle",
        "text": "On Raptor 2, coaxial swirl injectors admit the propellants to the main chamber. The nozzle is regeneratively cooled, so propellant flowing through its walls carries heat away. The vacuum version, RVac, has an extended nozzle for higher specific impulse in space, a measure of how efficiently an engine uses propellant.",
        "parts": [
          "Main injector (coaxial swirl elements)",
          "Regeneratively cooled thrust chamber nozzle",
          "Raptor Vacuum (RVac) engine, three on the ship"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Cast and superalloy parts",
        "text": "SpaceX casts the engine manifold in its own foundry from Inconel, a heat-resistant superalloy. In 2018 posts, Elon Musk said the oxygen-rich turbopump's hot section uses SX300, with SX500 to follow, and called them something like a modern Inconel. SX500, he said, was made for hot, oxygen-rich gas at 12,000 psi.",
        "parts": [
          "Engine manifold",
          "Oxygen-rich turbopump hot section"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Printing and electronics",
        "text": "SpaceX 3D printed many parts of early Raptor prototypes, including the turbopumps and injectors. By mass, 40 percent of a 2016 subscale engine was printed. Raptor 3 puts its sensors and controllers inside the engine's own thermal protection, and electric actuators swivel the engines in place of hydraulics.",
        "parts": [
          "Additively manufactured parts and assemblies",
          "3D-printed turbopumps and injectors (early prototypes)",
          "Engine sensors and controllers inside the engine thermal protection (Raptor 3)",
          "Electronic thrust vector control system"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Inconel",
        "mid": "inconel",
        "where": "The engine manifold, cast in SpaceX's own foundry. SpaceX does not give the exact alloy."
      },
      {
        "name": "SX300 and SX500 superalloys",
        "mid": "spacex-sx500-superalloy",
        "where": "The hot section of the oxygen-rich turbopump. Elon Musk described them as a modern version of Inconel."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "Raptor first flew in July 2019, on the Starhopper test vehicle. Raptor 2 is a complete redesign of the first Raptor, and Raptor 3 came after it. On Starship, Raptors lift the Super Heavy booster and the ship, and NASA says the Moon-lander version uses them too. SpaceX makes the engine itself.",
    "unknown": "SpaceX has not published a materials list for Raptor. Only two metals are named, in posts by SpaceX's chief executive, and the make-up of SX300 and SX500 is not public. The chamber liner, injector, nozzle and pump casings are not described, and the published performance figures come from a 2019 analysis, not from Raptor 2 or 3.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Propellants",
        "value": "Liquid oxygen and liquid methane"
      },
      {
        "label": "Engines on the booster",
        "value": "33"
      },
      {
        "label": "Engines on the ship",
        "value": "6"
      },
      {
        "label": "Chamber pressure (2019 baseline)",
        "value": "3,669.5 psia"
      },
      {
        "label": "Raptor 3 sea-level engine mass",
        "value": "1,525 kg (3,362 lb), down from 1,630 kg"
      },
      {
        "label": "First burn with all 33 engines",
        "value": "18 November 2023 (second integrated flight test)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Propellants",
      "value": "Liquid oxygen and liquid methane",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "The propellants are liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid methane (LCH4)."
    },
    {
      "label": "Chamber pressure (2019 baseline)",
      "value": "3,669.5 psia",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "injector face stagnation pressure (Pc) of 3669.5 psia"
    },
    {
      "label": "Mixture ratio (2019 baseline)",
      "value": "3.60",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "engine O/F mixture ratio (MR) of 3.60"
    },
    {
      "label": "Nozzle area ratio (booster engine)",
      "value": "34.34:1",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "34.34:1 regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber nozzle"
    },
    {
      "label": "Engines on baseline booster (2019)",
      "value": "31",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "The baseline Super Heavy stage includes 31 Raptor engines."
