{ "id": "roscosmos-orlan-mks-spacesuit", "title": "Orlan-MKS spacesuit", "maker": "NPP Zvezda / Roscosmos", "maker_type": "Commercial", "kind": "mission", "category": "suits", "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/roscosmos-orlan-mks-spacesuit/", "website": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "summary": "Russian semi-rigid EVA spacesuit used on the ISS since 2017. Public sources name an aluminium-alloy hard torso, a polyurethane pressure layer and aramid fabric, mostly from secondary sources.", "application": "Used by cosmonauts for spacewalks on the International Space Station since 2017. The suit is self-contained, carrying its own life support in a rear hatch backpack, and is built for 15 to 20 EVAs.", "story": { "headline": "The Orlan-MKS is the Russian spacewalking suit used on the International Space Station since 2017.", "intro": [ "The Orlan-MKS is a Russian spacesuit that cosmonauts wear for spacewalks at the International Space Station. NPP Zvezda and Roscosmos make it, and it has been in use there since 2017. The suit is semi-rigid, with a solid torso and flexible arms, and it carries its own life support in a backpack on the rear hatch.", "The torso is a single hard shell, said to be an aluminium alloy. The pressure layer is polyurethane, which replaces rubber and, according to one report, makes the suit last longer. The outer fabric is phenylon, an aramid fibre." ], "built": [ { "title": "Hard torso and helmet", "text": "The hard upper torso, or cuirass, is a single shell said to be an aluminium alloy. The suit is entered through a rear hatch, which also carries the life support backpack. One blog reports that the helmet is impact-resistant polycarbonate.", "parts": [ "Hard upper torso (cuirass)", "Helmet" ] }, { "title": "Pressure layer", "text": "In the new model, polyurethane pressure shells take the place of rubber ones. A Russian news report says this lengthens the suit's service life. The shells form the pressure bladder, the sleeves and the legs.", "parts": [ "Pressure bladder, sleeves and legs" ] }, { "title": "Outer fabric and heat control", "text": "The outer shell of the suit is phenylon, a fabric made from aramid, a family of strong synthetic fibres. For thermal insulation the suit has layers of aluminium foil and mineral fibres. Its thermal control system is fully automated, with a manual override.", "parts": [ "Outer shell fabric", "Thermal insulation" ] } ], "materials": [ { "name": "Aluminium alloy", "mid": "aluminium", "where": "Said to be the single-piece hard upper torso. The alloy is not named." }, { "name": "Polycarbonate", "mid": "polycarbonate", "where": "Reported by one blog as the helmet material, in a high-strength, impact-resistant form." }, { "name": "Polyurethane", "mid": "polyurethane-pressure-bladder", "where": "The pressure layer of the bladder, sleeves and legs, in place of rubber, to give a longer service life." }, { "name": "Phenylon aramid fabric", "mid": "phenylon-aramid-fabric", "where": "Reported as the fabric of the suit's outer shell." }, { "name": "Aluminium foil and mineral fibres", "mid": "multilayer-insulation-mli", "where": "Layered thermal insulation. The description may cover the whole Orlan family rather than this model alone." } ], "connections": "Orlan is a family of Russian spacesuits, and the Orlan-MKS is a newer model of it. One change reported from earlier models is that polyurethane pressure shells replace rubber ones.", "unknown": "Public descriptions come from a blog and from news and magazine articles, not from NPP Zvezda or Roscosmos, and some may describe the Orlan suits in general rather than this model. The restraint layer, visor, boots and gloves have no published materials.", "facts": [ { "label": "Mass", "value": "110 kg (240 lb)" }, { "label": "Operating pressure", "value": "400 hPa (5.8 psi); about 0.4 atm" }, { "label": "Primary life support", "value": "7 hours" }, { "label": "Service life", "value": "6 years; 15 to 20 EVAs" }, { "label": "In service", "value": "ISS, since 2017" } ] }, "specifications": [ { "label": "Mass", "value": "110 kg (240 lb)", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "Mass: 110 kg (240 lb)" }, { "label": "Mass (Roscosmos-linked press)", "value": "about 110 kg", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/news/2026/05/10/kosmicheskaia-bronia-novogo-pokoleniia-skafandr-orlan-mks-gotov-k-ispytaniiam-na-mks.html", "quote": "Масса скафандра — около 110 килограммов" }, { "label": "Operating pressure", "value": "400 hPa (5.8 psi); about 0.4 atm", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "Operating pressure: 400 hPa (5.8 psi)" }, { "label": "Primary life support", "value": "7 hours", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "Primary life support: 7 hours" }, { "label": "Service life", "value": "6 years; 15 to 20 EVAs", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "Service life: 6 years; 15-20 EVAs" }, { "label": "In service", "value": "ISS, since 2017", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "Used on ISS since 2017." }, { "label": "Cosmonaut height range", "value": "165 to 190 cm", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "The suit could be adjusted to any cosmonaut with a body height ranging from 165 to 190 centimeters." }, { "label": "Heat removal capacity", "value": "Average 300 kcal/h; maximum 600 kcal/h", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "Average heat removal capacity 300 kilo-calories per hour Maximum heat removal capacity 600 kilo-calories per hour" }, { "label": "EVA length quoted by RussianSpaceWeb", "value": "Up to nine hours", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "for 15-20 spacewalks, or EVAs, lasting up to nine hours" }, { "label": "Backup pressure layer", "value": "Dropped on the MKS because the polyurethane layer resists failure", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "developers could drop a backup layer, making the suit a whole lot lighter and more flexible" }, { "label": "Polyurethane layer origin", "value": "Reportedly bought in Belgium (supplier not named)", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "this new polyurethane layer for Orlan-MKS was reportedly purchased in Belgium" }, { "label": "Hermetic shell temperature range (No. 6)", "value": "-150 C to +120 C", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/articles/2025/05/02/tank-v-kosmose-cto-izvestno-pro-novyi-skafandr-orlan-mks-6.amp.html", "quote": "capable of withstanding extreme space temperatures from -150°C to +120°C" }, { "label": "ASTR water inlet and gas temperature ranges", "value": "Water 5 to 30 C; suit gas held at 5 to 20 C", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf", "quote": "изменяющаяся в пределах 5–30 °С при поддержании температуры газа внутри СК в диапазоне 5–20 ºС" }, { "label": "ASTR first use", "value": "EVAs 43, 44, 45 and 46 from the Russian segment", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf", "quote": "плановых ВКД-43, -44, -45 и -46 из российского сегмента МКС" }, { "label": "Peak body heat output", "value": "Up to 800 W during hard work", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429", "quote": "при интенсивной работе космонавт выделяет до 800 Ватт тепла" }, { "label": "Self-entry time (Orlan-M manual)", "value": "2 to 3 minutes without assistance", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "quote": "«entry-exit» time without assistance is 2-3 minutes" }, { "label": "Cuirass alloy named for the Orlan family", "value": "AMg-3 aluminium alloy (family-level statement, not MKS-specific)", "source_url": "http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5188/", "quote": "алюминиевый сплав АМГ-3" }, { "label": "Deliveries", "value": "No. 6 on Progress MS-30 (28 Feb 2025); No. 7 on Progress MS-32 (11 Sep 2025); No. 8 on Progress MS-34 (April 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "The Orlan-MKS No. 6 suit was finally sent to the ISS with the Progress MS-30 cargo ship on Feb. 28, 2025" }, { "label": "Fleet rule", "value": "Three suits kept on the station: two main and one reserve", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html", "quote": "For spacewalks, there should be three spacesuits – two main and one reserve." }, { "label": "Replacement price (July 2021)", "value": "About 370 million