{
  "id": "rkk-energia-soyuz-ms",
  "title": "Soyuz MS",
  "maker": "RKK Energia",
  "maker_type": "Commercial",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "crew",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/rkk-energia-soyuz-ms/",
  "website": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
  "summary": "Russian three-person crew ferry to the International Space Station; NASA’s impact-test report describes the descent module as an AMg-6 aluminium shell under a glass-phenolic ablative heat shield.",
  "application": "Soyuz MS carries three crew to and from the International Space Station on a Soyuz rocket. The descent module is the only part that returns to Earth, on a parachute with a soft-landing engine.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Soyuz MS is a Russian three-person spacecraft that ferries crews to and from the International Space Station.",
    "intro": [
      "Soyuz MS is a Russian spacecraft that carries three crew to and from the International Space Station. It is built by RKK Energia. Only one part of it, the descent module, returns to Earth. That module comes down on a parachute, with a soft-landing engine to ease the touchdown.",
      "The descent module's pressure shell is a 2.0 mm layer of AMg-6, an aluminium alloy. Outside it are ablative layers, materials designed to wear away as they heat up. The heat shield carries a glass-phenolic ablator 21 to 28 mm thick. The rest of the capsule, called the backshell, has a much thinner one, a material called Ftorlon."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "Pressure shell and insulation",
        "text": "In the descent module, the pressure shell keeps the cabin air in. NASA's impact-test report gives it as 2.0 mm of AMg-6 aluminium. Between the shell and the layer that carries the ablator sits VIM, a low-density silica fibre insulation.",
        "parts": [
          "Pressure shell (2.0 mm)",
          "Insulation between substrate and pressure shell"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat shield",
        "text": "The heat shield has fairly thick thermal protection. Its ablator is a glass-phenolic composite, 21 to 28 mm thick, held on brackets. The instrument-service module protects the shield.",
        "parts": [
          "Heat shield ablator (21 to 28 mm)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Backshell",
        "text": "The backshell is the covering over the rest of the capsule. Its ablator, Ftorlon, is thin, 1.0 to 5.5 mm, and is bonded to a layer of reinforced fibreglass 2.5 to 4.0 mm thick.",
        "parts": [
          "Backshell ablator",
          "Backshell substrate"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Aluminium AMg-6",
        "mid": "aluminium-amg-6",
        "where": "The descent module's pressure shell, which is 2.0 mm thick."
      },
      {
        "name": "Glass-phenolic composite",
        "mid": "glass-phenolic-ablator",
        "where": "The ablator on the heat shield, 21 to 28 mm thick and held on brackets."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ftorlon",
        "mid": "ftorlon",
        "where": "The thin ablator on the backshell, bonded to a fibreglass layer."
      },
      {
        "name": "Reinforced fibreglass",
        "mid": "fiberglass",
        "where": "The backshell layer that carries the Ftorlon, 2.5 to 4.0 mm thick."
      },
      {
        "name": "Silica fibre insulation",
        "mid": "silica-fibre-insulation",
        "where": "Called VIM. A low-density insulation between the pressure shell and the layer that carries the ablator."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "A Soyuz rocket carries Soyuz MS into space. The instrument-service module protects the descent module's heat shield. The first Soyuz MS mission began on 7 July 2016.",
    "unknown": "Public descriptions do not name the materials of the orbital module, instrument-service module, solar arrays, tanks, engines or windows. What is known about the descent module comes from a NASA impact-test report. The website RussianSpaceWeb says the main heat shield is titanium alloy, while NASA's report lists aluminium AMg-6 as its base layer.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Crew",
        "value": "3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Liftoff mass",
        "value": "7,290 kg"
      },
      {
        "label": "Descent module mass at liftoff",
        "value": "2,950 kg"
      },
      {
        "label": "Habitable volume",
        "value": "10 cubic metres"
      },
      {
        "label": "First flight",
        "value": "7 July 2016"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Liftoff mass",
      "value": "7,290 kg",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Liftoff mass 7,290 kilograms"
    },
    {
      "label": "Descent module liftoff mass",
      "value": "2,950 kg",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Descent Module liftoff mass 2,950 kilograms"
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew",
      "value": "3",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Crew 3 people"
    },
    {
      "label": "Habitable volume",
      "value": "10 cubic metres",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Habitable volume 10 cubic meters"
    },
    {
      "label": "First flight",
      "value": "7 July 2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "The first mission of the Soyuz MS spacecraft began on July 7, 2016."
    },
    {
      "label": "Deliverable cargo mass",
      "value": "Up to 170 kg",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Deliverable cargo mass up to 170 kilograms"
    },
    {
      "label": "Returnable cargo mass",
      "value": "Up to 60 kg",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Returnable cargo mass up to 60 kilograms"
    },
    {
      "label": "Disposable cargo mass",
      "value": "Up to 170 kg",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Disposable cargo mass up to 170 kilograms"
    },
    {
      "label": "Habitable volume in the descent module",
      "value": "4 m3",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Habitable volume in the Descent Module 4 cubic meters"
    },
    {
      "label": "Autonomous flight duration",
      "value": "Up to 5 days",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Autonomous flight duration up to 5 days"
    },
    {
      "label": "Flight duration with the station",
      "value": "Up to 200 days",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Flight duration with the orbital station up to 200 days"
    },
    {
      "label": "Extended docked duration",
      "value": "Up to one year in the 2020s",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "*Extended up to one year in the 2020s."
    },
    {
      "label": "G-loads during nominal descent",
      "value": "Up to 6 g",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "G-loads during the nominal descent up to 6"
    },
    {
      "label": "Landing accuracy in automated aerodynamic mode (spacecraft page)",
      "value": "20 km from the landing-zone center",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
      "quote": "Landing accuracy in the AUS mode relative to the center of the landing zone 20 kilometers"
    },
    {
      "label": "Landing accuracy in automated aerodynamic mode (landing page)",
      "value": "28 km, probability 0.9997",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
      "quote": "Soyuz can land with an accuracy of only 28 kilometers, (with a probability of 0.9997)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Length",
      "value": "7.2 m",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft",
      "quote": "they measure 7.2 m in length and 2.7 m in diameter"
    },
    {
      "label": "Diameter",
      "value": "2.7 m",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft",
      "quote": "they measure 7.2 m in length and 2.7 m in diameter"
    },
    {
      "label": "Time to the station",
      "value": "Six hours or two days depending on the mission profile",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft",
      "quote": "The journey of the Soyuz to the International Space Station can last six hours or two days depending on the mission profile"
    },
    {
      "label": "Re-entry angle",
      "value": "1.35 degrees to the local horizon at about 100 km",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
      "quote": "the Descent Module enters the Earth's atmosphere under an angle of 1.35 degrees toward the local horizon"
    },
    {
      "label": "Touchdown velocity",
      "value": "Less than 2 m/s",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft",
      "quote": "the decent module touches down on Earth at a velocity of less than 2 m/s"
    },
    {
      "label": "Expected power consumption of Soyuz TMA-M (c. 2010 estimate)",
      "value": "As much as 14.2 A",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html",
      "quote": "was expected to grow to as much as 14.2 amperes on the Soyuz-TMA-M spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Last docking with the older Kurs-A system",
      "value": "Soyuz TMA-20M at the ISS, 19 March 2016",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html",
      "quote": "the final set of the previous-generation Kurs-A system supported the docking of the Soyuz TMA-20M spacecraft at ISS on March 19, 2016"
    },
    {
      "label": "Landing areas",
      "value": "13 flat, open landing areas in Kazakhstan",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
      "quote": "A total of 13 areas currently meet all the requirements for the Soyuz landing"
    },
    {
      "label": "Re-entry communications blackout",
      "value": "About 5 min 40 s in the plasma",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
      "quote": "largely impossible for around five minutes 40 seconds"
    },
    {
      "label": "Soyuz-2-1a integrated designation",
      "value": "371KK35",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-soyuz2-1a.html",
      "quote": "The new integrated Soyuz-2-1a launch vehicle with the Soyuz-MS spacecraft received the industrial designation 371KK35"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Descent module is the returning capsule, covered in ablative thermal protection",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
      "quote": "The TPS consisted of an outer ablator material bonded to a fiberglass substrate."
