{
  "id": "nasa-orion",
  "title": "Orion spacecraft",
  "maker": "NASA (crew module: Lockheed Martin; service module: ESA / Airbus)",
  "maker_type": "Space agency",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "crew",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/nasa-orion/",
  "website": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
  "summary": "NASA’s deep-space crew capsule for Artemis; the crew module has a friction-stir-welded aluminium alloy pressure vessel under an Avcoat heat shield, with a European service module built from carbon-fibre sandwich panels.",
  "application": "Orion carries astronauts on NASA’s Artemis missions to the Moon. The capsule returns at lunar-return speed, so its heat shield and welded aluminium pressure vessel are designed for high re-entry heating and loads.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Orion is NASA's crew capsule for carrying astronauts to the Moon on the Artemis missions.",
    "intro": [
      "Orion is NASA's crew capsule for deep space, built for the Artemis missions to the Moon. Lockheed Martin builds the crew module, which holds four people for up to 21 days without docking with another spacecraft. A European service module supplies power, propulsion, air and water.",
      "Orion returns from the Moon at lunar-return speed, so its heat shield and welded aluminium pressure vessel are designed for high re-entry heating and loads. The shield is made of Avcoat, an ablative material that wears away as it heats up."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "Crew module pressure vessel",
        "text": "The pressure vessel, the sealed shell around the astronauts, is made of seven large pieces of aluminium alloy, joined by friction-stir welding. That method stirs the metal together with a spinning tool instead of melting it. Engineers refined the design to cut the welds from 33 to seven.",
        "parts": [
          "Pressure vessel (seven large pieces, friction-stir welded)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat shield and tiles",
        "text": "The outer surface of the heat shield is 186 blocks of Avcoat, bonded to a titanium skeleton and a composite skin. The backshell, the covering over the rest of the capsule, carries about 1,300 tiles of a silica fibre called AETB-8.",
        "parts": [
          "Heat shield ablator (186 blocks)",
          "Heat shield skeleton",
          "Heat shield skin",
          "Backshell tiles (about 1,300)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "European service module",
        "text": "The European service module is about 4 m long and unpressurised. It supplies power, propulsion, thermal control, air and water, with four solar array wings that unfold to span 19 m. Its structure is built from carbon-fibre sandwich panels with an aluminium honeycomb core.",
        "parts": [
          "Core panels (webs, tank bulkhead, lower platform)",
          "CFRP sandwich panel core"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Aluminium alloy",
        "mid": "aluminium",
        "where": "The crew module's pressure vessel, in seven large pieces joined by friction-stir welding. The flight alloy is not named."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avcoat",
        "mid": "avcoat",
        "where": "The outer surface of the heat shield, in 186 blocks."
      },
      {
        "name": "Titanium",
        "mid": "titanium",
        "where": "The skeleton of the heat shield, to which the Avcoat is bonded."
      },
      {
        "name": "AETB-8 silica fibre",
        "mid": "aetb-8-tile",
        "where": "About 1,300 tiles on the backshell, with a toughened coating."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carbon-fibre reinforced polymer",
        "mid": "carbon-fibre",
        "where": "The service module's core panels, including the tank bulkhead and lower platform."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aluminium honeycomb",
        "mid": "aluminium-honeycomb",
        "where": "The core inside the service module's carbon-fibre sandwich panels."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "The service module is European, from ESA and Airbus. The heat shield material, Avcoat, is a reformulated version of the one used on the Apollo capsules.",
    "unknown": "NASA does not name the alloy of the flight pressure vessel. Lockheed Martin named aluminium-lithium 2195 and aluminium 2219 in 2009, but for a ground-test structure. The heat shield's composite skin, the solar array cells, the tanks and the launch abort system have no published materials.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Crew and endurance",
        "value": "Four crew, up to 21 days without docking"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat shield blocks",
        "value": "186"
      },
      {
        "label": "Backshell tiles",
        "value": "About 1,300"
      },
      {
        "label": "Service module length",
        "value": "About 4 m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Solar array span",
        "value": "19 m"
      },
      {
        "label": "Solar array wings",
        "value": "Four wings"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Crew and endurance",
      "value": "Four crew, up to 21 days without docking",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "The crew module can accommodate four crew members on missions for up to 21 days without docking with another spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Backshell tiles",
      "value": "About 1,300",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "made up of 1,300 thermal protection system tiles"
    },
    {
      "label": "Heat shield blocks",
      "value": "186",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "made of 186 billets, or blocks, of an ablative material called Avcoat"
    },
    {
      "label": "Pressure vessel pieces",
      "value": "Seven large aluminum alloy pieces",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
      "quote": "seven large aluminum alloy pieces"
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module length",
      "value": "About 4 m",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module",
      "quote": "unpressurised and 4 m long"
    },
    {
      "label": "Solar array span",
      "value": "19 m",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module",
      "quote": "the service module’s solar array unfolds to span 19 m"
    },
    {
      "label": "Solar array wings",
      "value": "Four wings",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
      "quote": "four solar array wings"
    },
    {
      "label": "Habitable volume (NASA crew module page)",
      "value": "330 cubic feet",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "Orion's cabin has a habitable volume of 330 cubic feet"
    },
    {
      "label": "Habitable volume (NASA Orion Quick Facts, 2014)",
      "value": "316 cubic feet",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "HABITABLE VOLUME ............................................ 316 cu ft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew module pressurized volume (NASA Orion Quick Facts, 2014)",
      "value": "690.6 cubic feet",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "PRESSURIZED VOLUME .................................... 690.6 cu ft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Lunar return payload mass (NASA Orion Quick Facts, 2014)",
      "value": "220 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "LUNAR RETURN PAYLOAD MASS ............................. 220 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Heat shield diameter",
      "value": "16.5 ft",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "the world's largest ablative heat shield, measuring 16.5 feet in diameter"
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew module weight at liftoff and nominal landed mass (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "Artemis I 20,600 / 18,200 lb; Artemis II 22,900 / 20,500 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "ARTEMIS I 20,600 lbs 18,200 lbs ARTEMIS II 22,900 lbs 20,500 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module mass at liftoff, Artemis I (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "30,900 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "MASS AT LIFTOFF ARTEMIS I 30,900 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module mass at liftoff, Artemis II (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "34,300 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "ARTEMIS II 34,300 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Gross liftoff mass, Artemis I / Artemis II (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "72,000 lb / 78,000 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "ARTEMIS I ARTEMIS II GROSS LIFTOFF MASS 72,000 lbs 78,000 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Trans-lunar insertion mass, Artemis I / II (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "53,000 lb / 58,500 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "TRANS-LUNAR INSERTION MASS 53,000 lbs 58,500 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Usable propellant, Artemis I / II (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "16,000 lb / 19,000 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "USABLE PROPELLANT 16,000 lbs 19,000 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort system weight at liftoff, Artemis I / II (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "16,700 lb / 17,000 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "ARTEMIS I: 16,700 lbs ARTEMIS II: 17,000 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Spacecraft adapter mass (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "2,800 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "SPACECRAFT ADAPTER MASS ............................. 2,800 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Jettisoned fairings mass (Quick Facts)",
      "value": "1,000 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf",
      "quote": "JETTISONED FAIRINGS MASS .............................. 1,000 lbs"
    },
    {
      "label": "Full stack height",
      "value": "67 ft",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/orion-overview/",
      "quote": "full stack height 67 ft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Individual parts in the spacecraft",
      "value": "355,056",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "The Orion spacecraft is built using 355,056 individual parts"
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew module parts count",
      "value": "209,544",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "209,544 crew module parts"
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module parts count",
      "value": "103,023",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "103,023 service module parts"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort system parts count",
      "value": "41,858",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "41,858 launch abort system parts"
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module engine total",
      "value": "33: one main, eight auxiliary, 24 reaction control",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
      "quote": "It's equipped with a total of 33 engines: one main engine, eight auxiliary engines, and 24 reaction control thrusters."
