{
  "id": "spacex-crew-dragon",
  "title": "Crew Dragon",
  "maker": "SpaceX",
  "maker_type": "Commercial",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "crew",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/spacex-crew-dragon/",
  "website": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
  "summary": "SpaceX’s reusable crew capsule for NASA missions to the International Space Station; NASA’s heat shield survey lists a PICA-X ablator and silicone foam backshell, and SpaceX states 3D-printed Inconel SuperDraco chambers.",
  "application": "Crew Dragon flies NASA and private astronauts to and from the International Space Station on Falcon 9. Its ablative heat shield and printed launch escape engines are the main materials stories.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Crew Dragon is SpaceX's reusable capsule for flying astronauts to and from the International Space Station.",
    "intro": [
      "Crew Dragon is a reusable capsule built by SpaceX. Launched on a Falcon 9 rocket, it flies NASA and private astronauts to the International Space Station and back. It can seat up to seven people, but NASA missions carry up to four. On the return trip it comes down on parachutes and splashes down at sea.",
      "The heat shield is made of blocks of PICA-X, which is carbon felt soaked in phenolic resin, a hard plastic. It is ablative, meaning it is designed to wear away as it heats up. The eight launch-escape engines have chambers 3D printed in Inconel, a high-performance superalloy."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "Capsule and nose cone",
        "text": "The capsule carries the crew and pressurised cargo. Its nose cone opens once the capsule is in orbit and is stowed again before re-entry. There are three windows, and hatches at the front and in the side.",
        "parts": [
          "Pressurised section",
          "Nose cone",
          "Windows (three)",
          "Forward hatch",
          "Side hatch"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Trunk and power",
        "text": "The trunk is Dragon's second main section, and it is not pressurised. One half holds a solar array that powers the spacecraft, the other a radiator that gets rid of heat. The launch escape fins are part of it as well.",
        "parts": [
          "Trunk (unpressurised service module)",
          "Trunk solar array",
          "Trunk radiator",
          "Launch escape fins"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat shield and backshell",
        "text": "The heat shield blocks are bonded to the structure, and the gaps between them are filled. The backshell, the cover over the rest of the capsule, is a light silicone foam that comes either moulded or as blocks. The foam is a proprietary SpaceX ablative material.",
        "parts": [
          "Heat shield",
          "Backshell"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Thrusters and escape engines",
        "text": "Draco thrusters near the base of the capsule handle manoeuvring in orbit. More sit under the nose cone, next to the guidance sensors. For emergencies during launch, eight SuperDraco engines are built into the side walls, and the launch escape system is armed before liftoff.",
        "parts": [
          "Draco thrusters at the base of the capsule",
          "Draco thrusters under the nose cone",
          "Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) sensors under the nose cone",
          "SuperDraco engines (x8)",
          "Launch escape system (armed before launch)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Parachutes and recovery",
        "text": "Six parachutes bring the capsule down. Two drogue parachutes open first, then four main ones. After splashdown, a recovery ship lifts the capsule out of the water with a crane and sets it on the main deck.",
        "parts": [
          "Drogue parachutes",
          "Main parachutes (four)",
          "Recovery ship with crane"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "PICA-X",
        "mid": "pica-x",
        "where": "The heat shield, as blocks of carbon felt soaked in phenolic resin and bonded to the structure."
      },
      {
        "name": "Silicone foam",
        "mid": "silicone-syntactic-foam",
        "where": "The backshell, in a light foam that is SpaceX's own ablative material."