    },
    {
      "text": "Heat shield is thick and protected by the instrument-service module",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
      "quote": "The descent module heat shield has relatively thick TPS and is protected by the instrument-service module."
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Descent module structure",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Pressure shell (2.0 mm)",
          "material": "aluminum AMg-6",
          "form": "shell",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "2.0mm thick aluminum AMG-6 pressure shell",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-amg-6"
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat shield substrate (3.5 mm)",
          "material": "aluminum AMg-6",
          "form": "substrate",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "3.5mm thick aluminum AMg-6 substrate",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-amg-6"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Descent module thermal protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Heat shield ablator (21 to 28 mm)",
          "material": "glass-phenolic composite",
          "form": "ablator held on brackets",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "21mm to 28mm thick ablator (glass-phenolic composite)",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "glass-phenolic-ablator"
        },
        {
          "part": "Backshell ablator",
          "material": "Ftorlon",
          "form": "thin ablator, 1.0 to 5.5 mm",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The backshell TPS consists of an ablator (Ftorlon) bonded to a fiberglass substrate.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "ftorlon"
        },
        {
          "part": "Backshell substrate",
          "material": "reinforced fiberglass",
          "form": "2.5 to 4.0 mm substrate",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The backshell substrate is 2.5mm to 4.0mm thick reinforced fiberglass",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "fiberglass"
        },
        {
          "part": "Insulation between substrate and pressure shell",
          "material": "low-density silica fibrous insulation (VIM)",
          "form": "insulation layer",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "VIM (low density silica fibrous insulation)",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "silica-fibre-insulation"
        },
        {
          "part": "Multi-layer insulation (test article representing thin backshell TPS)",
          "material": "multi-layer insulation (films not stated)",
          "form": "50 layers",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Hypervelocity impact test article, not a flight drawing",
          "quote": "50 layers of multi-layer insulation",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130013840/downloads/20130013840.pdf",
          "profile": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
          "mid": "multilayer-insulation-mli"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Orbital (habitation) module",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Orbital (habitation) module, BO - spherical pressure compartment",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The orbital module (the \"tip\" of the spacecraft) carries the equipment necessary to dock with the International Space Station.",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Forward compartment with living quarters and the docking equipment; discarded before re-entry",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Role (ESA page on the TMA series)",
              "value": "Living quarters with hygiene and sleeping facilities",
              "quote": "acts as living quarters, with hygiene and sleeping facilities",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/MagISStra/Facts_about_the_Soyuz"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass (Soyuz TM-era SoyCOM figure legend)",
              "value": "1,300 kg",
              "quote": "Resting Module), Weight: 1300 kg",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Orbital module body (aluminium/magnesium alloy shell)",
          "material": "aluminium/magnesium alloy (grade not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Module body is made of an Aluminium/Magnesium alloy",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-magnesium-alloy-grade-unstated",
          "function": "Pressure shell of the spherical habitation compartment"
        },
        {
          "part": "Additional anti-meteoroid shielding (DPM) on the orbital module",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Satisfying a long-standing request from NASA, RKK Energia introduced additional shielding to protect the thin walls of the habitation module",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Extra shield layer for the thin habitation-module walls, added at NASA request",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "In place since",
              "value": "Soyuz TMA-04M mission (carried into the MS series)",
              "quote": "the additional protection of the habitation module has been in place since the mission of the Soyuz TMA-04M spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Forward docking/transfer hatch (800 mm)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "hatch of 800 mm in diameter for the crew transfer to the station",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew passage to the station through the docking assembly at the top of the orbital module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Hatch diameter",
              "value": "800 mm",
              "quote": "hatch of 800 mm in diameter for the crew transfer to the station",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew ingress hatch (660 mm, lower hemisphere of the orbital module)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "another hatch of 660 mm in diameter for the crew pre-launch ingress",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pre-launch crew entry",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Hatch diameter",
              "value": "660 mm",
              "quote": "another hatch of 660 mm in diameter for the crew pre-launch ingress",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Observation cupola / window",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "On the upper semisphere the cupola/window is installed to provide for the manual approach monitoring.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Lets a crew member watch a manual docking approach"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Rendezvous and docking",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Docking mechanism (rod/cone active probe with head and four latches)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "In the forward part of the CM Rod there are four Latches.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Takes the first mechanical link and absorbs docking impact energy",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Active unit location",
              "value": "Active half of the rod/cone system is on the spacecraft",
              "quote": "The active part of the \"rod/cone\" system is installed on board the spacecraft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Spring pushers on undocking",
              "value": "About 0.12 m/s separation speed",
              "quote": "spring pushers in the docking port give the spacecraft around 0.12 meters per second in relative motion away from the station",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Backup electric motors in the docking mechanism (SSVP)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Introduction of backup electric motors into the docking mechanism.",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Adds redundancy to berthing and docking-port pressurization",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Reason",
              "value": "Higher fault tolerance during berthing and pressurization of the docking port",
              "quote": "The need for higher fault-proof during berthing and pressurization of the docking port.",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Interface pressurization mechanism (eight hook-lock mechanisms, two concentric rubber seals)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Each lock mechanism has two operational hooks.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Second mechanical link: rigid, sealed connection of spacecraft and station",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Lock mechanisms",
              "value": "Eight",
              "quote": "eight lock mechanisms.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Seal arrangement",
              "value": "Two concentric rubber ring seals compressed by the station ring",
              "quote": "compressing the two concentric rubber ring sealings on the ACA structural ring",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Kurs-NA automatic rendezvous radar (avionics container with two duplicate instrument sets)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: AO NIITP (division of AO RKS), series production at Izhevsk Radio Plant",
          "quote": "The Kurs-NA hardware includes an avionics container with a pair of mutually duplicating sets of four instruments.",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Radar measurements of range, velocity, orientation and deviation angles to the station for automatic docking",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Replaces",
              "value": "Kurs-A, in use since 1986",
              "quote": "It replaced the Kurs-A variant, which was in use since 1986",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass, volume and power vs predecessor",
              "value": "25 kg lighter, 30% less volume, 25% less power (NASA figures)",
              "quote": "Kurs-NA is 25 kilograms lighter, takes 30 percent less volume and demands 25 percent less power than its predecessor",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Activation range (Kurs-NA page)",
              "value": "About 200 km from the station",
              "quote": "The system is activated at a distance of around 200 kilometers between the spacecraft and the station.",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Activation range (soyuz-ms.html)",
              "value": "About 150 km from the station",
              "quote": "designed to be activated at a distance of around of 150 kilometers from the station",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Production",
              "value": "Consolidated at the Izhevsk Radio Plant, Russia",