rubles", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "RKK Energia put the price tag for their replacement at around 370 million rubles" }, { "label": "Possible future upgrades", "value": "Jet-propelled rescue system and helmet-projected display (Zvezda, 2018)", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/articles/orlanmksmods.html", "quote": "Orlan-MKS spacesuits may get a jet-propelled rescue system and a helmet-mounted display" } ], "features": [ { "text": "Semi-rigid suit with a solid torso and flexible arms, rear hatch entry", "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlan_space_suit", "quote": "semi-rigid, with a solid torso and flexible arms" }, { "text": "Fully automated thermal control system with manual override", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "quote": "Fully automated thermal control system" }, { "text": "Polyurethane pressure shells replace rubber to extend service life", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/news/2026/05/10/kosmicheskaia-bronia-novogo-pokoleniia-skafandr-orlan-mks-gotov-k-ispytaniiam-na-mks.html", "quote": "это увеличивает срок службы", "quote_check": "not matched on the source page" } ], "parts": [ { "assembly": "Hard upper torso and helmet", "parts": [ { "part": "Hard upper torso (cuirass)", "material": "Aluminium alloy (alloy not named)", "form": "single shell", "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "a single, lightweight, and extremely strong shell made of an aluminum alloy", "source_url": "https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2025/11/21/orlan-mks-spacesuit/", "profile": "aluminium", "mid": "aluminium" }, { "part": "Helmet", "material": "Polycarbonate (per secondary source)", "form": "helmet", "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "made of high-strength, impact-resistant polycarbonate", "source_url": "https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2025/11/21/orlan-mks-spacesuit/", "profile": null, "mid": "polycarbonate" } ] }, { "assembly": "Pressure layer", "parts": [ { "part": "Pressure bladder, sleeves and legs", "material": "Polyurethane", "form": "bladder replacing rubber", "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Вместо резиновых гермооболочек в новой модели используют полиуретановые — это увеличивает срок службы.", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/news/2026/05/10/kosmicheskaia-bronia-novogo-pokoleniia-skafandr-orlan-mks-gotov-k-ispytaniiam-na-mks.html", "profile": null, "mid": "polyurethane-pressure-bladder" } ] }, { "assembly": "Outer garment and thermal protection", "parts": [ { "part": "Outer shell fabric", "material": "Phenylon (aramid) fabric", "form": "fabric", "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": "Description given for Orlan generally; popular magazine", "quote": "Внешняя оболочка скафандра — ткань фенилон", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/", "profile": null, "mid": "phenylon-aramid-fabric" }, { "part": "Thermal insulation", "material": "Aluminium foil and mineral fibres", "form": "multilayer screen-vacuum insulation", "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "многослойная экранно-вакуумная теплозащита, состоящая из алюминиевой фольги и минеральных волокон", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/", "profile": "multilayer-insulation-mli", "mid": "multilayer-insulation-mli" } ] }, { "assembly": "Pressure garment and structure", "parts": [ { "part": "Rear entry hatch with backpack closure mechanism (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The backpack closure device allows a cosmonaut in the spacesuit to independently pull the backpack against the entry hatch and subsequently to close it.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Rear hatch the cosmonaut enters through; the occupant can pull the backpack shut alone, and Orlan-MKS still uses a rear hatch", "specs": [ { "label": "Backpack opening limit (Orlan-M)", "value": "No more than 90 degrees, set by the cable length", "quote": "The cable length makes it possible to open the backpack to an angle of no more than 90 degrees.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS entry", "value": "Through a hatch in the back", "quote": "cosmonauts enter through a special hatch in the back, like in a mini-submarine", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/articles/2025/05/02/tank-v-kosmose-cto-izvestno-pro-novyi-skafandr-orlan-mks-6.amp.html" } ] }, { "part": "Primary and reserve elastic pressurization hoses at the backpack-to-torso seal (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "the interior (primary) hose is backed up by an exterior (reserve) one", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Inflatable seals around the entry hatch; an outer reserve hose backs up the inner primary hose" }, { "part": "Onboard mounting ring, central pin and wedge brackets (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The lower portion of the body has a load-bearing element, a ring, to secure the spacesuit onboard the station.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Fixings that secure the suit on board the station and in the airlock", "specs": [ { "label": "Pin and brackets", "value": "Central pin and two side wedge brackets", "quote": "Central pin and two side wedge brackets for securing the spacesuit on board", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Rigid backpack (satchel) shell", "material": "Aluminium, over 1 mm thick (alloy not stated)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The Orlans have a rigid cuirass and a rigid satchel, made of aluminum with a thickness of more than 1 mm.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html", "profile": "aluminium", "mid": "aluminium", "function": "Aluminium backpack shell that also gives radiation shielding for the organs, per NPP Zvezda's general director", "specs": [ { "label": "Radiation role", "value": "Rigid shell protects head, heart, kidneys and liver at ISS orbit doses", "quote": "such a design effectively protects vital organs from radiation during exits", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] }, { "part": "Soft arm shells (sleeves) with length-adjustment bands (Orlan-M design; removable sleeves planned for MKS)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "One of them is to make sleeves easily removable, which makes it possible to put sleeves with individual sizes for a particular cosmonaut.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/articles/orlanmksmods.html", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Pressurised arms; the stiffer polyurethane MKS sleeves fold on short-armed users, so Zvezda plans removable sleeves in individual sizes", "specs": [ { "label": "Length adjustment (Orlan-M)", "value": "Adjusted shoulder-to-elbow and elbow-to-wrist", "quote": "The sleeve is adjusted for arm length from the shoulder to the elbow and from the elbow to the wrist.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Soft leg shells bolted to the torso flange (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "A rigid flange is installed on the upper edge of the leg shell", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Pressurised legs whose length is set at the body, hip and ankle; replaceable when damaged", "specs": [ { "label": "Replacement", "value": "Bolted flange with rubber gasket, so a damaged shell can be swapped", "quote": "This connection allows for the shell to be replaced if it becomes damaged.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Load-bearing (restraint) layer of the soft shells (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Lavsan fabric (the Sokol page of the same source equates Lavsan with Dacron)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The exterior layer of the shell, which absorbs loads from the interior delta pressure, is made of lavsan and is called the load-bearing element.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "dacron-polyester", "function": "Outer fabric layer that takes the load from internal pressure and holds the soft sections to shape", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MKS frame", "value": "A bare 'power frame' without outer layers is shown for the MKS", "quote": "На фото Вы видите силовой каркас, без верхней одежды.", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] }, { "part": "Kapron inner liner with ventilation-pipe casings (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Kapron fabric (Russian polyamide fibre; named only 'kapron' in the manual)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "A lining made from kapron fabric is attached to the inside of the pressurized shells.