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module dry mass (AIAA 2013 paper, preliminary design review)",
      "value": "3.5 metric tons",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf",
      "quote": "Its dry mass is 3.5 metric tons and it can carry 8.6 tons of propellant."
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module propellant capacity (AIAA 2013 paper; ESA gives nine tonnes)",
      "value": "8.6 tons",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf",
      "quote": "Its dry mass is 3.5 metric tons and it can carry 8.6 tons of propellant."
    },
    {
      "label": "Service module size (AIAA 2013 paper)",
      "value": "4,500 mm diameter; 2,700 mm long excluding the main engine",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf",
      "quote": "a cylindrical module with a diameter of 4500 mm and a total length – main engine excluded – of 2700 mm"
    },
    {
      "label": "Solar wing span (AIAA 2013 paper; ESA and NASA give 19 m)",
      "value": "18.8 m",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf",
      "quote": "It is fitted with four solar array wings with a span of 18.8 m."
    },
    {
      "label": "Solar array power (NASA)",
      "value": "About 11 kW",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
      "quote": "The four solar arrays, which are located on the service module, generate about 11 kilowatts of power."
    },
    {
      "label": "Entry speed and heat shield temperature (NASA crew module page)",
      "value": "About 25,000 mph; nearly 5,000 F",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "traveling about 25,000 mph and enduring temperatures about half as hot as the surface of the Sun"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis I re-entry speed",
      "value": "24,581 mph (Mach 32)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/artemis-i-mission-timeline/",
      "quote": "Re-entry speed: 24,581 mph (Mach 32)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Energy dispersed by the heat shield on entry (Lockheed Martin)",
      "value": "About 640 gigajoules",
      "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2026/things-you-may-not-know-about-orion.html",
      "quote": "The energy exuded by Orion's heat shield as it comes back into Earth's atmosphere is approximately 640 gigajoules."
    },
    {
      "label": "Parachute speed reduction (NASA crew module page)",
      "value": "From about 325 mph to 20 mph or less",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "to slow down the crew module from about 325 mph to 20 mph or less"
    },
    {
      "label": "Splashdown speed (NASA fun-facts page)",
      "value": "About 17 mph",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "parachutes will slow it down the rest of the way to about 17 mph for a gentle splashdown in the ocean"
    },
    {
      "label": "Splashdown speed (NASA Artemis I feature)",
      "value": "About 16 mph",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/135701/worldwide-team-makes-orions-first-artemis-mission-possible/135704/milaero",
      "quote": "slowed the spacecraft to a safe speed of about 16 mph for splashdown in the Pacific Ocean"
    },
    {
      "label": "Parachute canopy area",
      "value": "36,000 square feet over 11 parachutes",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "11 parachutes made of 36,000 square feet of parachute canopy material"
    },
    {
      "label": "Parachute lines (NASA crew module page)",
      "value": "More than 13 miles of Kevlar lines",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "attached to the top of the spacecraft with more than13 miles of Kevlar lines"
    },
    {
      "label": "Main parachute suspension lines (CPAS NTRS paper)",
      "value": "About 10 miles in total for the three mains",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf",
      "quote": "The suspension lines in the three main parachutes have a total length of approximately 10 miles."
    },
    {
      "label": "Pressure vessel mass saved by cutting welds",
      "value": "700 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "reduce the number of welds to seven on Artemis I and missions beyond, saving 700 pounds of mass on the spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Avcoat honeycomb cells in the pre-Artemis I (EFT-1) heat shield",
      "value": "320,000 cells, filled by hand",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/testing/",
      "quote": "each of the 320,000 tiny honeycomb cells were individually filled with Avcoat by hand"
    },
    {
      "label": "Sensors on the spacecraft",
      "value": "Over 1,200",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/apollo-to-artemis/",
      "quote": "Orion also has over 1,200 sensors"
    },
    {
      "label": "3D-printed parts on Artemis II",
      "value": "More than 150",
      "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2026/things-you-may-not-know-about-orion.html",
      "quote": "The spacecraft includes more than 150 3D-printed parts on Artemis II"
    },
    {
      "label": "Computing power vs Space Shuttle",
      "value": "Over 400 times",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "Orion computers are over 400 times more powerful than computers used on the Space Shuttle."
    },
    {
      "label": "Medical kit capability",
      "value": "128 medical conditions, 139 medical resources",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
      "quote": "the system can address 128 identified medical conditions and has 139 medical resources at the crew's disposal"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort motor propellant burn temperature",
      "value": "4,456 F",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "The LAS solid rocket motors use propellant that burns at a temperature of 4,456°F"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort motor exhaust speed",
      "value": "2,600 mph",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "Combustion gases exiting the abort motor nozzles travel at a speed of 2,600 mph"
    },
    {
      "label": "Uncrewed lunar-orbit endurance",
      "value": "Over six months",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "Orion can orbit the Moon autonomously without any crew onboard for over six months."