              "quote": "the serial production of the Kurs-NA system was consolidated at the Izhevsk Radio Plant in Russia",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "AO-753A fixed Kurs-NA antenna array",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the newly developed AO-753A fixed antenna array replaced the complex rotating 2AO-VKA antenna and a trio of AKR-VKA antennas",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Replaced the rotating 2AO-VKA antenna and the three AKR-VKA antennas",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Retained antennas",
              "value": "Pair of 2ASF-M-VKA narrow-angle electronically scanned antennas",
              "quote": "a pair of previous-generation 2ASF-M-VKA narrow-angle antennas with electronic scanning has remained a part of Kurs-NA",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SFOK LED docking light system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the MS series received a new LED-based lighting system, SFOK",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Illuminates the target during docking; replaced halogen SMI-4 lights",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Replaced hardware",
              "value": "Halogen KGZ 12-100 bulbs of the SMI-4 lights (supplier could not guarantee supply)",
              "quote": "Lisma-Postarm company in Saransk, Russia, could no longer guarantee the supply of KGZ 12-100 halogen light bulbs for the SMI-4 lights",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Descent module",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Descent-module top hatch (to orbital module and for post-landing egress)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The hatch on top of the CA structure is for the crew transfer to the БО and for post-landing crew egress.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew transfer to the orbital module and exit after landing"
        },
        {
          "part": "Descent-module windows (two) with jettisonable external covers",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "There are two windows in the CA structure.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Viewing ports; outer covers are dropped before landing",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Covers",
              "value": "External window covers are dropped on the sides of the capsule before touchdown",
              "quote": "On the sides of the capsule, external window covers are dropped.",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Bottom heat shield separation (jettison before landing)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the bottom heat shield of the capsule is jettisoned, revealing six solid-propellant motors",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Drops the heat shield to expose the soft-landing motors, light beacon and altimeter",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Jettison altitude",
              "value": "5.5 km",
              "quote": "Separation of the bottom heat shield 5.5 kilometers",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Kazbek-UM shock-absorbing crew seats (x3) with custom-fitted liners",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NPP Zvezda (named for a 1980 Kazbek-U couch in a museum record)",
          "quote": "individual crew seats, known as Kazbek (Kazbek-UM on Soyuz TMA) equipped with custom-fitted liners for each crew member",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew couches that cushion landing; shock absorber is armed before touchdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Seats installed",
              "value": "Three",
              "quote": "There are three seats installed in the CA Module",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass (TMA-era estimate)",
              "value": "About 30 kg per seat, 90 kg total",
              "quote": "Kazbek seats (1) Approximately 30 kilograms (Total: 90 kilograms)",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Liner",
              "value": "Custom-made liner for each cosmonaut",
              "quote": "Each cosmonaut receives a custom-made liner for the seat",
              "source_url": "https://www.spacecentre.co.uk/collections/categories/space-oddities/kazbek-u-shock-absorbing-couch/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Liners move between Soyuz MS ships",
              "value": "MS-22 crew had to move their custom seat liners, Sokol suits and gear to the replacement Soyuz MS-23 (Jan 2023 plan)",
              "quote": "must transfer their custom seat liners, Sokol entry suits and other gear to the new ship",
              "source_url": "https://www.space.com/russia-replacement-soyuz-launching-february-2023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Pilot parachutes (two canopies, 0.62 m2 and 4.5 m2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "two pilot parachutes with areas of 0.62 square meters and 4.5 square meters deploy",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "First stage of the parachute system; pull out the drogue parachute",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Container cover",
              "value": "Parachute container cover is jettisoned at about 10.5 km before deployment",
              "quote": "the cover of the parachute container is jettisoned",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Drogue (braking) parachute, 24 m2",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The drogue parachute slows down the capsule from a speed of 230 meters per second to 80 meters per second",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Slows the capsule from 230 to 80 m/s before the main parachute opens",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Area",
              "value": "24 m2",
              "quote": "pulling out the drogue chute with an area of 24 square meters",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main parachute, 1,000 m2",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the main parachute with an area of 1,000 square meters opens",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Brings the capsule down to a stable descent of about 6 to 7 m/s",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Descent speed under main canopy",
              "value": "About 6 to 7 m/s",
              "quote": "a stable descent with a speed of around six or seven meters per second",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass (TMA-era estimate)",
              "value": "About 110 kg",
              "quote": "Main parachute, OSP Approximately 110 kilograms",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Reserve (backup) parachute system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a backup parachute, half the size of the main one, is available to deploy from a separate compartment as needed",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Separate-compartment backup canopy that deploys if the main parachute fails",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Canopy area (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "590 m2",
              "quote": "It consists of the 590 square meter canopy and the harness system",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass (TMA-era estimate)",
              "value": "About 85 kg",
              "quote": "Backup parachute, ZSP Approximately 85 kilograms",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Descent speed under reserve canopy",
              "value": "Up to 9.5 to 10.5 m/s",
              "quote": "the descent speed could reach as high as 9.5 or even 10.5 meters per second",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Soft-landing engines, DMP (x6, solid propellant)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The six ДМП thrusters are located at the CA bottom.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fire about 0.7 m above ground to cut touchdown speed to between 0 and 3 m/s",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Propellant",
              "value": "Solid",
              "quote": "the bottom heat shield of the capsule is jettisoned, revealing six solid-propellant motors",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass (TMA-era estimate)",
              "value": "About 60 kg for the six engines",
              "quote": "Soft-landing engines, DMP, (six) Approximately 60 kilograms",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Touchdown speed after firing",
              "value": "0 to 3 m/s",
              "quote": "reducing the descent speed of the capsule to between 0 and 3 meters per second",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Two-section motors",
              "value": "Two of the six motors have two sections and only one section fires in a nominal landing",
              "quote": "two out of six soft-landing motors aboard the Descent Module consist of two sections",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SIOS descent reaction-control microthrusters (x8, hydrogen peroxide)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the valves of the SIOS landing control thrusters open to drop pressurization gas and drain remaining hydrogen peroxide propellant",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Roll, pitch and yaw control of the capsule from module separation to landing",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thruster count (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Eight",
              "quote": "There are 8 УРМД thrusters in the СИО-С System",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "High-concentration hydrogen peroxide monopropellant",
              "quote": "The monopropellantused is high concentration Hydrogene peroxide.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant load",
              "value": "About 31 kg; 4 to 5 kg used in a nominal re-entry",
              "quote": "The Descent Module is loaded with 31 kilograms of hydrogen peroxide before launch",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Kaktus-2V gamma-ray altimeter and landing light beacon",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "revealing six solid-propellant motors, a blinking light beacon and the Kaktus-2V (\"cactus\") gamma-ray altimeter",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Commands soft-landing engine firing just above the ground",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Landing signal altitude (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "15 m",
              "quote": "The purpose of the ГЛВ Altimeter is to issue the landing event signal at the altitude of 15 m",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Soft-landing engine command",