      },
      {
        "name": "Inconel",
        "mid": "inconel",
        "where": "The chambers of the eight SuperDraco launch-escape engines, which are 3D printed."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "Crew Dragon launches on top of a Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It is built on SpaceX's cargo Dragon, which the company designed with people in mind. For launch escape it uses SuperDraco engines, and for manoeuvring in orbit it uses Draco thrusters. NASA's Commercial Crew Program orders its flights to the station as crew rotation missions. The first crewed flight was Demo-2 in 2020.",
    "unknown": "SpaceX has not published what the pressure vessel, trunk, nose cone, tanks, parachutes or windows are made of. Materials are known only for the heat shield, the backshell and the escape-engine chambers, and the Inconel alloy is not named. Published counts of the Draco thrusters differ.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Crew",
        "value": "Up to seven passengers, four crew on NASA missions"
      },
      {
        "label": "Pressurised volume",
        "value": "9.3 m3 (330 cu ft)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Windows",
        "value": "Three"
      },
      {
        "label": "Parachutes",
        "value": "six (two drogues and four mains)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Launch vehicle",
        "value": "Falcon 9 from Launch Complex 39A"
      },
      {
        "label": "First crewed flight",
        "value": "Demo-2, 30 May to 2 August 2020"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Crew capacity",
      "value": "Up to seven passengers, four crew on NASA missions",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Crew Dragon is capable of carrying up to seven passengers but carries up to four astronauts for NASA missions"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch escape engines",
      "value": "Eight SuperDraco engines, 120,000 lb total axial thrust",
      "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/",
      "quote": "Eight SuperDraco engines built into the side walls of the Dragon spacecraft will produce up to 120,000 pounds of axial thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "SuperDraco thrust",
      "value": "16,000 lb each",
      "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/",
      "quote": "Each SuperDraco produces 16,000 pounds of thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "First crewed flight",
      "value": "Demo-2, 30 May to 2 August 2020",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "SpaceX Demo-2 (May 30-Aug. 2)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Windows",
      "value": "Three",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Crew Dragon was designed with three windows"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch vehicle",
      "value": "Falcon 9 from Launch Complex 39A",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Crew Dragon launches atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cabin temperature range",
      "value": "65 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "astronauts onboard can set the spacecraft’s interior temperature to between 65 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit"
    },
    {
      "label": "Splashdown sites supported",
      "value": "seven",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "NASA and SpaceX are capable of supporting seven splashdown sites located off Florida's east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico."
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort total thrust",
      "value": "up to 120,000 lbf axial",
      "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/",
      "quote": "will produce up to 120,000 pounds of axial thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "Parachute count",
      "value": "six (two drogues and four mains)",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_2",
      "quote": "Dragon 2 uses a total of six parachutes (two drogues and four mains)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Pressurised volume",
      "value": "9.3 m3 (330 cu ft)",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_2",
      "quote": "Pressurized: 9.3 m3 (330 cu ft)"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Capsule has a pressurised section, service section and nose cone; unpressurised trunk carries solar array and radiator",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Dragon is composed of two main elements: the capsule"
    },
    {
      "text": "Draco thrusters provide orbital maneuvering",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering"
    },
    {
      "text": "Heat shield is blocks of phenolic-impregnated carbon felt",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230015883/downloads/TPS-StateofInd-SAMPE-Final2.pdf",
      "quote": "Blocks bonded to structure and gaps filled"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Thermal protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Heat shield",
          "material": "PICA-X (carbon felt infiltrated with phenolic resin)",
          "form": "ablator blocks bonded to structure",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "SpaceX; NASA Ames lists it as PICA-SpaceX",
          "quote": "Carbon felt infiltrated with phenolic resin",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230015883/downloads/TPS-StateofInd-SAMPE-Final2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "pica-x"
        },
        {
          "part": "Backshell",
          "material": "silicone syntactic foam (SpaceX proprietary ablative material)",
          "form": "light-weight foam, molded or blocks",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Light-weight silicone foam",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230015883/downloads/TPS-StateofInd-SAMPE-Final2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "silicone-syntactic-foam"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch escape propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "SuperDraco engine chamber (eight engines)",
          "material": "Inconel (alloy not stated)",
          "form": "3D printed (direct metal laser sintering), regeneratively cooled",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The chamber is regeneratively cooled and printed in Inconel, a high-performance superalloy",
          "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "inconel"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Capsule",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Pressurised section",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the capsule, which is designed to carry crew and critical, pressurized cargo",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "carries crew and pressurised cargo"
        },
        {
          "part": "Service section",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "subdivided into the pressurized section, the service section and the nose cone",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "unpressurised part of the capsule that holds the Draco thrusters"
        },
        {
          "part": "Nose cone",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the nose cone, which is opened once on orbit and stowed prior to re-entry",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "protects the forward end; opens once on orbit and is stowed before re-entry"
        },
        {
          "part": "Forward hatch",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "FORWARD HATCH",
          "source_url": "https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/spacex_dragon_callouts_black.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "forward access hatch"
        },
        {
          "part": "Side hatch",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "SIDE HATCH",