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis I launch date",
      "value": "16 November 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/artemis-i-mission-timeline/",
      "quote": "Launch date: Nov. 16, 2022"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis I mission duration",
      "value": "25 days 10 h 53 min",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/artemis-i-mission-timeline/",
      "quote": "Mission duration: 25 days, 10 hours, 53 minutes"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis I farthest distance from Earth",
      "value": "268,563 miles",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/135701/worldwide-team-makes-orions-first-artemis-mission-possible/135704/milaero",
      "quote": "at its farthest distance traveled a record-breaking 268,563 miles from our home planet"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis II launch date",
      "value": "1 April 2026",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/",
      "quote": "watch the agency's Artemis II mission unfold soon after launch on April 1, 2026"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis II splashdown",
      "value": "10 April 2026, Pacific Ocean near San Diego",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/",
      "quote": "splashes down in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego, California, at 5:07 p.m. PDT, (8:07 p.m. EDT) on Friday, April 10, 2026"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Heat shield uses Avcoat, a reformulated Apollo-era ablator",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "a reformulated version of the material used on the Apollo capsules"
    },
    {
      "text": "Welds on the pressure vessel cut from 33 to seven",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
      "quote": "Engineers refined the design to reduce the number of welds to seven"
    },
    {
      "text": "European Service Module supplies power, propulsion, thermal control, air and water",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
      "quote": "The service module is the spacecraft’s powerhouse"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module pressure vessel",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Pressure vessel (seven large pieces, friction-stir welded)",
          "material": "aluminum alloy (flight grade not stated)",
          "form": "large machined elements, friction-stir welded",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Lockheed Martin; welded at NASA Michoud",
          "quote": "The pressure vessel consists of seven large aluminum alloy pieces that are joined together using friction-stir welding",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        },
        {
          "part": "Cone panel (Orion ground test article)",
          "material": "Aluminum-lithium 2195",
          "form": "cone panel",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Ground test article, 2009; flight alloys not confirmed",
          "quote": "The initial weld joined an Aluminum-Lithium (AL) 2195 cone panel and AL 2219 longeron",
          "source_url": "https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2009-04-20-Lockheed-Martin-Friction-Stir-Weld-Now-Under-Way-on-Orion-Test-Article",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-lithium-2195"
        },
        {
          "part": "Longeron (Orion ground test article)",
          "material": "Aluminum 2219",
          "form": "longeron",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Ground test article, 2009; flight alloys not confirmed",
          "quote": "The initial weld joined an Aluminum-Lithium (AL) 2195 cone panel and AL 2219 longeron",
          "source_url": "https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2009-04-20-Lockheed-Martin-Friction-Stir-Weld-Now-Under-Way-on-Orion-Test-Article",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-2219"
        },
        {
          "part": "Backbone assembly (floor structure)",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": "crisscrossing beams",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "an aluminum structure of crisscrossing beams called the backbone assembly",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/meet-nasas-orion-spacecraft",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Thermal protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Backshell tiles (about 1,300)",
          "material": "AETB-8 silica fibre with toughened coating",
          "form": "8 x 8 inch tiles",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "These tiles are made of a silica fiber material called AETB-8 (Alumina Enhanced Thermal Barrier)",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aetb-8-tile"
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat shield ablator (186 blocks)",
          "material": "Avcoat",
          "form": "machined blocks, bonded",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The outer surface of the heat shield is made of 186 billets, or blocks, of an ablative material called Avcoat",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "avcoat"
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat shield skeleton",
          "material": "titanium",
          "form": "structural skeleton",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Avcoat is bonded to a titanium skeleton and composite skin",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": "titanium",
          "mid": "titanium"
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat shield skin",
          "material": "composite (type not stated)",
          "form": "skin",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Avcoat is bonded to a titanium skeleton and composite skin",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "European Service Module structure",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Core panels (webs, tank bulkhead, lower platform)",
          "material": "carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)",
          "form": "sandwich panels",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Thales Alenia Space Italia (structure); Airbus (prime)",
          "quote": "The ESM structure is based on a core made of Composite Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sandwich panels",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180004816/downloads/20180004816.pdf",
          "profile": "carbon-fibre",
          "mid": "carbon-fibre"
        },
        {
          "part": "CFRP sandwich panel core",
          "material": "aluminium honeycomb",
          "form": "honeycomb core",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "sandwich panels with aluminium honeycomb core",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180004816/downloads/20180004816.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-honeycomb"
        },
        {
          "part": "Platforms, longerons and secondary structures",
          "material": "aluminium alloy (grade not stated)",
          "form": "machined structure",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "complemented by aluminium alloy platforms, longerons and secondary structures",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180004816/downloads/20180004816.pdf",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module hatches and windows",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew module side hatch",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The side hatch is the primary entry and exit point for the crew.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Primary crew entry and exit; two hinges, gearbox-operated latch train, counterbalance and a window",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Hardware",
              "value": "Two hinges, mechanical latch train driven by a gearbox and handle, manual handles, counterbalance",
              "quote": "It features two complex hinges, a mechanical latch train operated by a gearbox and handle",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Emergency opening on the pad",
              "value": "Pyrotechnic system fired by the ground crew via lanyard (or by the flight crew with a pin and paddle)",
              "quote": "the side hatch can be opened using a pyrotechnic system activated by the ground crew via lanyard",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch abort system (LAS) hatch",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The LAS hatch covers the side hatch until the LAS is jettisoned during flight.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Outer hatch that covers the side hatch until the LAS is jettisoned; pneumatic latch train, gas strut and a window",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Latch drive",
              "value": "Pneumatic (gas pressure drives the latches)",
              "quote": "uses a pneumatic latch train, where gas pressure drives the latches",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Closing force",
              "value": "About 100 lbf per person",
              "quote": "the LAS hatch requires about 100 pounds of force per person to close",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Docking hatch and rendezvous/docking sensors (LiDAR, cameras)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The docking hatch enables crew transfer to other spacecraft, such as the human landing system planned for future crewed missions",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew transfer to other spacecraft such as the human landing system; second crew exit path after landing; sensors guide automated docking",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Docking system fit",
              "value": "Rendezvous and docking system fitted from Artemis III",
              "quote": "Beginning with the Artemis III mission, Orion will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking system",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-spacecraft/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Rendezvous sensors (Lockheed Martin)",
              "value": "Sensors, cameras and computers guide the vehicle into the docking position",
              "quote": "use a combination of sensors, cameras, and computers to guide the vehicle into the correct docking position",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/docking-orion.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "LiDAR (Lockheed Martin)",
              "value": "LiDAR maps the docking environment and tracks reflectors on the target vehicle",