              "value": "The altimeter issues the command to fire the braking solid motors (DMP)",
              "quote": "the Kaktus altimeter issues a command for the firing of the braking solid motors, DMP",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "MS-era upgrade",
              "value": "Kaktus-2V landing corrector upgraded because electronic components were replaced",
              "quote": "Need to upgrade the Kaktus-2V landing corrector due to replacement of electronic components",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Post-landing homing radios and antennas (Rassvet-M, ABM-279, ABM-281)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Rassvet-M transmitter begins sending signals via an antenna in the parachute lines.",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Signal rescue forces from the parachute lines and after touchdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "ABM-279 antenna",
              "value": "Three housings; the cap over one of them is jettisoned after landing",
              "quote": "jettison the cap covering one of three housings of the ABM-279 antenna",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "ABM-281 antenna",
              "value": "Crew-deployed short-wave antenna at 8.364 and 18.060 MHz",
              "quote": "the cosmonauts can deploy their own ABM-281 short-wave antenna, operating at 8.364 and 18.060 megahertz",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "VHF beacon",
              "value": "Dual VHF PRD radio at 121.5 MHz activated aboard the descent module",
              "quote": "a dual VHF PRD radio operating at 121.5 megahertz is activated aboard the Descent Module",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "GPS/GLONASS receiver on the descent-module hatch and Kospas-Sarsat transmitter",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A special GPS receiver was placed on the hatch of the descent module",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fixes the capsule position during parachute descent and after landing for rescue teams",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Equipment",
              "value": "Kospas-Sarsat transmitters and GPS/GLONASS navigation systems in the MS descent module",
              "quote": "The descent module of the Soyuz-MS was equipped with modern Kospas-Sarsat transmitters and GPS/GLONASS navigation systems",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Locating accuracy",
              "value": "5 to 10 m in any weather",
              "quote": "the accuracy of locating the descent module in any weather reached between five and 10 meters",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SZI-M \"black box\" flight data recorder (under a pilot seat)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: AO RKS corporation, Moscow (developer)",
          "quote": "The reusable SZI-M system consists of two memory units and the central UN-M data recorder enclosed into a special shock-absorbent and thermal-protection case",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Records flight data, crew physiology and voice during descent and landing",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Capacity and impact limit",
              "value": "At least 4 GB; survives ground impact up to 150 m/s",
              "quote": "no less than four gigabytes of data and survive an impact on the ground with a speed of up to 150 meters per second",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Temperature limit",
              "value": "Up to 700 C",
              "quote": "The UN-M is also designed to withstand a temperature of up to 700C degrees.",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Life",
              "value": "Up to 10 flights, at least 100,000 recording cycles",
              "quote": "the SZI-M was intended for up to 10 flights and can be safely used for at least 100,000 recording cycles",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Developer",
              "value": "AO RKS corporation, Moscow",
              "quote": "It was developed at AO RKS corporation in Moscow",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew equipment",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Sokol launch and entry suits (x3)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NPP Zvezda",
          "quote": "all crew members, dressed in Sokol launch and entry suits, take seats inside the Descent Module",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pressure suits worn on launch, docking and descent in case of cabin depressurization",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Suit pressure in an emergency (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "About 300 mm Hg on continuous oxygen supply",
              "quote": "maintaining pressure in the Space Suit about 300 mm Hg by continuous oxygen supply",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Helmet glass (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Polycarbonate",
              "quote": "The helmet glass is made of strong polycarbonate material",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "NPP Zvezda selected to supply the Sokol suit",
              "quote": "NPP Zvezda was selected to come up with a solution",
              "source_url": "https://www.spacecentre.co.uk/collections/categories/spacesuits-and-clothing/sokol-kv-2-rescue-spacesuit/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Sokol pressure-tight envelope (rubberized capron fabric)",
          "material": "rubberized capron fabric (rubberized knitted fabric at the joints)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "is made of rubberized capron fabric and in the joint areas - of rubberized knitted fabric",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "rubberized-capron-fabric",
          "function": "Inner airtight layer of the Sokol-KV2 suit"
        },
        {
          "part": "Sokol structural shell (lavsan fabric)",
          "material": "lavsan fabric",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The shell is made of lavsan fabric",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "lavsan-fabric",
          "function": "Outer layer that holds the suit shape under pressure"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Instrument/assembly module (PAO)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Transfer section (PKhO) truss",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The ПхО Module is a truss structure which is designed to link the СА with the ПО Module.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Truss linking the descent module to the instrument section; carries oxygen tanks and thruster clusters"
        },
        {
          "part": "Instrument section (PO) pressurized shell (aluminium alloy)",
          "material": "aluminium alloy (grade not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Module body is cylinder shaped with spherical bottoms and is made of Aluminium alloy",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-alloy-grade-unstated",
          "function": "Neutral-gas-filled cylinder holding the instrument rack",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Fill gas",
              "value": "Neutral gas",
              "quote": "The body interior is filled with a neutral gas.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Aggregate section (AO) with main-engine thermal cover",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The AO Module body is cylinder shaped and has a thermal protective cover at one end for the main engine.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Unpressurized cylinder housing the main engine, propellant, batteries and thermal-control assemblies",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mass (Soyuz TM-era SoyCOM figure legend)",
              "value": "2,600 kg for the whole instrument/assembly module",
              "quote": "Instrument/Assembly Module), Weight: 2600 kg",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Oxygen pressure tanks in the transfer section",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the Atmosphere Revitalization System oxygen pressure tanks are mounted.",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Oxygen stowage for the atmosphere revitalization system during orbital flight",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Rescue-system tanks (RussianSpaceWeb)",
              "value": "KSS tanks pump air into the suits and are depressurized before landing",
              "quote": "the rescue system tanks, KSS, (which pump air into cosmonauts' suits)",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Propulsion (KDU)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "KDU integrated propulsion system (one main engine plus 28 DPO-B thrusters, two propellant loops)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: KB Khimmash (Isayev design bureau)",
          "quote": "were rearranged on Soyuz-MS to provide full redundancy between the two independent propellant manifold loops",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "One bipropellant system for orbit correction, de-orbit, attitude control and docking",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Engine count on Soyuz MS",
              "value": "One SKD main engine and 28 DPO engines",
              "quote": "le Soyouz MS possède un moteur SKD et vingt-huit moteurs DPO",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "DPO type on Soyuz MS",
              "value": "All 28 are DPO-B; the twelve DPO-M were removed and replaced by DPO-B",
              "quote": "ces derniers sont tous des DPO-B",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellants (SoyCOM, TM-era)",
              "value": "Nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine fuel",
              "quote": "The propellants used are: nitrogen tetroxide as the oxidizer and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine as the fuel",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker of the KDU family",
              "value": "Spacecraft-propulsion blocks from Isayev's design bureau (now Khimmash)",
              "quote": "Spacecraft-propulsion blocks (KDU) from Isayev's design bureau (now Khimmash)",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150602231608/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/KB-Isayev_KDUs/index.htm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main engine (SKD; S5.80 in the KTDU-80 family), pressure-fed N2O4/UDMH",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: KB Khimmash",