    },
    {
      "label": "Boost-stage engine count (NASA)",
      "value": "33",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220013431/downloads/HLS%20IAC_Final.pdf",
      "quote": "is powered by 33 SpaceX Raptor engines"
    },
    {
      "label": "Ship engine count (NASA)",
      "value": "6",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220013431/downloads/HLS%20IAC_Final.pdf",
      "quote": "Starship, powered by six SpaceX Raptor engines"
    },
    {
      "label": "First flight with all 33 engines lit",
      "value": "18 November 2023 (second integrated flight test)",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
      "quote": "This test marked the first time all 33 Raptor engines successfully ignited and completed full-duration burns."
    },
    {
      "label": "First fully stacked Super Heavy-Starship launch",
      "value": "20 April 2023",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
      "quote": "SpaceX began its orbital launch campaign with the fully stacked, integrated Super Heavy-Starship launch vehicle on April 20, 2023"
    },
    {
      "label": "Raptor upgrades flown on the fourth integrated flight",
      "value": "6 June 2024",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
      "quote": "Raptor engine upgrades"
    },
    {
      "label": "Lunar-landing throttle evaluation",
      "value": "tested under lunar landing throttle profiles",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220013431/downloads/HLS%20IAC_Final.pdf",
      "quote": "including evaluations of performance under lunar landing throttle profiles"
    },
    {
      "label": "Raptor 1 target chamber pressure",
      "value": "250 bar (25 MPa; 3,600 psi)",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
      "quote": "The first version was intended to operate at a chamber pressure of 250 bars (25 MPa; 3,600 psi)."
    },
    {
      "label": "Raptor 3 sea-level engine mass",
      "value": "1,525 kg (3,362 lb), down from 1,630 kg",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
      "quote": "with the sea-level engine mass reduced to 1,525 kg (3,362 lb) from 1630 kg"
    },
    {
      "label": "Power cycle first",
      "value": "first full-flow staged combustion engine to power a vehicle in flight",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
      "quote": "It was the first full-flow staged combustion engine to power a vehicle in flight"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Closed power cycle",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
      "quote": "uses a closed power cycle"
    },
    {
      "text": "SpaceX-developed superalloy for hot, oxygen-rich gas",
      "source_url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/02/spacex-casting-raptor-engine-parts-from-supersteel-alloys.html",
      "quote": "SpaceX metallurgy team developed SX500 superalloy for 12000 psi, hot oxygen-rich gas."
    },
    {
      "text": "Manifold cast in-house from Inconel",
      "source_url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/02/spacex-casting-raptor-engine-parts-from-supersteel-alloys.html",
      "quote": "SpaceX foundry casting Raptor engine manifold out of Inconel"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Manifold and hot gas path",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Engine manifold",
          "material": "Inconel (alloy not stated), cast",
          "form": "cast",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "SpaceX foundry casting Raptor engine manifold out of Inconel",
          "source_url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/02/spacex-casting-raptor-engine-parts-from-supersteel-alloys.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "inconel"
        },
        {
          "part": "Oxygen-rich turbopump hot section",
          "material": "SpaceX SX300 / SX500 superalloy",
          "form": "superalloy",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Reported by Musk (June 2018) for the oxygen-rich turbopump",
          "quote": "SX 300 & soon SX 500. Kind of a modern version of Inconel superalloys.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/06/spacex-will-use-superalloys-for-raptor-engines.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "spacex-sx500-superalloy"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Thrust chamber and nozzle",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Regeneratively cooled thrust chamber nozzle",
          "material": null,
          "form": "regeneratively cooled",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "34.34:1 regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber nozzle",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211020054702/https://www.faa.gov/space/stakeholder_engagement/spacex_starship/media/Appendix_G_Exhaust_Plume_Calculations.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Engine variants",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Raptor sea-level engine (booster and ship)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: SpaceX",
          "quote": "Blocks 1 through 3 have three sea-level engines, as well as three engines optimized for operation in the vacuum of space, called RVacs.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(spacecraft)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "main engine of Super Heavy (33) and the ship (3)"
        },
        {
          "part": "Raptor Vacuum (RVac) engine, three on the ship",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: SpaceX",
          "quote": "with an extended, regeneratively-cooled nozzle for higher specific impulse in space",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "vacuum-optimised version for in-space burns",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cold-start test",
              "value": "vacuum Raptor cold-start demonstration, August 2023, McGregor, Texas",