              "quote": "Orion's RPOD systems utilize Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, which generates high-resolution maps of the docking environment",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/docking-orion.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew module cone windows (x4): machined structural frames in the pressure vessel",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: AMRO Fabricating Corp.",
          "quote": "The structural pieces that form the four crew module windows are machined by California-based subcontractor AMRO Fabricating Corp.",
          "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/135701/worldwide-team-makes-orions-first-artemis-mission-possible/135704/milaero",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Frames that hold the four viewing windows in the cone of the crew module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Window locations",
              "value": "Four on the cone, more on the docking and side hatches",
              "quote": "Orion has four windows on the crew module/back shell cone, and additional windows on the docking hatch and the side hatch",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-windows-provide-new-outlook-for-spacecrafts-future/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Windows on the whole spacecraft (Artemis I, incl. LAS)",
              "value": "19",
              "quote": "Nurge examined all 19 windows for the spacecraft, including the launch abort system",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-window-testing-brings-artemis-1-closer-into-view"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Window thermal panes (fused silica), one in each three-pane window stack",
          "material": "Corning fused silica glass (grade code not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Corning (glass); polished by Sydor Optics",
          "quote": "Each window has three panes: a fused silica thermal pane, an acrylic pressure pane and a redundant pane.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-window-testing-brings-artemis-1-closer-into-view",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "corning-fused-silica",
          "function": "Thermal pane of each three-pane window stack",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Glass and polisher",
              "value": "Corning Fused Silica; polished at Sydor Optics (Chili, New York)",
              "quote": "The windows on the Orion spacecraft are made of Corning Fused Silica glass and were polished at Sydor Optics in Chili.",
              "source_url": "https://www.whec.com/?p=1050834"
            },
            {
              "label": "Origin of Orion glass panes (2015 NASA article)",
              "value": "Made from stock glass bought for the Space Shuttle Program",
              "quote": "they were all manufactured from stock glass originally purchased for the Space Shuttle Program",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-windows-provide-new-outlook-for-spacecrafts-future/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Window pressure panes (acrylic)",
          "material": "acrylic plastic (grade not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The innermost pane on the cone windows is acrylic.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-windows-provide-new-outlook-for-spacecrafts-future/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "acrylic-window-pane-grade-unstated",
          "function": "Innermost pane of the cone windows that holds cabin pressure",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mass saving of acrylic pressure panes (flight test vehicle, 2015)",
              "value": "More than 200 lb saved on the window subsystem",
              "quote": "the use of acrylic pressure panes reduced the weight of the window subsystem by more than 200 pounds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/orion-windows-provide-new-outlook-for-spacecrafts-future/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module thermal protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Forward bay cover (tile-covered lid over the parachute bay)",
          "material": "AETB-8 silica-fibre thermal protection tiles (stated as the same tiles as the backshell)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the forward bay cover protects the top portion of the capsule, as well as the parachutes, during launch, orbital flight, and re-entry",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": "aetb-8-tile",
          "mid": "aetb-8-tile",
          "function": "Protects the top of the capsule and the parachutes through launch, orbit and re-entry; jettisoned for parachute deployment",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Tiles",
              "value": "Same thermal protection tiles as the backshell",
              "quote": "It is covered with the same thermal protection tiles as the backshell.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Jettison altitude",
              "value": "About 23,000 ft",
              "quote": "the forward bay cover is jettisoned at an altitude of approximately 23,000 feet",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat shield white epoxy paint coat and aluminized tape",
          "material": "white epoxy paint (formulation not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The heat shield is then given a coat of white epoxy paint.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "epoxy-paint-white-formulation-unstated",
          "function": "Finish applied over the Avcoat blocks; tape drains surface charge and helps hold temperatures",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Aluminized tape purpose",
              "value": "Dissipate electrical surface charge and maintain acceptable temperatures",
              "quote": "Aluminized tape is applied after the painted surface dries to dissipate electrical surface charges and maintain acceptable temperatures.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew module reaction control system thrusters (x12, MR-104J, 10 pod assemblies)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "The crew module has a propulsion system comprised of 12 small engines called reaction control system thrusters.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Orient and steer the crew module after service module separation through re-entry to splashdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each",
              "value": "160 lbf",
              "quote": "each generating 160 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/123725/aerojet-rocketdyne-completes-propulsion-for-nasas-artemis-ii-mission/123728/milaero"
            },
            {
              "label": "Model and packaging",
              "value": "MR-104J monopropellant thrusters in 10 pod assemblies",
              "quote": "12 160-pound-thrust MR-104J monopropellant thrusters mounted in 10 pod assemblies",
              "source_url": "https://www.compositesworld.com/news/aerojet-rocketdyne-to-provide-propulsion-for-orion-spacecraft-fleet-"
            },
            {
              "label": "Redundancy",
              "value": "Dual-string reaction control system",
              "quote": "The Crew Module has dual string reaction control systems.",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/orion-redundancies.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Aerojet Rocketdyne",
              "quote": "These are provided by Aerojet Rocketdyne and provide full control of crew module translation and rotation.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Landing and recovery",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Forward bay cover parachutes (x3)",
          "material": "Kevlar",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Airborne Systems (Santa Ana, California)",
          "quote": "three forward bay cover parachutes used in conjunction with pyrotechnic linear thrusters to ensure separation of the forward bay cover",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": "kevlar",
          "mid": "kevlar",
          "function": "Help pull the forward bay cover through the wake after it is jettisoned from the crew module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Diameter (NASA crew module page)",
              "value": "7 ft",
              "quote": "Three Forward Bay Cover Parachutes (FBCP) Diameter 7 ft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Type (CPAS NTRS paper)",
              "value": "Kevlar conical ribbon parachute, 12 gores, 7 ft nominal diameter",
              "quote": "The FBCP is a Kevlar® conical ribbon parachute with 12 gores and a nominal diameter of 7 feet.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026520/downloads/20190026520.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass each (NASA crew module page)",
              "value": "8 lb",
              "quote": "Weight 8 lbs. each",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maximum mass (CPAS NTRS paper)",
              "value": "8.5 lbm",
              "quote": "They are made primarily of Kevlar, have a trailing distance of approximately 100 feet, and have a maximum mass of 8.5 lbm.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Designer and fabricator",
              "value": "Airborne Systems, Santa Ana, California",
              "quote": "Parachutes are designed and fabricated by Airborne Systems in Santa Ana, California",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Drogue parachutes (x2)",
          "material": "Kevlar and nylon (grades not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Airborne Systems (Santa Ana, California)",
          "quote": "Two drogue parachutes are deployed to slow and stabilize the crew module during descent",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "kevlar-nylon-parachute-textile",
          "function": "Mortar-deployed; slow and stabilize the crew module before the main parachutes deploy",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Diameter (NASA crew module page)",
              "value": "23 ft",
              "quote": "Two Drogue Parachutes Diameter 23 ft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass each (NASA crew module page)",
              "value": "60 lb",
              "quote": "Weight 60 lbs. each",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mortar deployment speed",
              "value": "100 ft/s (68 mph)",
              "quote": "The drogues are deployed by cannon-like mortars from the crew module forward bay at 100 feet per second (68 mph).",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Designer and fabricator",
              "value": "Airborne Systems, Santa Ana, California",