          "quote": "The main engine of the Soyuz-MS-01 spacecraft under a protective cover.",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Orbit correction and the de-orbit braking burn, fired tail-first for under five minutes",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Designation and maker (KTDU-80 documentation)",
              "value": "S5.80, developed at KB Khimmash since 1977",
              "quote": "qui inclut le moteur S5.80, en développement au KB KhimMach depuis 1977",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (Wikipedia S5.80 page)",
              "value": "2.95 kN",
              "quote": "The S5.80 generates 2.95 kN (660 lbf) of thrust with a chamber pressure of 0.88 MPa (128 psi)",
              "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5.80"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (kosmonavtika.com recap table, S5.80 is the fourth column)",
              "value": "300 kgf",
              "quote": "Poussée (kgf) 411 417 315 300",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (Encyclopedia Astronautica KTDU-80 entry)",
              "value": "6.19 kN vacuum (632 kgf)",
              "quote": "Thrust(vac): 632 kgf. Thrust(vac): 6.19 kN",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020625153640/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/ktdu80.htm"
            },
            {
              "label": "Specific impulse (kosmonavtika.com recap table)",
              "value": "302 s vacuum",
              "quote": "Impulsion spécifique dans le vide (s) 270 278 292 302",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Engine mass (Encyclopedia Astronautica)",
              "value": "310 kg",
              "quote": "Mass Engine: 310 kg",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020625153640/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/ktdu80.htm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main-engine nozzle cover",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the engine cover opens and the main engine fires against the direction of the flight for less than five minutes",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Protective cover that opens before the braking burn",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cover timing (Wikipedia KTDU-80 page)",
              "value": "About 15 s to open and 25 s to close",
              "quote": "takes 15 seconds to open and 25 seconds to close",
              "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTDU-80"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main-engine gimbal (+/-5 degrees pitch and yaw, electric motors)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "gimbal-mounted and is capable of being deflected by electric motors within -5° up to +5° for thrust vector control",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Thrust-vector control in pitch and yaw during engine burns"
        },
        {
          "part": "DPO-B high-thrust docking and orientation thrusters (x28, 14 pairs)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NIIMash (maker of the 11D428A and 11D428A-16 thrusters in earlier KDU versions; MS model not stated)",
          "quote": "With 14 pairs of DPO engines available with each thruster in each pair connected to a different manifold",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Attitude control, approach and docking, and backup de-orbit burn; each pair is fed by different manifolds",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Only high-thrust units on MS",
              "value": "DPO-M low-thrust units dropped",
              "quote": "Only high-thrust engines were left in the DPO system of Soyuz-MS.",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust class before the MS rearrangement",
              "value": "16 large 13-kgf and 12 smaller 3-kgf thrusters",
              "quote": "16 large 13-kilogram and 12 smaller 3-kilogram thrusters",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Backup de-orbit role",
              "value": "DPO-B can finish the braking burn if the main engine stops early",
              "quote": "attitude control thrusters, DPO-Bs, can finish the job if the main engine quits too early",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Undocking burn",
              "value": "Eight-second DPO-B firing after undocking delivers 0.4 to 0.5 m/s",
              "quote": "the Soyuz usually performs an eight-second firing of its DPO-B attitude control thrusters delivering between 0.4 and 0.5 meters per second in velocity change",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "DPO-B development",
              "value": "NIIMash started the 11D428A-16 (RDMT-135M) at the request of RKK Energia in 1993",
              "quote": "le NIIMach lance en 1993 le développement d'une nouvelle version de son moteur appelée 11D428A-16 (RDMT-135M)",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Transfer-section DPO-B clusters (two groups of four, two groups of six)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "sur le PKhO en deux groupes de quatre et deux groupes de six",
          "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Forward attitude and approach thrusters on the transfer section"
        },
        {
          "part": "Aft DPO-B thrusters (eight, four pairs, around the main engine)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the aft section of the spacecraft received eight (four pairs) of high-thrust engines instead of four",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Doubled aft group that gives extra de-orbit backup if the main engine fails"
        },
        {
          "part": "KDU propellant tanks (two fuel, two oxidizer; about 880 kg total)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Propulsion system includes 4 spherical tanks for a total of 880 kg propellant.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20020625153640/http://www.astronautix.com/engines/ktdu80.htm",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pressure-fed storage in two independent sections",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Sections (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Two propellant sections",
              "quote": "There are two sections in the Propellant System which include:",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Tank set (SoyCOM figure legend)",
              "value": "Oxidizer tanks 1 and 2 and fuel tanks 1 and 2",
              "quote": "БО2 - Oxidizer Tank 2; 39. БГ2 - Fuel Tank 2",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Tank type (kosmonavtika.com)",
              "value": "KTDU-80 tanks use metal diaphragms",
              "quote": "le KTDU-80 est équipé de diaphragmes métalliques dans ses réservoirs d'ergols",
              "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Helium pressurant bottles (x4, two circuits)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "contenu dans quatre ballons (ChB1 et ChB2 sur la voie 1, ChB3 et ChB4 sur la voie 2)",
          "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Hold high-pressure helium to pressurize the propellant tanks and actuate main-engine valves"
        },
        {
          "part": "DPO avionics unit (Blok Avtomatiki) and EFIR propellant-consumption signal generator",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the electronic generator of propellant consumption signals, known as EFIR, was modified to eliminate possible false counting",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Control electronics changed for the new thruster layout and for reliable propellant counting",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "DPO avionics",
              "value": "Blok Avtomatiki changed on all MS-series ships",
              "quote": "the avionics unit, known in Russian as Blok Avtomatiki, had to undergo respective changes on all of the ships of the MS series",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Solar arrays (two wings, fixed, larger on MS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "an overall area for the placement of electricity-producing photovoltaic cells was increased by 1.1 square meters",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Primary power source; wings fold around the instrument/assembly module for launch",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cell efficiency",
              "value": "Raised from 12% to 14%",
              "quote": "the efficiency of the cells was increased from 12 to 14 percent",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pointing",
              "value": "Panels remain in a fixed position",
              "quote": "solar panels remained in fixed position",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Layout (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Two identical wings of four panels each",
              "quote": "made of two identical wings each having four panels",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Span with arrays open",
              "value": "10.6 m",
              "quote": "With the solar panels open (they remain closed during launch) the Soyuz measures 10.6 m across",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/The_Russian_Soyuz_spacecraft"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Power-storage batteries (four 906V units plus a fifth 155 Ah battery on MS)",
          "material": "silver/zinc accumulator cells (electrolyte not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the spacecraft was upgraded with an extra (fifth) power-storage battery, known as 906V, with a capacity of 155 ampere-hour",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "silver-zinc-battery",
          "function": "Buffer and backup batteries in the aggregate compartment",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cell chemistry (SoyCOM, TM-era)",
              "value": "Silver/zinc",
              "quote": "based on silver/zinc accu elements.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Descent-module battery 909A (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Also silver/zinc, two sections",
              "quote": "The 909А Unit is a chemical electric power source based on silver/zinc accu elements and comprises two sections",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Location",
              "value": "Four existing batteries plus the new one sit in the aggregate compartment, aft section",
              "quote": "Like four existing batteries, the new one was installed in the aggregate compartment, in the aft section of the spacecraft",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-sep.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Thermal control",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Active thermal control system (hydraulic loops with electric pump units)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The CTP is a hydraulic system which includes several hydraulic loops",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Keeps cabins and equipment in temperature limits and dumps heat to the radiator",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Pumps",