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "kapron-fabric", "function": "Liner inside the pressure shells that guides the ventilation pipes" }, { "part": "Pressurised bearings and soft hinges at shoulder, elbow and wrist (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "the spacesuit is equipped with pressurized bearings and soft joints", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Rotating sealed joints and folded hinges that keep the arms mobile under pressure", "specs": [ { "label": "Arm joints", "value": "Pressurised bearings at shoulder, elbow and wrist; soft hinges at shoulder and elbow", "quote": "pressurized bearings at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist;", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS joints", "value": "MKS adds a hinge system for wider arm swing and squatting", "quote": "система шарниров, которая позволит космонавту расширить амплитуду рук и даже приседать", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429" } ] }, { "part": "Hip, knee and ankle soft hinges with ankle pressurised bearings (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The spacesuit hip hinge is a bellows-type corrugated hinge.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Leg joints; the ankle bearings also let the body rotate about its axis", "specs": [ { "label": "Knee hinge", "value": "Front-mounted peel-type hinge", "quote": "The knee hinge is installed in the front portion of the shell", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Ankle bearings", "value": "Extra degree of freedom that lets the body rotate about its axis", "quote": "Ankle pressurized bearings are used to provide an additional degree of freedom for the spacesuit and allow the body to rotate about its axis.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Pressure relief (safety) valve PK-0.45 (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "When the spacesuit pressure exceeds a value greater than 0.42 kgf/cm2, the ПК-0.45 safety valve is automatically triggered", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Vents oxygen when suit pressure rises above 0.42 kgf/cm2; on the right side of the Orlan-MK", "specs": [ { "label": "Location (Orlan-MK)", "value": "Right side of the suit", "quote": "Предохранительный клапан находится на правом боку скафандра.", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] }, { "part": "Removable delta-pressure indicator (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Removable spacesuit delta pressure indicator (УДСК)", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Indicator on the torso showing suit overpressure" } ] }, { "assembly": "Helmet, visor and lighting", "parts": [ { "part": "Double-pane primary helmet window with protective glass (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Polycarbonate, about 3 mm", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "the window is made of two pressurized windows connected along the contour with a separation of around 8 mm", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": "polycarbonate", "mid": "polycarbonate", "function": "Two sealed panes with a dry-nitrogen gap, plus a separate protective glass that keeps the inner pane warm and un-misted", "specs": [ { "label": "Gap fill", "value": "Dry nitrogen between the two panes", "quote": "The volume between them is sealed and filled with dry nitrogen.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Pane thickness", "value": "About 3 mm for window, protective glass and light filter", "quote": "made of polycarbonate with a thickness of approximately 3 mm", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Protective glass", "value": "Covers the window with about 5 mm gap", "quote": "A protective glass covers the primary window with a separation of around 5 mm.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Movable light filter (sun visor)", "material": "Gold coating on the light filter (Orlan-MK, general article)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The spacesuit visor has a movable light filter which protects the cosmonaut's eyes and face from solar radiation.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": "gold", "mid": "gold", "function": "Raisable filter that protects eyes and face from solar radiation; gold-coated on the Orlan-MK", "specs": [ { "label": "Transmission (Orlan-M)", "value": "About 3 percent", "quote": "The light filter has a transmission factor of 3%.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Coating (Orlan-MK)", "value": "Gold sputtered", "quote": "Шлем имеет светофильтр с золотым напылением", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS filter", "value": "A light filter is attached for the illuminated part of the orbit", "quote": "a light filter to protect against the bright sun in the illuminated portion of orbit", "source_url": "https://tass.com/science/2136101" } ] }, { "part": "Top helmet window (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Polycarbonate", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The top part of the helmet has an additional window manufactured just like the primary window.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": "polycarbonate", "mid": "polycarbonate", "function": "Extra window in the top of the helmet that widens the upward field of view" }, { "part": "Plexiglass protective casing over the metal helmet and light filter (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Plexiglass", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "are protected from contacts with sharp object contacts by a special plexiglass casing", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "plexiglass", "function": "Guards the open filter and helmet shell against contact with sharp objects" }, { "part": "Ventilation collector inside the helmet (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "a ventilation collector is located in the respiration area inside the helmet", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Directs air along the visor to dry, warm or cool it and to ventilate the breathing zone" }, { "part": "Helmet lights (x2)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "From then, a different type of light with 42 diode lamps in each light was used.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Lights on the helmet shell for work in the shaded part of the orbit; LED lamps since 2007", "specs": [ { "label": "Function (Orlan-M)", "value": "Individual lighting for EVA in the shaded part of the orbit", "quote": "The individual lighting system supports EVA operations in the shaded part of the orbit.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS", "value": "On-camera lights are fitted", "quote": "Attached to the suit are a video recording system, on-camera lights", "source_url": "https://tass.com/science/2136101" } ] }, { "part": "Video recording system with on-camera lights (Orlan-MKS No. 6 and 7)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Attached to the suit are a video recording system, on-camera lights, and a light filter", "source_url": "https://tass.com/science/2136101", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Records the spacewalk from the suit" }, { "part": "Valsalva ear-clearing device inside the helmet (Orlan-MK)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Внутри шлема встроена «Вальсальва» — устройство для продувки ушей при изменениях давления в скафандре", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Pad inside the helmet that lets the wearer pinch the nose to clear the ears during pressure changes" }, { "part": "Sleeve mirrors (Orlan-MKS)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Mirrors help monitor the position of controls and instruments, as it is impossible to see oneself from inside the suit.", "source_url": "https://tass.com/science/2136101", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Mirrors on the sleeves for reading controls and instruments that cannot be seen directly" } ] }, { "assembly": "Gloves", "parts": [ { "part": "Pressure gloves GP-10 with removable glove connector (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The ГП-10 gloves are made in two sizes depending upon the length of the fingers.