              "quote": "Parachutes are designed and fabricated by Airborne Systems in Santa Ana, California",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Pilot parachutes (x3)",
          "material": "Kevlar and nylon (grades not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Airborne Systems (Santa Ana, California)",
          "quote": "Three pilot parachutes will lift and deploy the main parachutes from the crew module forward bay.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "kevlar-nylon-parachute-textile",
          "function": "Mortar-deployed; pull the main parachutes out of the forward bay",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Diameter (NASA crew module page)",
              "value": "10 ft",
              "quote": "Three Pilot Parachutes Diameter 10 ft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Diameter (NASA Orion fun-facts page)",
              "value": "11 ft",
              "quote": "three 11 ft. pilot parachutes that help to deploy the three 116 ft. main parachutes",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Nominal diameter (CPAS NTRS paper)",
              "value": "9.85 ft",
              "quote": "The Pilot is a conical ribbon parachute composed of Kevlar® and Nylon® with 12 gores and a 9.85 feet nominal diameter (D0).",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026520/downloads/20190026520.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mortar deployment speed",
              "value": "112 ft/s (76 mph)",
              "quote": "They are mortar-deployed from the crew module forward bay at 112 feet per second (76 mph).",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Designer and fabricator",
              "value": "Airborne Systems, Santa Ana, California",
              "quote": "Parachutes are designed and fabricated by Airborne Systems in Santa Ana, California",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Main parachutes (x3)",
          "material": "Kevlar and nylon (grades not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Airborne Systems (Santa Ana, California)",
          "quote": "The three main parachutes then slow the crew module to a speed that ensures astronaut safety during landing.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "kevlar-nylon-parachute-textile",
          "function": "Slow the crew module to a landing speed; any two of the three can land the capsule safely",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Diameter",
              "value": "116 ft",
              "quote": "Three Main Parachutes Diameter 116 ft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass each",
              "value": "270 lb",
              "quote": "Each of Orion's main parachutes weighs 270 pounds and is packed densely to fit in the top part of the spacecraft.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Suspension lines",
              "value": "80 per main parachute",
              "quote": "Each main parachute has 80 suspension lines.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Suspension line rating",
              "value": "At least 1,500 lb each",
              "quote": "Each suspension line is rated to carry at least 1,500 lbs",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Designer and fabricator",
              "value": "Airborne Systems, Santa Ana, California",
              "quote": "Parachutes are designed and fabricated by Airborne Systems in Santa Ana, California",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Two-of-three landing",
              "value": "Safe landing possible with two mains",
              "quote": "Orion has three main parachutes and can land safely with two if one does not deploy.",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/orion-redundancies.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Packing",
              "value": "Hydraulic press up to 50,000 lb, then autoclaved 48 h at 190 F under vacuum",
              "quote": "They are autoclaved with a vacuum applied to the parachute at 190 degrees Fahrenheit (88 degrees Celsius) for 48 hours",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Parachute deployment mortars (drogue and pilot parachutes)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: General Dynamics Ordinance & Tactical Systems (Seattle), spelled as in the NASA page",
          "quote": "the mortars are provided through Lockheed Martin by General Dynamics Ordinance & Tactical Systems, located in Seattle",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Cannon-like mortars that eject the drogue and pilot parachutes from the forward bay"
        },
        {
          "part": "Parachute risers, vehicle attach fittings and pyrotechnic cutters",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Embedded in several parachutes are pyrotechnic riser cutters, which use fuses set to ignite at specific times",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "All-textile risers join the parachutes to the forward structure; pyrotechnic riser and reefing line cutters sever lines at set times",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mass saved by all-textile risers (CPAS paper)",
              "value": "Just under 60 lbm for risers and attach fittings; about 110 lbm with gusset changes",
              "quote": "Switching to an all-textile riser design resulted in a parachute system mass savings of just under 60 lbm.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Metallic parts in the parachute system",
              "value": "Only three metallic components in the whole system",
              "quote": "In the CPAS system, there are only 3 metallic components.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Vehicle attach fittings (one of the three metallic parts)",
              "value": "Interface between the spacecraft and the parachute",
              "quote": "the vehicle attach fittings that provide the interface between the spacecraft and the parachute",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Metallic link and cutter assembly (the other two metallic parts)",
              "value": "Link from the pilot parachute to the main deployment bag; reefing line cutter assembly",
              "quote": "a metallic link that connects the pilot parachute to the main deployment bag, and the reefing line cutter assembly",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190026519/downloads/20190026519.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew module uprighting system (CMUS) airbags (x5)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The crew module uprighting system (CMUS) deploys a series of five bright orange helium-filled bags on the top of the capsule",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Helium-filled bags on top of the capsule that flip it upright after an inverted splashdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Time to upright",
              "value": "Less than four minutes",
              "quote": "It takes less than four minutes for the CMUS to upright the capsule",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Redundancy",
              "value": "Any four of the five bags can still upright the vehicle",
              "quote": "the remaining four can still upright the vehicle",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/orion-redundancies.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Inflation",
              "value": "Pyro-valves and helium (Apollo used a compressor and solenoid valves)",
              "quote": "Orion's CMUS uses pyro-valves and helium to inflate the airbags",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/apollo-to-artemis/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "High-pressure helium tanks for the flotation (uprighting) system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "The company also manufactures the high-pressure helium tanks that inflate Orion's flotation system for water-based landings.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Store the helium that inflates the uprighting bags after landing"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch abort system",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Launch abort motor (x1, solid, four-nozzle manifold)",
          "material": "HTPB solid propellant",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Northrop Grumman (Magna, Utah)",
          "quote": "The 17-foot-long, 3-foot-diameter abort motor, built by Northrop Grumman, has a manifold with four exhaust nozzles",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "htpb-propellant",
          "function": "Pulls the crew module away from the rocket in a launch emergency",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Peak thrust",
              "value": "400,000 lbf",
              "quote": "Peak Thrust 400,000 lbs.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Weight and propellant (NASA LAS page)",
              "value": "7,600 lb including 4,500 lb propellant",
              "quote": "7,600 lbs., including 4,500 lbs. propellant",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant",
              "value": "Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) solid fuel",
              "quote": "Solid Fuel – hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Burn",
              "value": "Most propellant burned in the first three seconds (about 3 s)",
              "quote": "The high-impulse motor is designed to burn most of the propellant within the first three seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Acceleration",
              "value": "Crew module from zero to 400-500 mph in two seconds",
              "quote": "the crew module would accelerate from zero to 400–500 mph in just two seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Case (Pad Abort-1 test-flight motor)",
              "value": "Carbon fibre composite case",
              "quote": "Light weight high performance carbon fiber composite case",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150002697/downloads/20150002697.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Where built",
              "value": "Abort motor in Magna, Utah; attitude control motor in Elkton, Maryland",
              "quote": "The abort and attitude control motors are built in Magna, Utah and Elkton, Maryland, respectively",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch abort attitude control motor (x1, eight proportional valves)",
          "material": "CTPB solid propellant",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Northrop Grumman (Elkton, Maryland)",
          "quote": "The attitude control motor, also built by Northrop Grumman, consists of a solid propellant gas generator and eight equally spaced valves",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "ctpb-propellant",