              "value": "Electric pump unit circulates the habitable-module heat-transfer fluid",
              "quote": "The heat agent is circulated along the loop as driven by the \"ЭНА-3\" Electric Pump Unit",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "External radiator on the aggregate section",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the exterior radiator for waste heat dumping into space is mounted",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Dumps waste heat to space",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Soyuz MS-22 leak (Dec 2022)",
              "value": "NASA named the external radiator cooling loop as the suspected leak source",
              "quote": "the external radiator cooling loop of the Soyuz is the suspected leak source",
              "source_url": "https://phys.org/news/2022-12-russian-space-capsule-leak-micrometeorite.amp"
            },
            {
              "label": "Effect of the leak",
              "value": "Heat rejection capability lost",
              "quote": "Because we lost heat rejection capability on Soyuz",
              "source_url": "https://www.space.com/russia-replacement-soyuz-launching-february-2023"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Screen-vacuum thermal insulation (EVTI) and passive thermal control aids",
          "material": "screen-vacuum thermal insulation (EVTI, a multilayer insulation; films not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Shield Vacuum Thermal Insulation), heat sinks, thermal resistors and the special treatment of the spacecraft outer surfaces",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
          "mid": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
          "function": "Passive insulation, heat sinks and surface treatment to limit uncontrolled heat exchange"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Life support",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Atmosphere purification units with fans and replaceable cartridges",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Unit Purpose is to delete CO2 and harmfull elements generated by crew human physiology and equipment operation from the module atmosphere",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Removes CO2 and harmful trace gases from the cabin air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Cartridge life",
              "value": "60 man-hours",
              "quote": "Purification Cartridge service life: 60 man-hours",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Primary fan flow",
              "value": "180 l/min",
              "quote": "Primary Fan air flow rate: 180 l/min.",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Guidance, navigation and communications",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "ASN-K satellite navigation equipment (GPS and GLONASS, four antennas)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: RKK Energia (developer)",
          "quote": "According to RKK Energia, which developed the system, the ASN-K consists of four antennas, which are mathematically linked into a single virtual system",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Autonomous orbit and attitude determination replacing ground-station tracking",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Constellations",
              "value": "GPS and GLONASS used together",
              "quote": "could simultaneously use the GPS and GLONASS navigation satellites",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Position accuracy",
              "value": "Within 5 m",
              "quote": "The system provides positioning accuracy within five meters",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Attitude accuracy",
              "value": "0.5 degrees",
              "quote": "The ship's attitude (orientation in space) is determined with an accuracy of 0.5 degrees",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Relative position in rendezvous",
              "value": "Within 1 m",
              "quote": "relative coordinates can be determined within one meter",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "EKTS unified command and telemetry system (S-band transceiver, digital processor, phased array)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The EKTS hardware aboard the spacecraft includes an S-band receiver-transmitter system and a digital processing unit.",
          "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-ekts.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Command and telemetry link to ground and via Luch relay satellites",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Antenna",
              "value": "S-band phased array on the Soyuz-MS",
              "quote": "The EKTS system relies on an S-band phased array mounted on Progress-MS and Soyuz-MS spacecraft for communications with ground control via satellites",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-ekts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Coverage",
              "value": "Up to 83% of each day with three Luch satellites",
              "quote": "the transport ship can theoretically maintain communications with ground control for up to 83 percent of the time each day",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-ekts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Relay satellites",
              "value": "Russian Luch-5 data-relay satellites",
              "quote": "real-time contact with mission control via Russian Luch-5 data-relay satellites",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-ekts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fallback",
              "value": "Backup program guarantees at least 12 days in space before natural reentry",
              "quote": "to guarantee at least 12 days in space before its natural reentry",
              "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-ekts.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SUDN motion control and navigation system (strapdown inertial navigation, digital computers)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "using a strapdown inertial navigation system and implementing all the control procedures by means of the Onboard Digital Computer Complex",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Controls attitude, maneuvers and descent; includes the new BDUS-3A rate sensors and BURK backup-loop unit",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "BDUS-3A angular velocity sensors",
              "value": "Flight-tested on Progress-MS-01, certified for Soyuz-MS",
              "quote": "modified sensors, designated BDUS-3A, were first flight-tested on Progress-MS-01 spacecraft and were then certified for the use on Soyuz-MS",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "BURK backup loop control unit",
              "value": "New digital control unit (Backup Loop Control Unit)",
              "quote": "The latter was replaced with a new digital control unit dubbed Blok Upravleniya Rezervnym Konturom, BURK",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "BURK developer",
              "value": "RKK Energia",
              "quote": "Developed at RKK Energia, the new avionics system was first tested on Progress-MS",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "BIUS digital descent-control unit (with BASIO-S landing automation)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The older analog descent control system was now completely replaced with a digital equivalent based on the instrument known in Russian as BIUS",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Digital replacement of the analog controlled-descent system, certified on Soyuz MS-14",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Landing automation tested on MS-14",
              "value": "Automation Unit for Descent Control System, BASIO-S",
              "quote": "the new components of the landing system tested during the Soyuz MS-14 mission also included the Automation Unit for Descent Control System, BASIO-S",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Astra-06 telemetry unit, structural sensors and dedicated antenna",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NPO IT, Korolev (part of AO RKS)",
          "quote": "The new Astra-06 avionics unit, developed at NPO IT in Korolev",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fast telemetry of ascent and separation events",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Purpose",
              "value": "Monitors extremely fast-changing parameters during ascent and spacecraft separation",
              "quote": "to monitor extremely fast-changing parameters during the ascent to orbit and the separation of the spacecraft from the launch vehicle",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Origin",
              "value": "Corrective measure after the Progress MS-04 launch accident",
              "quote": "in the wake of the Progress MS-04 launch accident, the Soyuz MS spacecraft was supposed to be equipped with the Universal Small-scale Radio-telemetry System",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Sensors",
              "value": "Six ALE048-1 accelerometers and nine ANS114-01 vibration data converters",
              "quote": "It included six accelerometers ALE048-1 and nine vibration data converters ANS114-01",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Antenna",
              "value": "SLIYu.464611.001 antenna on the instrument and aggregate module",
              "quote": "a special antenna, called SLIYu.464611.001, was installed on the exterior of the Instrument and Aggregate Module, PAO, to transmit data from the Astra system",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "First flights",
              "value": "Soyuz MS-10 (vehicle 740) onward",
              "quote": "starting with Vehicle No. 740 (Soyuz MS-10)",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Separation and re-entry sequencing",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Module separation system (pyro-locks, spring pushers, quadruple command backup)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "there is a quadruple backup system",
          "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Splits the orbital and instrument modules from the descent module before re-entry",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Orbital module to descent module joint",