          "source_url": "https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/spacex_dragon_callouts_black.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "crew entry hatch"
        },
        {
          "part": "Windows (three)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew Dragon was designed with three windows",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "give the crew views of Earth, the Moon and the solar system"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Trunk",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Trunk (unpressurised service module)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the trunk, which is an unpressurized service module",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "mating interface to Falcon 9; jettisoned shortly before re-entry",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Falcon 9 interface",
              "value": "the trunk is the mating interface to Falcon 9",
              "quote": "Dragon’s trunk provides the mating interface for the capsule to Falcon 9 on its ascent to space.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Trunk solar array",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "half of the trunk contains a solar array, which powers Dragon",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "powers Dragon on orbit"
        },
        {
          "part": "Trunk radiator",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the other half contains a radiator, which rejects heat",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "rejects heat on orbit"
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch escape fins",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "LAUNCH ESCAPE FINS",
          "source_url": "https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/spacex_dragon_callouts_black.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "fins on the trunk used in the abort configuration"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Draco thrusters at the base of the capsule",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Near the base of the capsule, but outside the pressurized structure, are the Draco thrusters, which allow for orbital maneuvering.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "orbital manoeuvring and attitude control",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Number of Draco thrusters",
              "value": "sixteen",
              "quote": "Sixteen smaller Draco thrusters placed around the spacecraft control its attitude and perform orbital maneuvers.",
              "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Draco thrusters under the nose cone",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Additional Draco thrusters are housed under the nose cone",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "additional manoeuvring thrusters at the forward end"
        },
        {
          "part": "Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) sensors under the nose cone",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "along with Dragon’s Guidance Navigation and Control (GNC) sensors",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "relative navigation for rendezvous and docking"
        },
        {
          "part": "Propulsion pressurisation",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Dragon prop pressurization",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "pressurises the Dragon propellant system before launch"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch escape",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "SuperDraco engines (x8)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: SpaceX",
          "quote": "Crew Dragon features an advanced abort system with eight SuperDraco engines",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "launch abort engines built into the capsule side walls",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust per engine",
              "value": "16,000 lbf, restartable",
              "quote": "Each SuperDraco produces 16,000 pounds of thrust and can be restarted multiple times if necessary.",
              "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Throttling",
              "value": "deep throttle",
              "quote": "the engines have the ability to deep throttle",
              "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Placement",
              "value": "built into the side walls of the capsule",
              "quote": "Eight SuperDraco engines built into the side walls of the Dragon spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://nss.org/spacex-completes-qualification-testing-of-superdraco-thruster-for-launch-escape-system-on-dragon-spacecraft/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch escape system (armed before launch)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Dragon launch escape system is armed",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "pulls the capsule away from the rocket on the pad and during ascent",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Activation",
              "value": "can be activated instantaneously once armed",
              "quote": "can be activated instantaneously from the moment they are armed",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Recovery",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Drogue parachutes",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "re-enters Earth's atmosphere and deploys drogue parachutes",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "stabilise and slow the capsule after re-entry",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Count",
              "value": "two drogues",
              "quote": "Dragon 2 uses a total of six parachutes (two drogues and four mains)",
              "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main parachutes (four)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "prior to unfurling the spacecraft’s four main parachutes",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "final descent under canopy"
        },
        {
          "part": "Recovery ship with crane",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "SpaceX’s recovery ship is equipped with a crane to lift the capsule out of the water and onto the main deck of the ship",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "lifts the capsule from the water onto the deck"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew systems",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew Dragon has an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "air and temperature for the crew",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cabin temperature setting",
              "value": "65 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit",
              "quote": "astronauts onboard can set the spacecraft’s interior temperature to between 65 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew displays",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew Dragon’s displays provide real-time information on the state of the spacecraft’s capabilities",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "real-time spacecraft status for the crew"
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew seats (rotate before launch)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Verify ready for seat rotation",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "seats for up to four NASA astronauts"
        },
        {
          "part": "SpaceX spacesuit",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: SpaceX",
          "quote": "SpaceX designed its spacesuit for astronauts to wear inside the Crew Dragon spacecraft",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "worn inside Crew Dragon; custom-made for each passenger"
        },
        {