          "function": "Steers the crew module on a controlled path after the abort motor and reorients it for parachute deployment",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Peak thrust",
              "value": "7,000 lbf",
              "quote": "Peak Thrust 7,000 lbs.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Weight and propellant",
              "value": "1,700 lb including 650 lb propellant",
              "quote": "1,700 lbs, including 650 lbs. propellant",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant",
              "value": "Carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) solid fuel",
              "quote": "Solid Fuel – carboxyl-terminated, polybutadiene (CTPB)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Burn",
              "value": "Approximately 30 s",
              "quote": "Burn duration Approximately 30 seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Valves",
              "value": "Eight proportional valves equally spaced around a 32-inch-diameter motor",
              "quote": "eight proportional valves equally spaced around the outside of the 32-inch diameter motor",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2020/08/31/final-launch-abort-system-motor-arrives-for-artemis-ii-crewed-mission/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Valve type (Pad Abort-1 test-flight motor)",
              "value": "Pintle valves, proportionally controlled",
              "quote": "Eight proportionally controlled pintle valve assemblies",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150002697/downloads/20150002697.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Battery (Pad Abort-1 test-flight motor)",
              "value": "Lithium-ion battery assembly",
              "quote": "Lithium-ion battery assembly",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150002697/downloads/20150002697.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Controller stand (Pad Abort-1 test-flight motor)",
              "value": "Aluminum controller/battery stand",
              "quote": "Aluminum controller/battery stand",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150002697/downloads/20150002697.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Where built",
              "value": "Elkton, Maryland (attitude control motor); Magna, Utah (abort motor)",
              "quote": "The abort and attitude control motors are built in Magna, Utah and Elkton, Maryland, respectively",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch abort system jettison motor (x1)",
          "material": "HTPB solid propellant",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne (now L3Harris)",
          "quote": "The jettison motor was built by Aerojet Rocketdyne and is the only LAS motor that fires on every mission.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "htpb-propellant",
          "function": "Separates the LAS from the crew module; fires on every flight, not only in an abort",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Peak thrust",
              "value": "40,000 lbf",
              "quote": "Peak Thrust 40,000 lbs.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Weight and propellant",
              "value": "900 lb including 360 lb propellant",
              "quote": "900 lbs., including 360 lbs. propellant",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Burn",
              "value": "Approximately 1.5 s",
              "quote": "Burn duration Approximately 1.5 seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Nozzles (Pad Abort-1 test-flight motor)",
              "value": "Four nozzles canted 35 degrees",
              "quote": "Nozzle assembly, 4 each, canted 35°",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150002697/downloads/20150002697.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fires every flight",
              "value": "Fires on nominal and abort flights",
              "quote": "The jettison motor actually fires every flight, not just in an abort scenario",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/how-the-propulsion-system-of-orion-steers-us-to-the-moon.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker per Lockheed Martin (2025)",
              "value": "L3Harris Technologies",
              "quote": "The jettison motor, manufactured by L3Harris Technologies, discards the LAS once Orion is in a safe position",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Where built",
              "value": "Sacramento, California and Orange, Virginia",
              "quote": "the jettison motor is built in Sacramento, California and Orange, Virginia",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Ogive fairing assembly (x4 composite panels)",
          "material": "lightweight composite (type not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Lockheed Martin (made at NASA Michoud)",
          "quote": "The fairing assembly is a shell of ogive panels surrounding the crew module.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "lightweight-composite-type-unstated",
          "function": "Shell around the crew module protecting it from heat, wind and acoustics of launch, ascent and abort",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Panels",
              "value": "Four panels made by Lockheed Martin at NASA Michoud",
              "quote": "the aerodynamic fairings — four panels that shield Orion during ascent — are made by Lockheed Martin at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Material",
              "value": "Lightweight composite material",
              "quote": "The panels are composed of a lightweight composite material",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch abort tower",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Lockheed Martin (prime contractor for the LAS)",
          "quote": "The launch abort tower sits on top of the crew module and includes the system's three motors.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Tower above the crew module that carries the three solid motors and pulls the capsule away",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Height (Lockheed Martin)",
              "value": "44 ft",
              "quote": "The 44-foot-tall LAS uses a sequence of three solid-rocket motors to carry out its mission",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2025/how-orion-s-launch-abort-system-protects-astronauts.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Puller layout",
              "value": "Motors sit above the crew module and pull it away from the rocket",
              "quote": "The LAS is designed with its motors above the Orion crew module that pull the capsule away from the rocket",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "Lockheed Martin manufactures the LAS",
              "quote": "Lockheed Martin manufactures the spacecraft's crew module, LAS, and crew module adapter",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Orion Main Engine (OME / OMS-E): refurbished Space Shuttle OMS engine (x1)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne (provided to Orion by NASA)",
          "quote": "The main engine is an orbital maneuvering system engine previously flown on space shuttle missions, provided by NASA and made by Aerojet Rocketdyne.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Main in-space engine: translunar injection, orbit changes, return burns and late-ascent aborts; gimballed",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust (NASA Orion fun-facts page)",
              "value": "6,000 lbf (26.7 kN)",
              "quote": "produces 6,000 pounds, or 26.7 kN, of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (ESA)",
              "value": "25.7 kN",
              "quote": "This engine provides 25.7 kN, enough to lift a van, and can swivel in pitch and yaw.",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (AIAA 2013 paper, preliminary design review stage)",
              "value": "27.7 kN",
              "quote": "one of the Shuttle OMS-E engines (27.7 kN)",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust (NASA Artemis II flight day 2 blog)",
              "value": "Up to 6,700 lbf",
              "quote": "Orion's main engine provides up to 6,700 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-day-2-orion-completes-tli-burn-crew-begins-journey-to-the-moon/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Gimbal",
              "value": "+/-6 degrees in pitch and yaw, actuated by thrust vector control",
              "quote": "This engine is gimbaled with an amplitude of ± 6° around both axes (pitch and yaw).",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellants",
              "value": "MON-3 oxidiser and monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel, mixture ratio 1.65",
              "quote": "MON-3 as oxidiser and MMH as fuel",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Flight history of the Artemis II engine",
              "value": "Six earlier Space Shuttle flights, all on Atlantis",
              "quote": "Orion's service module main engine for Artemis II has been to space 6 times on the Atlantis Space Shuttle.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Artemis II translunar injection burn",
              "value": "5 min 50 s",
              "quote": "fired its main engine for five minutes and 50 seconds beginning at 7:49 p.m. EDT",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/02/artemis-ii-flight-day-2-orion-completes-tli-burn-crew-begins-journey-to-the-moon/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Auxiliary thrusters (x8, R-4D-11)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne (Redmond, Washington)",
          "quote": "The auxiliary engines are R4D-11 engines, also made by Aerojet Rocketdyne and provided by NASA.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fixed engines for orbit corrections and ascent-abort separation; backup to the main engine",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (ESA)",
              "value": "490 N",
              "quote": "Eight fixed 490 N auxiliary thrusters, model R-4D-11 built by Aerojet",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (Aerojet Rocketdyne)",
              "value": "110 lbf",
              "quote": "eight 110-pound thrust bipropellant engines based on the flight-proven R-4D engine family",
              "source_url": "https://www.compositesworld.com/news/aerojet-rocketdyne-to-provide-propulsion-for-orion-spacecraft-fleet-"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mounting",