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Removable pressure gloves, made in two finger-length sizes, locked to the sleeve wrist bearing with four locking rings", "specs": [ { "label": "Connector", "value": "Four locking rings on the rubber shell, each with two seals", "quote": "The connection is made using four locking rings mounted on the rubber shell.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Fit and insulation (Orlan-MK)", "value": "Gloves made to individual measurements with thermal-insulating liners", "quote": "Перчатки изготавливаются по индивидуальным меркам и имеют термоизолирующие подкладки, чтобы не мерзли руки.", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/" } ] }, { "part": "Glove main and reserve pressure shells (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Natural rubber main shell, about 0.6 mm (Orlan-M)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The reserve (internal) pressurized shell is made from rubberized fabric and automatically engages when the main shell malfunctions.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "natural-rubber", "function": "Dipped natural-rubber main shell with a rubberised-fabric reserve shell that engages when the main shell fails", "specs": [ { "label": "Main shell", "value": "Natural rubber, about 0.6 mm, with finger-hinge ridges on the back", "quote": "The main (external) pressurized shell, made of natural rubber using the dipping method, with a thickness of approximately 0.6 mm", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Glove palm frame and wrist hinge (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Tempered steel wire frame and steel-ring wrist hinge (grade not stated)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The frame is made of tempered steel wire", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "steel-grade-unstated", "function": "Steel wire palm frame and steel-ring wrist hinge that give wrist bending and a concave palm", "specs": [ { "label": "Wrist hinge", "value": "Steel rings allowing flexion, extension and adduction", "quote": "wrist hinge is manufactured in the form of steel rings", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Protective outer glove with rubber fingertip caps (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "There are rubber caps at the finger tips of the protective shell to improve the tactile feel.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Thermal and abrasion cover with vacuum-screen insulation, phenylon shell and gripping rubber on fingertips and palm", "specs": [ { "label": "Layers", "value": "Vacuum-screen insulation, phenylon exterior shell and kapron gasket", "quote": "The protective glove, which includes VSTI, an exterior shell made of phenylon and a kapron gasket", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Glove heaters", "value": "None described; Vesti says US suits warm gloves and boots while the Russian design regulates the whole suit body", "quote": "В американских скафандрах, где нет общей системы терморегулирования, с этим борются, подогревая перчатки и ботинки. Российская разработка обеспечивает тепловой режим внутри всего корпуса скафандра.", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Boots and under-garments", "parts": [ { "part": "Boots (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Natural leather soles and lining; phenylon outer layer", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The soles are made of two layers of natural leather with thickness of 4 mm each.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "natural-leather", "function": "Boot covers that protect the restraint layer and hold the foot at the work place", "specs": [ { "label": "Outer layer", "value": "External phenylon layer", "quote": "an external phenylon layer", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Insulation", "value": "Thermal lining made of vacuum-screen insulation", "quote": "a thermal insulating lining made of VSTI", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Role", "value": "Protect the restraint shell at the feet and give thermal protection", "quote": "The boots are an element of the outer wear and are intended to protect the load-bearing shell in the area of the feet", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Cotton underwear-coveralls and absorbent shorts (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Cotton knit", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The underwear-coveralls are made of a cotton knitted fabric.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "cotton", "function": "Worn under the water-cooling garment; the shorts hold about 300 ml of urine", "specs": [ { "label": "Urine capacity", "value": "About 300 ml in a cellulose liner", "quote": "have a liner of water absorbent cellulose which will hold approximately 300 ml of urine", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Thermal garment and outer cover", "parts": [ { "part": "Vacuum-screen thermal insulation package per the Orlan-M manual", "material": "Metallised polyethylene phthalate film screens with kapron net spacers", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Vacuum-screen thermal insulation (VSTI) which constitutes a package of thin layers of metallized polyethylene phthalate film with a high reflective capacity.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "metallised-pet-film", "function": "Reflective screens under the phenylon cover; this manual names metallised polyester film, whereas the catalog's existing row cites foil and mineral fibres from a general article", "specs": [ { "label": "Layers (Orlan-M)", "value": "Five screens, multiplied by four over the console and radio-telemetry unit", "quote": "the VSTI package consists of five layers of screens", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Layers (Orlan-MK, Naked Science)", "value": "10 insulation layers", "quote": "10 слоев экранно-вакуумной изоляции, которая защищает космонавта от холода и солнечного излучения", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" }, { "label": "Spacer", "value": "Kapron mesh between the insulation layers", "quote": "Между каждым слоем проложена капроновая сетка", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] }, { "part": "Cord and velcro fastened covers for body, sleeves, legs, backpack and consoles (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Velcro and cord", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "All the parts are secured to the spacesuit by cord and velcro fasteners.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "velcro", "function": "Outer-garment pieces tied and velcroed onto the suit" }, { "part": "Radio-fabric antenna layer in the outer garment", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The antenna consists of two sheets of radio fabric separated by a dielectric with two power assemblies.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Two sheets of radio fabric between the restraint shell and the insulation form the suit antenna", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MK", "value": "Radio fabric sewn into the whole suit serves as the antenna to the ISS", "quote": "Радиоткань, вшитая в скафандр по всему корпусу, используется в качестве радиоантенн для поддержания связи с МКС.", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Life support: oxygen and pressure control", "parts": [ { "part": "Main and backup oxygen tanks (BK-3 units: tank, valve and two-stage reducing valve)", "material": "Steel alloy housing with fiberglass braiding (Orlan-M)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Operational pressure in the main and backup oxygen tanks", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "profile": null, "mid": "steel-grade-unstated", "function": "Two gaseous-oxygen units in the backpack; the manual describes 2-litre tanks at up to 420 kgf/cm2", "specs": [ { "label": "Tank (Orlan-M)", "value": "2 litres, up to 420 kgf/cm2", "quote": "The 2-liter oxygen tank stores gaseous oxygen at an operating pressure of up to 420 kgf/cm2.