          "part": "Suit helmet (3D printed)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The helmet is custom manufactured using 3D printing technology",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "integrated valves, visor mechanism and microphones"
        },
        {
          "part": "Single suit connection point (thigh)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A single connection point on the suit’s thigh attaches life support systems, including air and power connections.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "air and power connection to the life support system"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Avionics and docking",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Autonomous flight control",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew Dragon is a fully autonomous spacecraft that can be monitored and controlled by onboard astronauts and SpaceX mission control",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "spacecraft flies itself; monitored by crew and mission control"
        },
        {
          "part": "Inertial measurement unit (IMU)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Dragon IMU align and Configure for launch",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "navigation reference aligned before launch"
        },
        {
          "part": "Internal power switchover",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Dragon transitions to internal power",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Dragon runs on its own power from about five minutes before launch"
        },
        {
          "part": "Autonomous docking system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew Dragon performed a series of phasing maneuvers to gradually approach and autonomously dock with the station.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "docks with the station without crew action"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Ground systems",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew access arm (LC-39A)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew access arm retracts",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "bridge for crew entry that retracts before launch"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "pica-x",
      "name": "PICA-X (carbon felt infiltrated with phenolic resin)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "silicone-syntactic-foam",
      "name": "silicone syntactic foam (SpaceX proprietary ablative material)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "inconel",
      "name": "Inconel (alloy not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Falcon 9",
      "target_slug": "spacex-falcon-9",
      "note": "launches on top of the second stage from Launch Complex 39A",
      "quote": "Crew Dragon launches atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SuperDraco engine (x8)",
      "target_slug": "spacex-superdraco",
      "note": "eight launch-abort engines; not yet a catalog product",
      "quote": "Crew Dragon features an advanced abort system with eight SuperDraco engines",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Draco thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "orbital manoeuvring thrusters; not yet a catalog product",
      "quote": "Additional Draco thrusters are housed under the nose cone",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "built_on",
      "target": "Cargo Dragon",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "SpaceX designed its cargo Dragon with people in mind",
      "quote": "they designed it with people in mind",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "NASA Commercial Crew Program",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "crew-rotation flights to the International Space Station",
      "quote": "NASA has ordered six crew rotation missions to the International Space Station from SpaceX.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "No standards or grades. Pressure vessel, trunk structure, tank, window and parachute materials not found. More detail: SpaceX has not published a Crew Dragon bill of materials; the pressure vessel, trunk structure, propellant tanks, window glass, seats, parachute fabric, solar cells and radiator have no stated materials or suppliers in any readable source. Wikipedia says the propellant tanks are composite-overwrapped titanium spheres, but that was not confirmed from a primary page and is not listed. Draco thruster count differs by source and vehicle (Wikipedia: sixteen on Dragon 2; an older NASA kit for the first Dragon: eighteen), so the count is attached to the Wikipedia statement only. The NASA press kit is the Crew-2 edition and describes the Dragon in general terms. NASA's Dragon callout graphic gives labels only. SuperDraco quotes come from the 2014 qualification-test announcement as reposted by the National Space Society. Quotes from the NASA press kit and the NASA callout graphics were machine-checked against the PDF text; quotes from Wikipedia and nss.org came through a text extractor and were not machine-checked. More detail: SpaceX has not published a Crew Dragon bill of materials; the pressure vessel, trunk structure, propellant tanks, window glass, seats, parachute fabric, solar cells and radiator have no stated materials or suppliers in any readable source. Wikipedia says the propellant tanks are composite-overwrapped titanium spheres, but that was not confirmed from a primary page and is not listed. Draco thruster count differs by source and vehicle (Wikipedia: sixteen on Dragon 2; an older NASA kit for the first Dragon: eighteen), so the count is attached to the Wikipedia statement only. The NASA press kit is the Crew-2 edition and describes the Dragon in general terms. NASA's Dragon callout graphic gives labels only. SuperDraco quotes come from the 2014 qualification-test announcement as reposted by the National Space Society. Quotes from the NASA press kit and the NASA callout graphics were machine-checked against the PDF text; quotes from Wikipedia and nss.org came through a text extractor and were re-checked in a second fetch pass but not against a saved copy of the page.",
  "depth": "partial",
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    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-crew-dragon-1.jpg",
      "alt": "Crew Dragon capsule Resilience (Crew-1) standing upright on its stand in the SpaceX hangar at Kennedy Space Center, white",
      "long": "Crew Dragon capsule Resilience (Crew-1) standing upright on its stand in the SpaceX hangar at Kennedy Space Center, white nose cone above the dark solar-cell-covered trunk",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "SpaceX (CC0, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_Resilience_Crew-1.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-crew-dragon-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Crew Dragon Endeavour docked to the ISS Harmony port, SpaceX and Dragon logos visible, Canadarm2/Dextre robotics and station",
      "long": "Crew Dragon Endeavour docked to the ISS Harmony port, SpaceX and Dragon logos visible, Canadarm2/Dextre robotics and station modules beside it, black sky",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-65_The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/spacex-crew-dragon-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Close vertical view of Crew Dragon Resilience on its stand showing the SpaceX and Dragon wordmarks, nose cone and trunk",
      "long": "Close vertical view of Crew Dragon Resilience on its stand showing the SpaceX and Dragon wordmarks, nose cone and trunk solar cells",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "SpaceX (CC0, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_Resilience_on_stand.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}