              "value": "Fixed at the bottom of the service module",
              "quote": "These are fixed at the bottom of the Service Module to provide orbit corrections and as a backup to the main engine.",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Where built",
              "value": "Redmond, Washington",
              "quote": "The auxiliary engines, built in Redmond, Washington, each generate 110 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/123725/aerojet-rocketdyne-completes-propulsion-for-nasas-artemis-ii-mission/123728/milaero"
            },
            {
              "label": "Delivery",
              "value": "Provided to Lockheed Martin in March 2019 for shipment to Europe",
              "quote": "They were provided in March 2019 to Lockheed Martin for shipment to Europe for integration into the service module.",
              "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/123725/aerojet-rocketdyne-completes-propulsion-for-nasas-artemis-ii-mission/123728/milaero"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Service module reaction control thrusters (x24, 220 N, six pods of four)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ArianeGroup (Lampoldshausen, Germany)",
          "quote": "Lastly, 24 smaller engines grouped into six pods provide attitude control.",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Attitude control and small translations in orbit; ATV-model thrusters",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (ESA)",
              "value": "220 N",
              "quote": "Reaction Control System 220 N engines, in six pods of four by ArianeGroup",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (NASA Orion Quick Facts)",
              "value": "50 lbf",
              "quote": "24 THRUSTERS 50 lbs THRUST EACH",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Usage",
              "value": "Usually 12 of the 24 are used, the other 12 serve mostly as backup",
              "quote": "usually only 12 are used, and the other 12 serve mostly as backup",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Builder",
              "value": "Thrusters, propellant tanks and pressure control system built by ArianeGroup",
              "quote": "built by ArianeGroup in Lampoldshausen, Germany along with the propellant tanks, pressure control system and more",
              "source_url": "https://blogs.esa.int/orion/?p=12773"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Propellant tanks (x4, 2,000 L each; two MON, two MMH)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ArianeGroup (tanks named with the thrusters in an ESA blog)",
          "quote": "The propellant is provided by four 2000-liter tanks with 1-cm thick walls inside the service module",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Store the oxidiser and fuel for the 33 engines",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Dimensions",
              "value": "Diameter 1154 mm, height 2542 mm",
              "quote": "Diameter 1154 mm; height 2542 mm",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pressure and capacity",
              "value": "25 bar; nine tonnes of propellant in total",
              "quote": "The tanks will hold the fuel at a pressure of 25 bar with a total capacity of nine tonnes of fuel.",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellants",
              "value": "MON oxidiser in two tanks, MMH fuel in two tanks",
              "quote": "mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) as oxidiser and monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) as fuel",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "ArianeGroup builds the propellant tanks with the thrusters",
              "quote": "built by ArianeGroup in Lampoldshausen, Germany along with the propellant tanks, pressure control system and more",
              "source_url": "https://blogs.esa.int/orion/?p=12773"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "High-pressure helium pressurant tanks (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Helium from two tanks push the propellants into the engines.",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Helium that pushes the propellants into the engines"
        },
        {
          "part": "Pressure-control system, propellant lines with shut-off valves, filters and sensors",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ArianeGroup (pressure control system)",
          "quote": "Pressure-control systems Sensor system with drive electronics Propellant lines with shut-off valves Filters",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Regulate tank pressure and route propellant to the engines",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "ArianeGroup builds the pressure control system",
              "quote": "built by ArianeGroup in Lampoldshausen, Germany along with the propellant tanks, pressure control system and more",
              "source_url": "https://blogs.esa.int/orion/?p=12773"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module consumables",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Potable water tanks (x4, metallic bellows)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Thales Alenia Space Italy",
          "quote": "Cylindrical tanks from Thales Alenia Space Italy, with metallic bellows",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Air_and_water",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Store drinking and food-preparation water pumped to the capsule",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Capacity",
              "value": "240 kg of potable water in total",
              "quote": "Four water tanks provide 240 kg of potable water",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Air_and_water"
            },
            {
              "label": "Water per tank (NASA)",
              "value": "About 125 lb each",
              "quote": "each containing about 125 pounds of water",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pressurisation",
              "value": "Bellows pressurise the water from a regulated nitrogen source",
              "quote": "These tanks contain bellows, which pressurize the water by a regulated nitrogen source.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Oxygen and nitrogen tanks (x3 oxygen, x1 nitrogen)",
          "material": "composite overwrap (type not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Vivace (US)",
          "quote": "Cylindrical-spherical tanks with composite overwrap Made by US company Vivace",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Air_and_water",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "fibre-reinforced-polymer-composite",
          "function": "Store breathing gas and cabin pressure gas for the crew module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Capacity",
              "value": "30 kg of nitrogen in one tank; 90 kg of oxygen in three tanks",
              "quote": "one tank holding 30 kg of nitrogen and three tanks of oxygen totalling 90 kg",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Air_and_water"
            },
            {
              "label": "Preliminary-design-review figure (AIAA 2013 paper)",
              "value": "Four ATV-like gas tanks of 33 kg each at 275 bar",
              "quote": "four ATV-like gas tanks each with a storage capability of 33 kg at 275 bar",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module thermal control",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Active thermal control: six body-mounted radiators, two HFE-7200 coolant loops, pump package and cold plates",
          "material": "HFE-7200 hydrofluoroether coolant",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Thales Alenia Space Italia (thermal control system)",
          "quote": "Coolant is pumped around a closed loop that includes six radiators near the spacecraft's exterior",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "hfe-7200-coolant",
          "function": "Collect heat from the whole spacecraft and reject it to space",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Radiators",
              "value": "Six: four full-length and two split",
              "quote": "Radiators reject heat (4 full-length, 2 split)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control"
            },
            {
              "label": "Loops",
              "value": "Two fully independent loops run at the same time",
              "quote": "Two fully independent loops work simultaneously for safety",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control"
            },
            {
              "label": "Coolant",
              "value": "HFE-7200 hydrofluoroether",
              "quote": "Coolant fluid Is HFE-7200 (HydroFluoroEther)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control"
            },
            {
              "label": "Cold plates (preliminary design review paper)",
              "value": "Stainless steel channelling cast into an aluminium plate",
              "quote": "stainless steel channelling enclosed in an aluminum casting acting as a plate in direct contact with the thermally active unit",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Responsibility",
              "value": "Thales Alenia Space develops and supplies the service module thermal control",
              "quote": "including structure & micrometeoroid protection, thermal control and consumable storage and distribution",
              "source_url": "https://www.thalesaleniaspace.com/en/press-releases/thales-alenia-space-supply-thermomechanical-systems-orion-esm"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Passive thermal control: multilayer insulation blankets (incl. high-temperature blankets at thrusters and nozzle) and heaters",
          "material": "multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Insulation: Multiple Layer Insulation thermal blankets; high-temperature Multiple Layer Insulation blankets for thruster and engine nozzle thermal protection",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control",
          "profile": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
          "mid": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
          "function": "Insulate the module and shield it from thruster plume heating",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Heaters",
              "value": "Thermistors and wire heaters",
              "quote": "Heaters (thermistors and wire heater)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Temperature_control"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module structure and adapters",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Micrometeoroid and debris protection system (Kevlar-reinforced Whipple shield)",