              "quote": "a vacuum Raptor cold-start demonstration test was completed at SpaceX’s McGregor, Tex. facility in August 2023",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true"
            },
            {
              "label": "Deep-space restart need (HLS)",
              "value": "must restart in deep space for the lunar descent burn",
              "quote": "the Starship vacuum Raptors will be required to restart in deep space for a descent-landing burn to the lunar surface",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Raptor 2 (complete redesign of Raptor 1)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Raptor 2 is a complete redesign of the Raptor 1 engine.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "second engine generation"
        },
        {
          "part": "Raptor 3",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "with the sea-level engine mass reduced to 1,525 kg (3,362 lb) from 1630 kg",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "third engine generation with lower mass and integrated electronics"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Power cycle",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Oxygen-rich preburner",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a twin-shaft staged combustion cycle that uses both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "burns all the oxygen with a little methane to drive the oxygen turbine"
        },
        {
          "part": "Fuel-rich preburner",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a twin-shaft staged combustion cycle that uses both oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich preburners",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "burns all the methane with a little oxygen to drive the methane turbine"
        },
        {
          "part": "Oxygen turbopump (driven by an oxygen-rich turbine)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "An oxygen-rich turbine powers an oxygen turbopump",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "pumps liquid oxygen to the preburner and main chamber"
        },
        {
          "part": "Methane turbopump (driven by a fuel-rich turbine)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a fuel-rich turbine powers a methane turbopump",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "pumps liquid methane to the preburner and cooling jacket"
        },
        {
          "part": "Torch igniters in the preburners",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Torch igniters are used in the preburners.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "light the preburners"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Combustion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Main injector (coaxial swirl elements)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Raptor 2 uses coaxial swirl injectors to admit propellants to the combustion chamber.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "admits propellants into the main combustion chamber"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Control and electronics",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Electronic thrust vector control system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "demonstrated faster ground propellant loading and an electronic thrust vector control (TVC) system",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "gimbals engines with electric actuators instead of hydraulics"
        },
        {
          "part": "Engine sensors and controllers inside the engine thermal protection (Raptor 3)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Raptor 3 integrates its sensors and controllers inside the engine's thermal protection.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "integrated engine electronics"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Manufacturing",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Additively manufactured parts and assemblies",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "incorporating additively manufactured parts and assemblies",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "3D-printed engine hardware",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Early prototype share (2016 subscale engine)",
              "value": "40 % of parts by mass 3D printed",
              "quote": "The 2016 subscale development engine had 40% (by mass) of its parts manufactured by 3D printing.",
              "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "3D-printed turbopumps and injectors (early prototypes)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Many components of early Raptor prototypes were manufactured using 3D printing, including turbopumps and injectors.",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "printed pump and injector components on early engines"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Test infrastructure",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Engine acceptance tests and spin-prime tests",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "SpaceX conducted a series of Raptor engine acceptance tests",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "qualification of booster and ship engines before flight"
        },
        {
          "part": "McGregor, Texas engine test facility",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a vacuum Raptor cold-start demonstration test was completed at SpaceX’s McGregor, Tex. facility in August 2023",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240012719/downloads/HLS%20Update%20Kent%20Chojnacki%20IEEE%20Aero%202025%20v2.pdf?attachment=true",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "site of the vacuum Raptor cold-start test"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "inconel",
      "name": "Inconel (alloy not stated), cast",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "spacex-sx500-superalloy",
      "name": "SpaceX SX300 / SX500 superalloy",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "Starship and Super Heavy (Super Heavy booster)",