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Construction (Orlan-M)", "value": "Steel alloy housing, fiberglass braid on the cylinder", "quote": "The housing is made of a steel alloy and is reinforced in the cylindrical part by a fiberglass braiding.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Oxygen mass (Orlan-M)", "value": "1 kg each, main and back-up", "quote": "Oxygen available (main and back-up) 1 kg each", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "label": "Reducing valve", "value": "Two-stage, 420 down to 4.5 kgf/cm2", "quote": "In terms of its design, it is a two-stage reducing valve.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Suit pressure regulators (RDS, main and backup, aneroid) (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The РДС spacesuit pressure regulator is intended for automatic spacesuit oxygen feed activation and deactivation depending on the absolute pressure in the spacesuit.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Automatically start and stop oxygen feed as suit pressure falls and rises" }, { "part": "Oxygen injector assembly (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The injector assembly creates gas circulation in the spacesuit when there is a fan malfunction or cutoff of electric power", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Oxygen jet that circulates gas if the fan or power fails and raises oxygen flow after a leak" }, { "part": "Pneumohydraulic control console (PGPU-1M) with emergency oxygen feed", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "spacesuit pneumohydraulic control console (ПГПУ-1М, Пневмогидропульт управления) with emergency oxygen hose", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Chest console for tank switching, regulator and injector modes, water-temperature valve and the manual emergency oxygen feed", "specs": [ { "label": "Emergency feed (Orlan-M)", "value": "Manual and automatic activation", "quote": "there are two independent methods for activating the emergency oxygen feed (manual and automatic)", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Emergency feed time (Orlan-M)", "value": "Up to 30 minutes", "quote": "Oxygen emergency feed time up to 30 min", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MK console", "value": "Switches for main/reserve oxygen tanks and pressure regulators, plus the water-temperature valve", "quote": "слева – переключатель между основным и резервным баллонами с кислородом, справа – основной и резервный регуляторы давления в скафандре", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Life support: ventilation and CO2 removal", "parts": [ { "part": "Lithium-hydroxide absorbent cartridge LP-9 with dust filters and contaminant layer", "material": "Lithium hydroxide CO2 absorber with a kupramite contaminant layer (Orlan-M)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Carbon dioxide absorption occurs by means of the chemical reaction of the lithium hydroxide with the carbon dioxide.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "lithium-hydroxide-co2-absorber", "function": "Removes CO2 and trace contaminants from the circulating oxygen; the MKS thermal controller reads the CO2 difference across the cartridge", "specs": [ { "label": "Cartridge life (Orlan-M)", "value": "9 hours", "quote": "The ЛП-9 lithium absorber cartridge is estimated to operate for 9 hours", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Contaminant layer", "value": "Kupramite layer removes organic, ammonium and sulfur compounds", "quote": "is blown through a kupramite layer where it is purified of organic substances", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS use", "value": "CO2 difference across the absorber cartridge feeds the automatic thermal control", "quote": "разность концентрации углекислого газа на входе и выходе из поглотительного патрона", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Ventilation fans (main and backup, brushless motors)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The system uses two fans, a main and a backup.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Circulate suit gas through the absorber and sublimator; the backup starts automatically if the main fails", "specs": [ { "label": "Motors", "value": "Brushless motors with built-in commutator, chosen because the atmosphere is pure oxygen", "quote": "the electric motors of the fans are brushless motors with a built-in commutator", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Moisture collector and cermet moisture separator (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Polyvinyl formal porous capillary material", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The moisture collector is made of a porous capillary material (polyvinyl formal)", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "polyvinyl-formal", "function": "Captures sweat condensate from the gas and feeds it to the sublimator as coolant", "specs": [ { "label": "Capacity", "value": "240 g", "quote": "The volume of the moisture collector V=240g", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Ventilation duct network (helmet manifold, exhaust pipes, ventilation insoles) (Orlan-M design)", "material": "Polyvinyl chloride exhaust pipes", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "polyvinyl chloride pipes which run to the upper extremities, to the wrist pressurized bearings, to the legs, and to the ventilation insoles", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "polyvinyl-chloride", "function": "Delivers all ventilation gas to the helmet and draws it back from the arms, legs and insoles" } ] }, { "assembly": "Life support: cooling and water loop", "parts": [ { "part": "Heat exchanger-sublimator with porous cermet plate", "material": "Cermet (metal-ceramic) porous element", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The basic element of the heat exchanger-sublimator is the porous element made by rolling or baking of cermet powder.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "cermet-porous-sublimator-element", "function": "Rejects body and gas heat to vacuum by freezing and subliming water in a porous plate at the rear of the suit", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MKS start-up", "value": "Heat exchanger-sublimator is started once the egress hatch is open; before that the suit is cooled from the station", "quote": "и запуска теплообменника-сублиматора", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-MKS drying", "value": "Sublimator is dried at the end of the EVA", "quote": "сушке сублиматора в конце ВКД", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" }, { "label": "Location (Orlan-MK)", "value": "Rear of the suit under the absorber cartridge", "quote": "Сублиматор находится в задней части скафандра и располагается прямо под поглотительным патроном", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" }, { "label": "Outlet water temperature (Orlan-M)", "value": "6 to 15 C", "quote": "The water temperature at the heat exchanger outlet varies from 6 to 15 degrees C", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Soft water tank with pressure reducer RT-3M and FOR-3 filter (sublimator feed)", "material": "Rubberized fabric tank shell (Orlan-M); polyethylene foam filter element", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The soft water tank stores the reserve of distilled water used as the coolant in the spacesuit thermal control system.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "rubberized-fabric", "function": "Holds the distilled water that is sublimated for cooling and meters it at a constant 0.21 kgf/cm2", "specs": [ { "label": "Tank shell", "value": "Outer shell of glued layers of rubberized fabric", "quote": "an external sealed load-bearing shell which is made of layers of rubberized fabric glued together", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Volume", "value": "3.6 to 3.8 L", "quote": "The real water volume is 3.6 to 3.8L.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Reducer", "value": "Holds 0.21 kgf/cm2 for water going to sublimation", "quote": "The reduction device (РТ-3М) maintains a constant absolute pressure of 0.21 kgf/cm2", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Filter element", "value": "Polyethylene foam filtering particles up to 20 micrometres", "quote": "Polyethylene foam which filters particles up to 20 micrometers in size is used as the filter element.