              "value": "Pyro-locks with spring pushers of the module separation system",
              "quote": "attached to the СА by means of pyro-locks with spring pushers of the Module Separation System",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Last-resort trigger",
              "value": "Thermal sensors on the tail detect re-entry heating and start separation",
              "quote": "signals from thermal sensors on the tail of the vehicle will detect the rising heat from the increasing friction of the Earth's atmosphere",
              "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch escape system (SAS)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "SAS launch escape system (escape tower on the payload fairing)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the Soyuz-MS variant needed an upgrade of the Emergency Escape System, SAS, to get rid of obsolete components",
          "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pulls the orbital and descent modules away from a failing rocket",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "In-flight use on Soyuz MS",
              "value": "Fired on Soyuz MS-10 on 11 Oct 2018 after first-stage separation",
              "quote": "Soyuz MS-10 2018 Oct. 11 Soyuz-FG Aleksei Ovchinin, Nick Heig SAS activated shortly after the separation of the first stage",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SAS central solid-rocket motor (single two-chamber engine)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Iskra plant, Perm (SAS solid motor)",
          "quote": "Two core engines -- central and add-on engine -- were replaced with a single two-chamber engine",
          "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Main escape motor that lifts the crew modules clear for a parachute landing",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Burn time",
              "value": "2 to 6 s",
              "quote": "The main escape motors would then fire for 2-6 seconds",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant mass (original-generation system)",
              "value": "About four tons of solid propellant",
              "quote": "The escape motor system with around four tons of solid propellant would be installed on top of the payload fairing",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Nominal jettison time",
              "value": "T+115 s",
              "quote": "The nominal separation time of the escape rocket was further advanced to 115th second after the launch",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Motor maker",
              "value": "Iskra plant in Perm",
              "quote": "thanks to the new solid-rocket motor developed by the Iskra plant in the city of Perm",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "SAS attitude-control rocket thrusters (x4)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Four Управляющие ракетные двигатели (УРД) (Attitude Control Rocket Thrusters)",
          "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Execute the preset escape trajectory of the crew modules after a failure at or near the launch site"
        },
        {
          "part": "SAS separation motor",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a separation motor would fire, allowing the capsule with the crew to slide away from the bottom of the payload fairing",
          "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Slides the descent module out of the fairing; also separates the escape tower in a nominal flight",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Separation thrusters (SoyCOM)",
              "value": "Take the cap and orbital module away from the descent module",
              "quote": "The РДР thrusters are designed for executing the evasive trajectory of the CAC System after its nominal jettison in the spacecraft orbit injection phase",
              "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Fairing-mounted escape motors (two pairs of solid motors) and fairing-separation motors",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "two pairs of solid motors were placed on the fairing",
          "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Cover the gap between jettison of the main escape motor and fairing separation",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Soyuz MS-17 fairing",
              "value": "Escape engines (white) and fairing separation engines (black) inside the fairing",
              "quote": "Emergency escape engines (white) and fairing separation engines (black) inside the payload fairing of the Soyuz MS-17 spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "aluminium-amg-6",
      "name": "aluminum AMg-6",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "glass-phenolic-ablator",
      "name": "glass-phenolic composite",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ftorlon",
      "name": "Ftorlon",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "fiberglass",
      "name": "reinforced fiberglass",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "silica-fibre-insulation",
      "name": "low-density silica fibrous insulation (VIM)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
      "name": "screen-vacuum thermal insulation (EVTI, a multilayer insulation; films not stated)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/multilayer-insulation-mli/"
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-magnesium-alloy-grade-unstated",
      "name": "aluminium/magnesium alloy (grade not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rubberized-capron-fabric",
      "name": "rubberized capron fabric (rubberized knitted fabric at the joints)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "lavsan-fabric",
      "name": "lavsan fabric",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-alloy-grade-unstated",
      "name": "aluminium alloy (grade not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "silver-zinc-battery",
      "name": "silver/zinc accumulator cells (electrolyte not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Soyuz-2.1a launch vehicle",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Crewed MS launches moved to the Soyuz-2.1a with Soyuz MS-16 on 9 April 2020",
      "quote": "Soyuz MS-16 spacecraft lifted off on April 9, 2020, marking the first mission of the Soyuz-2-1a rocket variant to deliver people into orbit",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Soyuz-FG launch vehicle",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Listed with the Soyuz-2-1a as launch vehicle of the MS series",
      "quote": "Launch vehicle Soyuz-FG, Soyuz-2-1a",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RD-107A engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "First-stage strap-on booster engine of the Soyuz-2.1a; made by JSC Kuznetsov (UEC) as a pair with the RD-108A for the Soyuz-2.1a; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "RD-107А/108А made by JSC Kuznetsov, a Samara enterprise of Rostec's United Engine Corporation, provided for successful launch of Soyuz-2.1a rocket",
      "source_url": "https://www.aviationpros.com/aircraft-maintenance-technology/engines-parts/aircraft-engines/press-release/21215406/rostec-uec-engines-provided-for-successful-start-of-soyuz-21a-rocket-from-the-baikonur-cosmodrome"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RD-108A engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Core second-stage engine of the Soyuz-2.1a; made by JSC Kuznetsov (UEC) as a pair with the RD-107A for the Soyuz-2.1a; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "RD-107А/108А made by JSC Kuznetsov, a Samara enterprise of Rostec's United Engine Corporation, provided for successful launch of Soyuz-2.1a rocket",
      "source_url": "https://www.aviationpros.com/aircraft-maintenance-technology/engines-parts/aircraft-engines/press-release/21215406/rostec-uec-engines-provided-for-successful-start-of-soyuz-21a-rocket-from-the-baikonur-cosmodrome"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RD-0110 engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Third-stage engine of the Soyuz-2.1a; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "a more gradual shutdown of the RD-0110 engine on all Soyuz-2-1a rockets delivering Soyuz and Progress spacecraft into orbit",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-soyuz2-1a.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "S5.80 engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Main engine (SKD) of the KTDU-80 family, KB Khimmash; single pressure-fed main engine; designation documented for the KTDU-80 family, which the MS propulsion system evolves",
      "quote": "qui inclut le moteur S5.80, en développement au KB KhimMach depuis 1977",
      "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "DPO-B thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Twenty-eight docking and orientation thrusters; high-thrust DPO-B thrusters in 14 pairs; the low-thrust DPO-M units of earlier versions are gone",
      "quote": "Only high-thrust engines were left in the DPO system of Soyuz-MS. With 14 pairs of DPO engines available",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kdu.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SIOS thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Eight hydrogen-peroxide descent reaction-control thrusters; descent-module microthrusters for roll, pitch and yaw",
      "quote": "the valves of the SIOS landing control thrusters open to drop pressurization gas and drain remaining hydrogen peroxide propellant",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "DMP soft-landing motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Six solid motors; solid-propellant braking motors in the base of the descent module",
      "quote": "The six ДМП thrusters are located at the CA bottom.",
      "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SAS central solid-rocket motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Solid escape motor atop the fairing; motor built by the Iskra plant in Perm",
      "quote": "thanks to the new solid-rocket motor developed by the Iskra plant in the city of Perm",
      "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SAS attitude-control thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Four rocket thrusters; four steering thrusters of the escape propulsion system",
      "quote": "Four Управляющие ракетные двигатели (УРД) (Attitude Control Rocket Thrusters)",
      "source_url": "https://www.planet4589.org/space/articles/pao/CrewManual1999.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SAS separation motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Separation motor of the escape system",