      "target_slug": "spacex-starship",
      "note": "33 Raptor engines on the Super Heavy booster",
      "quote": "is powered by 33 SpaceX Raptor engines",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220013431/downloads/HLS%20IAC_Final.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "Starship and Super Heavy (Starship upper stage)",
      "target_slug": "spacex-starship",
      "note": "6 Raptor engines on the Starship upper stage (NASA text on the HLS ship); sea-level and vacuum split in the next row",
      "quote": "Starship, powered by six SpaceX Raptor engines",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220013431/downloads/HLS%20IAC_Final.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "Starship upper stage (vacuum Raptors)",
      "target_slug": "spacex-starship",
      "note": "3 of the 6 ship engines are Raptor Vacuum (RVac)",
      "quote": "three engines optimized for operation in the vacuum of space, called RVacs",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(spacecraft)"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "SpaceX",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "NASA states that both the lander and the booster use SpaceX's Raptor engines",
      "quote": "Both the lander and booster utilize SpaceX’s Raptor engines",
      "source_url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/final-report-ig-26-004-nasas-management-of-the-human-landing-system-contracts.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "Starhopper (test vehicle)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "first flight of the engine on a vehicle, July 2019",
      "quote": "on the Starhopper test vehicle in July 2019",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)"
    },
    {
      "type": "successor_of",
      "target": "Raptor 1",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Raptor 2 is a complete redesign of Raptor 1",
      "quote": "Raptor 2 is a complete redesign of the Raptor 1 engine.",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "No primary-document materials list. Grades unknown (Inconel alloy, SX300/SX500 composition). Raptor 2 and Raptor 3 materials not covered. More detail: SpaceX has not published a Raptor bill of materials or an engine drawing; the turbopump casings, preburners, main chamber jacket, valves and igniter hardware have no stated alloys beyond the two in the current entry. FAA and NASA documents give vehicle-level engine counts but no part list. Raptor 2 and Raptor 3 chamber pressure, thrust and mass are Wikipedia statements citing SpaceX posts that could not be read (spacex.com update pages return no text). The Raptor 3 'integrated sensors and controllers' statement and the coaxial swirl injector statement are Wikipedia statements (the injector one cites an AIAA journal paper that was not opened). Autogenous pressurisation heat-exchanger, engine gimbal actuator and main valve hardware are not described in any readable primary source. Quotes from the NASA HLS papers and the NASA OIG report were machine-checked against the PDF text; Wikipedia quotes came through a text extractor and were not machine-checked. More detail: SpaceX has not published a Raptor bill of materials or an engine drawing; the turbopump casings, preburners, main chamber jacket, valves and igniter hardware have no stated alloys beyond the two in the current entry. FAA and NASA documents give vehicle-level engine counts but no part list. Raptor 2 and Raptor 3 chamber pressure, thrust and mass are Wikipedia statements citing SpaceX posts that could not be read (spacex.com update pages return no text). The Raptor 3 'integrated sensors and controllers' statement and the coaxial swirl injector statement are Wikipedia statements (the injector one cites an AIAA journal paper that was not opened). Autogenous pressurisation heat-exchanger, engine gimbal actuator and main valve hardware are not described in any readable primary source. Quotes from the NASA HLS papers and the NASA OIG report were machine-checked against the PDF text; Wikipedia quotes came through a text extractor and were re-checked in a second fetch pass but not against a saved copy of the page.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-raptor-1.jpg",
      "alt": "A Raptor engine firing on a test stand at night, long plume running sideways",
      "long": "A Raptor engine firing on a test stand at night, long plume running sideways",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Elon Musk | License source: https://web.archive.org/web/20190117194352/https://www.flickr.com/photos/spacex/29916104756/ Original: https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/780278836860628992 and https://www.flickr.com/photos/spacex/29916104756/",
      "license": "CC0",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raptor-test-9-25-2016.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-raptor-2.jpg",
      "alt": "A sea-level Raptor engine on a transport frame at the Hawthorne factory, close side view",
      "long": "A sea-level Raptor engine on a transport frame at the Hawthorne factory, close side view",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Brandon De Young, with the Twitter handle @brandondeyoung_ | https://twitter.com/brandondeyoung_/status/1263551017729134592",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SpaceX_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne_-_1.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-raptor-3.jpg",
      "alt": "A Merlin engine (left) beside a sea-level Raptor (right) at Hawthorne",
      "long": "A Merlin engine (left) beside a sea-level Raptor (right) at Hawthorne",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Brandon De Young @brandondeyoung_ | https://twitter.com/brandondeyoung_/status/1263555501809217536",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SpaceX_Merlin_and_sea-level_Raptor_at_Hawthorne.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}