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Water circulation pumps (main and backup, centrifugal)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "В ранце находятся насосы.", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Circulate cooling water through the garment; the pumps sit in the backpack", "specs": [ { "label": "Pumps (Orlan-M)", "value": "Two, main and backup", "quote": "Two pumps, a main and a backup, are used in the system.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Flow (Orlan-M)", "value": "At least 2.5 L/min at 3000 mm of water", "quote": "water flow rate no less than 2.5 L/min at a pressure of 3000 mm of water", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Hydraulic accumulator with centrifugal gas-bubble separator (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The hydraulic accumulator with separator maintains positive pressure in the water cooling system", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Keeps the water loop under positive pressure and removes gas bubbles", "specs": [ { "label": "Capacity", "value": "150 cm3", "quote": "The capacity of the hydraulic accumulator is 150 cm3.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Manual water-temperature valve (hydraulic regulator), kept as override on the MKS", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "В окончательной схеме водяного контура охлаждения СК «Орлан-МКС» оставлена возможность перехода на ручное регулирование в любой момент ВКД.", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Seven-position warm/cold handle that routes water through or around the sublimator heat exchanger", "specs": [ { "label": "Positions (Orlan-M)", "value": "Seven positions, 0 to 6", "quote": "can assume any of seven positions 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 marked on the housing", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "ASTR automatic thermal-control valves (x2: heat-exchanger line normally closed, bypass normally open)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Исполнительными агрегатами являются два электромагнитных клапана", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Two solenoid valves that route water to or around the sublimator according to the wearer's estimated energy use", "specs": [ { "label": "Routing", "value": "Valves send water into the sublimator or past it, depending on the temperature needed", "quote": "В костюм встроены специальные клапаны, которые в зависимости от требуемой температуры пускают воду в сублиматор или мимо него.", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" }, { "label": "Location in the 2012 test suit", "value": "On the chest", "quote": "А сами клапана от новой системы в данный момент размещены на груди", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429" }, { "label": "Water inlet range", "value": "Inlet to cooling garment regulated between 5 and 30 C", "quote": "изменяющаяся в пределах 5–30 °С", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "ASTR electronic control unit (Orlan-MKS)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Есть еще электронный блок управления, агрегат, который управляет этими клапанами", "source_url": "https://www.vesti.ru/article/1335429", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Runs the stored program that drives the ASTR valves; in the 2012 test suit it sat outside the suit" }, { "part": "Liquid cooling garment KVO-M (blue; black on suits No. 6 and 7)", "material": "Welded polyvinyl chloride pipes (2x1 mm) in elastic woven mesh coveralls", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The water-cooled suit (KBO) is a heat-exchange device intended for direct removal of heat from the operator’s body.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": "polyvinyl-chloride", "function": "Mesh coverall with water tubes worn under the suit to carry body heat to the backpack", "specs": [ { "label": "Tubing", "value": "Welded polyvinyl chloride pipes, 2 x 1 mm", "quote": "welded polyvinyl chloride 2х1 pipes", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Tube length (Orlan-M manual)", "value": "About 60 m", "quote": "Total length of the tubes is around 60 meters.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Tube length (McHale KVO-M table)", "value": "65 m", "quote": "Total length of tubes 65 m", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "label": "Heat removal (McHale KVO-M table)", "value": "Up to 400 W", "quote": "Magnitude of heat removal Up to 400 W", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "label": "Mass filled (Orlan-M manual)", "value": "No more than 3 kg", "quote": "Mass of the KBO-9 (when filled completely) is no more than 3 kg.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Colour on MKS No. 7", "value": "Black instead of the earlier blue", "quote": "black water-cooling garment instead of previous blue material", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Power, communications, displays and controls", "parts": [ { "part": "Independent power supply 825M1 (27 V) in the radio-telemetry unit (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Power supply 825M1 in the radio telemetry unit (БРТА) is an independent source.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Battery pack for fans, pumps, radio and telemetry when the suit is off the umbilical; chemistry not stated in the source", "specs": [ { "label": "Supply voltage", "value": "27 V on board and independent", "quote": "The supply voltage of the onboard and independent power sources is 27 volts.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Consumption (Orlan-M)", "value": "No more than 75 W from the power supply", "quote": "from power supply, no more than 75 W", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Radio-telemetry unit BRTA at the bottom of the backpack (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "provided by the radio telemetry equipment unit (БРТА), which is attached to the unpressurized portion on the bottom of the backpack", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Removable unit on the unpressurised backpack base holding radio, telemetry and the independent power supply; replaced by a computer in the Orlan-MK" }, { "part": "Onboard computer with 50-parameter self-test (Orlan-MKS)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Тестирование работы скафандра компьютером идет по 50 параметрам", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190330000000/http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/ru/node/99", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Tests the suit by 50 parameters and reports faults and recommended actions", "specs": [ { "label": "Self-test time (No. 6)", "value": "30 seconds for 50 parameters", "quote": "Testing the spacesuit for 50 parameters now takes only 30 seconds", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/articles/2025/05/02/tank-v-kosmose-cto-izvestno-pro-novyi-skafandr-orlan-mks-6.amp.html" } ] }, { "part": "Enlarged colour LCD display (Orlan-MKS; Russian-made display from suit No. 6)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "An enlarged color display with increased viewing and informational capacity", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Chest display of suit status and fault advice; larger than on the Orlan-MK", "specs": [ { "label": "Display origin", "value": "Russian-made display on suits No. 6 to 8; earlier ones used a foreign display", "quote": "we are now using a domestic display for our computer", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/news/2025/03/18/polnoe-importozameshhenie-bortovye-kompiutery-rossiiskix-skafandrov-osnastili-otecestvennymi-displeiam.html" }, { "label": "Control block size", "value": "MKS control block is larger so data is easier to read", "quote": "Также стал больше блок управления, что позволяет космонавту легче считывать информацию.", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/" }, { "label": "Backlight (Orlan-MK)", "value": "Changed from green to orange in 2010", "quote": "The upgrade changed the backlighting from green to orange for all display modes.