      "quote": "a separation motor would fire, allowing the capsule with the crew to slide away from the bottom of the payload fairing",
      "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "SAS fairing-mounted solid motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Two pairs; extra escape motors on the payload fairing",
      "quote": "two pairs of solid motors were placed on the fairing",
      "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Sokol-KV2 launch and entry suits",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Crew pressure suits worn in the descent module",
      "quote": "all crew members, dressed in Sokol launch and entry suits, take seats inside the Descent Module",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Kazbek-UM shock-absorbing seats (x3)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Custom-liner crew seats in the descent module",
      "quote": "individual crew seats, known as Kazbek (Kazbek-UM on Soyuz TMA) equipped with custom-fitted liners for each crew member",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-landing.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Kurs-NA rendezvous system",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Automatic rendezvous radar on the MS series",
      "quote": "all vehicles of the MS series, including Soyuz MS and Progress MS were equipped with the new Kurs-NA rendezvous system",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "KB Khimmash (Isayev design bureau)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Integrated KDU propulsion blocks including the S5.80 main engine",
      "quote": "Spacecraft-propulsion blocks (KDU) from Isayev's design bureau (now Khimmash)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150602231608/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/KB-Isayev_KDUs/index.htm"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NIIMash",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "DPO-B thrusters (11D428A / 11D428A-16) of the KDU family",
      "quote": "le NIIMach lance en 1993 le développement d'une nouvelle version de son moteur appelée 11D428A-16 (RDMT-135M)",
      "source_url": "http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/soyouz/tech/kdu/kdu.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NPP Zvezda",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Sokol-KV2 suits",
      "quote": "NPP Zvezda was selected to come up with a solution",
      "source_url": "https://www.spacecentre.co.uk/collections/categories/spacesuits-and-clothing/sokol-kv-2-rescue-spacesuit/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NPP Zvezda",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Kazbek couches (record for a 1980 Kazbek-U couch)",
      "quote": "Kazbek-U Shock Absorbing Couch #882P manufactured by NPP Zvezda in 1980",
      "source_url": "https://www.spacecentre.co.uk/collections/categories/space-oddities/kazbek-u-shock-absorbing-couch/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Iskra plant, Perm",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Solid-rocket motor of the launch escape system",
      "quote": "thanks to the new solid-rocket motor developed by the Iskra plant in the city of Perm",
      "source_url": "https://russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_sas.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "AO NIITP (division of AO RKS)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Developer of the Kurs-NA rendezvous system",
      "quote": "The Kurs-NA has been in development since 2003 under leadership of Sergei Medvedev at Moscow-based AO NIITP, the division of AO RKS corporation",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Izhevsk Radio Plant",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Series production of Kurs-NA",
      "quote": "the serial production of the Kurs-NA system was consolidated at the Izhevsk Radio Plant in Russia",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-kurs-na.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "AO RKS corporation",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Developer of the SZI-M flight recorder",
      "quote": "It was developed at AO RKS corporation in Moscow",
      "source_url": "http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms-szi-m.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NPO IT (Korolev)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Astra-06 telemetry avionics",
      "quote": "The new Astra-06 avionics unit, developed at NPO IT in Korolev",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "successor_of",
      "target": "Soyuz TMA-M",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "MS replaced the TMA-M variant (Series 700)",
      "quote": "Soyuz-MS superseded the Soyuz-TMA-M variant (Series 700).",
      "source_url": "https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz-ms.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "International Space Station crew transport and lifeboat role",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Each Soyuz stays docked about six months as the crew lifeboat",
      "quote": "Each Soyuz spacecraft remains docked to the International Space Station for about six months to serve as a lifeboat",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/MagISStra/Facts_about_the_Soyuz"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "Roscosmos",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Operates the MS for ISS crew flights",
      "quote": "it is operated by Roscosmos for human spaceflight missions to the International Space Station",
      "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "Missing: orbital module and instrument-service module structure, tank, engine, solar array and window materials; standards. More detail: Not published in any source found: suppliers and materials for the solar array cells and substrate, battery maker, window glass and seals, hatch seals, propellant tank and helium bottle materials (only metal diaphragms are mentioned), the SSVP docking mechanism maker, parachute canopies and their maker, seat structure, radiator panels, flight computers, wiring. RussianSpaceWeb keeps the MS technical guides for the orbital module, descent module and instrument/aggregate sections behind insider-content walls, so those pages were not readable. TM-era material: several rows rest on documents describing the architecture that the MS inherits, mainly the 1999 Soyuz Crew Operations Manual (SoyCOM; hatch sizes, module masses, thermal loops, SAS thruster list, battery chemistry, suit layers), the ESA page on the TMA series and kosmonavtika.com (thruster history); where a number is TM or TMA-era the label says so. Propulsion: the 28 DPO-B layout (14 pairs, eight aft, groups of four and six on the transfer section) is stated for the MS by RussianSpaceWeb and kosmonavtika.com. The S5.80 designation and the 11D428A-16 DPO-B model are documented for KTDU-80 (Soyuz TM to TMA-M); no source repeats them for the MS, which sources only call the main engine (SKD), so the MS rows are worded accordingly. The DPO-M low-thrust thrusters named in the task hint were removed on the MS and are not listed as carried. S5.80 thrust is given three ways because sources disagree: 2.95 kN (Wikipedia), 300 kgf (kosmonavtika.com table) and 6.19 kN vacuum (Encyclopedia Astronautica). No DPO-B thrust figure with a clean quote was reachable: the NIIMash datasheet returned 404 and the KB Khimmash page is in an unreadable Cyrillic encoding, so only the 13 kgf class from RussianSpaceWeb is given. Wikipedia is the only source used for the S5.80 thrust, the main-engine nozzle-cover timing and the Roscosmos operator row, because no primary page was found. Launcher engines: the RD-107A and RD-108A rows share one quote from a Rostec/UEC release about a non-crew Soyuz-2.1a launch; the RD-0110 row comes from RussianSpaceWeb's page on the MS move to the Soyuz-2.1a; earlier MS flights used the Soyuz-FG. Suppliers: NPP Zvezda is named for the Sokol suit and the Kazbek couch only in UK National Space Centre records of 1990 and 1980 items, not in MS-era procurement papers; the Iskra plant (Perm) is named for the SAS solid motor in the Soyuz T/TM redesigns. The Soyuz MS-22 radiator leak rows come from news reports (AP via phys.org, Space.com); NASA's own blog pages redirect to a generic page. Potassium superoxide and lithium hydroxide canisters appear only in an uncited Wikipedia passage, so no life-support chemistry is listed. Energia (energia.ru) timed out. The Lira antenna named in the task hint had no source and is omitted; antennas listed are those RussianSpaceWeb names. RussianSpaceWeb's MS page gives 20 km landing accuracy while its landing page gives 28 km; both are listed. Some quotes are in French (kosmonavtika.com) or contain Russian abbreviations (SoyCOM). Web search quota ran out mid-research, so remaining supplier questions (parachutes, SSVP, solar cells) were not pursued.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/rkk-energia-soyuz-ms-1.jpg",
      "alt": "Soyuz MS-28 spacecraft approaching the ISS, seen from the front with its docking probe and two solar panels over a brown",
      "long": "Soyuz MS-28 spacecraft approaching the ISS, seen from the front with its docking probe and two solar panels over a brown desert landscape",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA Johnson Space Center (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soyuz_MS-28_crew_spacecraft_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_(iss073e1196761).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/rkk-energia-soyuz-ms-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Soyuz MS-01 spacecraft docked to the ISS with two solar arrays, orbital module with Russian flag, Roscosmos and Energia",
      "long": "Soyuz MS-01 spacecraft docked to the ISS with two solar arrays, orbital module with Russian flag, Roscosmos and Energia logos and the word Soyuz, Earth below",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_MS-01_docked_to_the_ISS.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/rkk-energia-soyuz-ms-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft (orbital and descent modules with Roscosmos markings) lying horizontally in the integration facility",
      "long": "Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft (orbital and descent modules with Roscosmos markings) lying horizontally in the integration facility at Baikonur with technicians",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA/Victor Zelentsov (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_MS-11_spacecraft_in_the_integration_facility.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}