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] }, { "part": "Electrical control console PO-5M (Orlan-MKS; PO-4MT on the Orlan-M)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Пульт управления электроагрегатами СК «Орлан-МКС» ПО-5М с новыми органами управления системой автоматического регулирования АСТР и новым дисплеем", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Panel of switches for power, fans, pumps, radio and lights, with the ASTR controls and the new display on the MKS", "specs": [ { "label": "Controls (Orlan-M)", "value": "Power, fan and pump motors, radio sets, helmet lights", "quote": "All the assembly and unit electric power controls are combined at the operator's ПО4МТ console", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Caution and warning: helmet-visor LEDs and audible alarm", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Audio emergency signaling in the spacesuit is backed up by a visual system.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Audio alarms backed up by visual indicators for leaks, low oxygen and low ventilation", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MKS alarm", "value": "An audible alarm sounds on any emergency", "quote": "an audible alarm is triggered in any emergency", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/articles/2025/05/02/tank-v-kosmose-cto-izvestno-pro-novyi-skafandr-orlan-mks-6.amp.html" }, { "label": "LEDs (Orlan-MK)", "value": "LEDs alert to leak, ventilation and oxygen problems", "quote": "Оповещают космонавта в аварийных ситуациях", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/" } ] }, { "part": "Korona-M radio set (main and backup half-sets) and antenna-feeder device", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "radio set supports radio communications in both simplex and duplex modes and consists of the main and backup half-sets", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Two-way voice link with the other cosmonaut and the core module", "specs": [ { "label": "Range (Orlan-M)", "value": "No more than 500 m", "quote": "The radio operation range is no more than 500 m.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "ShL-10 headset with emergency tone generators", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "an emergency signal is sent to the headset by the radio set audio generators", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Cosmonaut headset; the radio set sends emergency tones to it", "specs": [ { "label": "Headset", "value": "Model named ShL-10", "quote": "the ШЛ-10 headset", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" } ] }, { "part": "Telemetry and medical monitoring: Tranzit set, Beta-08 amplifier, IK-0702M measurement system", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The ИК-0702 measurement system monitors the spacesuit independent life support system operating parameters over 8 mutually independent channels.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Sends physiological and suit-system data; the IK-0702M tracks 8 independent channels including CO2 and gas flow", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MKS use", "value": "Standard measurement complex feeds the thermal controller", "quote": "С помощью штатного измерительного комплекса скафандра контролируются", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" }, { "label": "Parameters (Orlan-M)", "value": "29 telemetry parameters", "quote": "Quantity of telemetry measured parameters 29", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Tethers and rescue", "parts": [ { "part": "Safety tethers with hooks", "material": "Kapron bands (Orlan-M)", "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Safety is ensured by three safety tether springhooks.", "source_url": "https://tass.com/science/2136101", "profile": null, "mid": "kapron-fabric", "function": "Keep the cosmonaut attached to the outside of the station; the Orlan-MKS reports three tether springhooks", "specs": [ { "label": "Material (Orlan-M)", "value": "Two kapron bands sewn together", "quote": "The tether is made of two kapron bands sewn together", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Orlan-M tethers", "value": "Two tethers 1 m long with hooks", "quote": "Two safety tethers 1 m long with hooks for securing the cosmonaut on the exterior surface during EVA.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Strength (Orlan-M)", "value": "Each kapron band 1200 kg", "quote": "each with a strength of 1200 kg each", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Transport tether (Orlan-M)", "value": "1.5 m tether for moving an incapacitated partner", "quote": "a 1.5 m transport tether", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Variable length", "value": "One tether has variable length", "quote": "A variable-length safety tether widens the cosmonaut’s area of operation.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] }, { "part": "Attachment fixtures for USK self-rescue device and SAFER (Orlan-M design)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "On the cuirass are fixtures for attachment of the USK, Cosmonaut Self-Rescue Device", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Torso fixtures to carry a cosmonaut self-rescue unit", "specs": [ { "label": "SAFER points", "value": "Orlan-M has attachment points for SAFER", "quote": "The suit was provided with attachment points for SAFER.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] } ] }, { "assembly": "Airlock and station interfaces", "parts": [ { "part": "Integrated umbilical connector OPK-19M (oxygen, water and vent lines)", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "Integrated spacesuit umbilical connector (OPK-19M, объединенный разъем коммуникации скафандра)", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Single connector that links the suit to station oxygen and cooling in the airlock before the EVA", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MK", "value": "In the airlock the suit is connected through the valves to the onboard systems", "quote": "Пока космонавт находится в специальном шлюзе в скафандре и готовится к выходу в открытый космос, через эти клапаны он подключен к бортовым системам", "source_url": "https://naked-science.ru/article/nakedscience/odezhda-dlya-kosmosa" } ] }, { "part": "Electrical umbilicals (20 m and 2.5 m) for station power and data", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The 20 m and 2.5 m electrical umbilicals are used to connect the spacesuit to the onboard cable network of orbital installations.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Bayonet-connected cables that power the suit from station systems near the airlock", "specs": [ { "label": "Orlan-MK", "value": "Electric halyard feeds the suit while still on board", "quote": "Электрофал — провод, по которому в скафандр поступает электричество, когда космонавт еще находится на борту.", "source_url": "https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/247310/" } ] }, { "part": "BSS-4 onboard spacesuit support panel with control unit and oxygen hoses", "material": null, "form": null, "finish": null, "standard": null, "hardware_ref": null, "quote": "The onboard life support system (БСС-4) resolves the compatibility issue of Russian and American spacesuits when connecting them to airlock compartment systems.", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf", "profile": null, "mid": null, "function": "Airlock-side panel that gives suits oxygen, pressure and cooling and adapts Russian suits to joint-airlock systems", "specs": [ { "label": "Joint airlock", "value": "Needs a purpose-built interface in the US airlock", "quote": "When the БСС-4 is used in a joint airlock, a specially manufactured interface is used", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "Emergency oxygen", "value": "Onboard oxygen via emergency hose if suit reserves run low", "quote": "onboard oxygen sources can be used by connecting one of the emergency hoses to the spacesuit", "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170221192319/https://www.colorado.edu/ASEN/asen3036/Orlan.pdf" }, { "label": "ISS version", "value": "BSS-4 named as the ISS on-board system", "quote": "On-board system Mir: BSS-2M ISS: BSS-4", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" } ] } ] } ], "materials": [ { "id": "aluminium", "name": "Aluminium, over 1 mm thick (alloy not stated)", "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium/" }, { "id": "polycarbonate", "name": "Polycarbonate", "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/polycarbonate/" }, { "id": "polyurethane-pressure-bladder", "name": "Polyurethane", "material_page": null }, { "id": "phenylon-aramid-fabric", "name": "Phenylon (aramid) fabric", "material_page": null }, { "id": "multilayer-insulation-mli", "name": "Aluminium foil and mineral fibres", "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/multilayer-insulation-mli/" }, { "id": "dacron-polyester", "name": "Lavsan fabric (the Sokol page of the same source equates Lavsan with Dacron)", "material_page": null }, { "id": "kapron-fabric", "name": "Kapron bands (Orlan-M)", "material_page": null }, { "id": "gold", "name": "Gold coating on the light filter (Orlan-MK, general article)", "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/gold/" }, { "id": "plexiglass", "name": "Plexiglass", "material_page": null }, { "id": "natural-rubber", "name": "Natural rubber main shell, about 0.6 mm (Orlan-M)", "material_page": null }, { "id": "steel-grade-unstated", "name": "Steel alloy housing with fiberglass braiding (Orlan-M)", "material_page": null }, { "id": "natural-leather", "name": "Natural leather soles and lining; phenylon outer layer", "material_page": null }, { "id": "cotton", "name": "Cotton knit", "material_page": null }, { "id": "metallised-pet-film", "name": "Metallised polyethylene phthalate film screens with kapron net spacers", "material_page": null }, { "id": "velcro", "name": "Velcro and cord", "material_page": null }, { "id": "lithium-hydroxide-co2-absorber", "name": "Lithium hydroxide CO2 absorber with a kupramite contaminant layer (Orlan-M)", "material_page": null }, { "id": "polyvinyl-formal", "name": "Polyvinyl formal porous capillary material", "material_page": null }, { "id": "polyvinyl-chloride", "name": "Welded polyvinyl chloride pipes (2x1 mm) in elastic woven mesh coveralls", "material_page": null }, { "id": "cermet-porous-sublimator-element", "name": "Cermet (metal-ceramic) porous element", "material_page": null }, { "id": "rubberized-fabric", "name": "Rubberized fabric tank shell (Orlan-M); polyethylene foam filter element", "material_page": null } ], "standards": [], "relations": [ { "type": "successor_of", "target": "Orlan-MK spacesuit", "target_slug": null, "note": "Replaced the Orlan-MK on the ISS; new polyurethane shell and automatic cooling", "quote": "Unlike the previous model of the Orlan-MK spacesuit, the Orlan-MKS has a new internal airtight shell", "source_url": "https://www1.ru/en/news/2025/03/18/polnoe-importozameshhenie-bortovye-kompiutery-rossiiskix-skafandrov-osnastili-otecestvennymi-displeiam.html" }, { "type": "heritage_of", "target": "Orlan-M spacesuit", "target_slug": null, "note": "Via the Orlan-MK, which can run as the earlier Orlan-M version", "quote": "The Orlan-MK can work in two modes: with the digital computer (as the MK) or without (as the previous M version).", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "type": "heritage_of", "target": "Orlan-DMA spacesuit", "target_slug": null, "note": "Indirect: Orlan-M, base of the MK and MKS, was an Orlan-DMA modification", "quote": "This spacesuit of the semi-rigid type was an Orlan-DMA spacesuit modification.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "type": "heritage_of", "target": "Krechet lunar spacesuit (semi-rigid concept)", "target_slug": null, "note": "Semi-rigid Orlan family traces to the lunar programme suit", "quote": "the semi-rigid Orlans appeared thanks to the lunar program", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/ruspace/rusuits.html" }, { "type": "supplied_by", "target": "NPP Zvezda (Tomilino, Moscow region)", "target_slug": null, "note": "Designer and maker of the Orlan-MKS", "quote": "NPP Zvezda enterprise based in the town of Tomilino, southeast of Moscow, developed a new version of the venerable Orlan spacesuit", "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/orlan_mks.html" }, { "type": "operated_by", "target": "Roscosmos cosmonauts of the Russian ISS segment", "target_slug": null, "note": "Used for Russian-segment spacewalks", "quote": "These suits are actively used by Russian cosmonauts, including when working behind the station.", "source_url": "https://suzymchale.com/articles/orlanmksmods.html" }, { "type": "part_of", "target": "International Space Station, Russian segment EVA equipment (used from its airlocks)", "target_slug": null, "note": "Suits live on the station and are discarded with Progress, not returned", "quote": "плановых ВКД-43, -44, -45 и -46 из российского сегмента МКС", "source_url": "https://www.gctc.ru/media/files/Periodicheskie_izdaniya/ppk_2020_1_total_34/04_stat.a_glazov_pozdnakov.pdf" } ], "not_published": "No NPP Zvezda or Roscosmos primary document with layer materials was reachable. The aluminium-alloy torso claim comes from a single blog (newspaceeconomy.ca) and a general Russian article that does not name the suit; alloy not named. The phenylon fabric and foil/mineral-fibre insulation quotes come from a Vokrug Sveta article that may describe the Orlan family generally. Polycarbonate helmet is from the blog only. Restraint layer, visor, boots, gloves not sourced. Wikipedia lists 110 kg for MKS. More detail: No NPP Zvezda or Roscosmos engineering drawing or bill of materials for the Orlan-MKS itself is public. Most component detail comes from the 1998 Orlan-M cosmonaut training manual (Star City, English translation), the Orlan-MK press articles and a few MKS-specific items (ASTR thermal control papers, NPP Zvezda page, TASS and RussianSpaceWeb); rows are tagged Orlan-M, Orlan-MK or MKS accordingly, and the MKS may differ in detail (for example the MKS reportedly dropped the backup pressure layer, and gloves and shells moved from rubber to polyurethane). Not found: battery chemistry and maker, camera and display makers (the display is only called Russian-made), glove heaters (none described), the polyurethane supplier (only 'Belgium'), the structure of the MKS pressure layer beyond 'polyurethane', and any supplier of the radio, pumps, fans or valves. The Pozdnyakov TASS interviews were read only through English translations on suzymchale.com. The Roscosmos 2012 page copy had broken text encoding, so the Vesti.ru copy of the same story was used. No source gave a fit with the NASA EMU as an 'alternative' relation type, so none was added. Some quoted secondary sources (RussianSpaceWeb, Naked Science, 1ru) are press articles, not engineering documents; newspaceeconomy.ca was not used for new rows because it states lithium-ion batteries and Kevlar layers that no primary source confirms.", "depth": "partial", "photos": [ { "file": "products/context/roscosmos-orlan-mks-spacesuit-1.jpg", "alt": "Orlan-MKS spacesuit on display at an exhibition, gold-visor helmet, Roscosmos patch and Expedition 36 sleeve patch", "long": "Orlan-MKS spacesuit on display at an exhibition, gold-visor helmet, Roscosmos patch and Expedition 36 sleeve patch", "kind": "product", "credit": "Niklitov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orlan-MKS-MAKS2013.JPG" }, { "file": "products/context/roscosmos-orlan-mks-spacesuit-2.jpg", "alt": "Orlan spacesuit No", "long": "Orlan spacesuit No. 5 hanging in the Pirs airlock of the ISS, seen from behind with life support backpack and hatch", "kind": "product", "credit": "NASA (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)", "license": "Public domain", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-56_EVA-2_Orlan_spacesuit_No._5_inside_the_Pirs_airlock.jpg" }, { "file": "products/context/roscosmos-orlan-mks-spacesuit-3.jpg", "alt": "Close view of Orlan-MKS suit No", "long": "Close view of Orlan-MKS suit No. 5 aboard the ISS with Roscosmos patch, Russian flag patch and add-on US hardware", "kind": "product", "credit": "NASA Johnson Space Center / VIV (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)", "license": "Public domain", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Installation_of_US_add-on_hardware_on_Orlan-MKS_No_5_(iss065e317984).jpg" } ], "context": { "size": [], "mass": [], "orbit": [ "Low Earth orbit" ] }, "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.", "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp" }