          "material": "Kevlar (reinforcement); Nextel/Kevlar blankets; metallic aft bumper",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Thales Alenia Space Italia",
          "quote": "The service module's structure, built by Thales Alenia Space in Italy, is covered with Kevlar to absorb shocks from micrometeorites and debris impacts.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
          "profile": "kevlar",
          "mid": "kevlar",
          "function": "Armour layers above the shell that stop micrometeoroids and debris",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Layers",
              "value": "Two layers of armour above the shell",
              "quote": "The module has a Kevlar-reinforced Whipple shield with two layers of armour standing above the spacecraft's shell.",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Structural"
            },
            {
              "label": "Metallic elements",
              "value": "Aft bumper and local protections",
              "quote": "Metallic MDPS (aft bumper and local protections)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Structural"
            },
            {
              "label": "Nextel and Kevlar elements",
              "value": "Aft part of the module and behind the radiators",
              "quote": "Nextel / Kevlar MDPS (aft part of the ESM, and behind the radiators)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Structural"
            },
            {
              "label": "Radiators as first barrier (preliminary design review paper)",
              "value": "Nextel and Kevlar blankets behind the radiators form the second barrier",
              "quote": "Mounted to the back side of the radiators are Nextel and Kevlar blankets which serve as the second",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Responsibility",
              "value": "Thales Alenia Space Italia designs the structure and MMOD protection",
              "quote": "Thales Alenia Space Italia is responsible for the design and integration of the ESM Structure and Micro-Meteoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD) protection",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180004816/downloads/20180004816.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew module adapter (CMA) with crew module-service module umbilical",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Lockheed Martin",
          "quote": "The crew module adapter houses electronic equipment for communications, power, and control",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Holds the service module to the crew module; houses communications, power and control electronics",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Umbilical",
              "value": "Bridges electrical, data and fluid systems between the modules",
              "quote": "it includes an umbilical connector that bridges the electrical, data, and fluid systems between the modules",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Builder",
              "value": "Lockheed Martin manufactures the crew module adapter",
              "quote": "Lockheed Martin manufactures the spacecraft's crew module, LAS, and crew module adapter",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Structure production",
              "value": "CMA structure produced at Michoud",
              "quote": "the production of the crew module adapter structure",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Spacecraft adapter (service module to SLS Orion stage adapter)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Lockheed Martin",
          "quote": "a second adapter that connects the service module to the SLS rocket",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasa-gears-up-to-test-orions-powerhouse/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Attaches the service module to the SLS Orion stage adapter; carries separation systems and umbilicals",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Function",
              "value": "Attaches to the Orion stage adapter to connect the service module to the SLS rocket",
              "quote": "the spacecraft adapter, which attaches to the Orion stage adapter to connect the service module to the SLS rocket",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Builder (2015 NASA article; one sentence lists the crew module adapter, three fairing panels and a second adapter)",
              "value": "Lockheed Martin",
              "quote": "To round out the service module, Lockheed Martin, NASA's prime contractor for Orion, also is building",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasa-gears-up-to-test-orions-powerhouse/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Contents (preliminary design review paper)",
              "value": "Structural interface, separation mechanisms and umbilical connectors",
              "quote": "includes the structural interface, separation mechanisms, and umbilical connectors for communication between the launch vehicle and the MPCV Spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Spacecraft adapter jettison (SAJ) fairing panels (x3)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Lockheed Martin",
          "quote": "During launch, the service module fits into a 17-foot-diameter housing surrounded by three fairing panels, called spacecraft adapter jettison (SAJ) panels",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fairing panels that shield the service module and solar wings from launch heat, wind and acoustics until jettisoned",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Builder (2015 NASA article; one sentence lists the crew module adapter, three fairing panels and a second adapter)",
              "value": "Lockheed Martin",
              "quote": "To round out the service module, Lockheed Martin, NASA's prime contractor for Orion, also is building",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasa-gears-up-to-test-orions-powerhouse/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Purpose (2015 NASA article)",
              "value": "Protect the module during ascent",
              "quote": "three fairing panels that protect the module during ascent to space",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/orion/nasa-gears-up-to-test-orions-powerhouse/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Production site",
              "value": "Service module fairings produced at Michoud",
              "quote": "service module fairings",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch vehicle interface",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Orion stage adapter (OSA) on top of the SLS interim cryogenic propulsion stage",
          "material": "lightweight aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center",
          "quote": "The Orion stage adapter connects Orion to the ICPS on the SLS Block 1 rocket.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system/",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Connects Orion to the ICPS and holds CubeSat dispensers",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Size and material",
              "value": "18 ft (5.5 m) diameter, 5 ft (1.5 m) tall, lightweight aluminum",
              "quote": "The adapter is 18 feet (5.5 meters) in diameter, 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall, and is made of lightweight aluminum.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/a2-reference-guide-012825.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center",
              "quote": "The adapter is manufactured by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/a2-reference-guide-012825.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "CubeSat capacity",
              "value": "Several CubeSats in 6U or 12U sizes",
              "quote": "The Orion stage adapter can accommodate several CubeSat payloads in 6U or 12U sizes",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Solar array wings (x4, X-wing, three panels each) with wing-tip cameras",
          "material": "CFRP rigid panels (preliminary design review stage)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Airbus (ESA's contractor; panels assembled in the Netherlands)",
          "quote": "Each of the four wings are made of three panels that provide enough electricity to power two typical European households",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power",
          "profile": "carbon-fibre",
          "mid": "carbon-fibre",
          "function": "Generate 120 V electrical power and track the Sun on two axes",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Wing length and panels",
              "value": "7,375 mm long; three panels of 2,130 x 1,920 mm",
              "quote": "Wing length: 7375 mm, made of three panels 2130 x 1920 mm",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Total power (ESA)",
              "value": "11.2 kW at 120 V",
              "quote": "Total power output 11.2 kW",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Sun tracking",
              "value": "Two axes",
              "quote": "The solar array turns on two axes to remain aligned with the Sun for maximum power.",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Layout",
              "value": "X-wing configuration inherited from ATV",
              "quote": "feature the distinctive X-wing configuration that was also used in the module's predecessor, the Automated Transfer Vehicle",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Panel build (preliminary design review paper)",
              "value": "Three deployable CFRP rigid panels per wing covered with triple-junction GaAs cells",
              "quote": "Each wing is composed of three deployable CFRP rigid panels covered with triple junction GaAs solar cells",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Wing-tip camera",
              "value": "A camera mounted on the end of the array captured the Moon on Artemis I",
              "quote": "captured the Moon with a camera mounted on the end of the array",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/artemis-i-mission-timeline/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Manufacturer",
              "value": "Arrays manufactured and installed by ESA and its contractor Airbus",
              "quote": "Orion's solar arrays, manufactured and installed by ESA (European Space Agency) and its contractor Airbus",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cells (15,000 across the four wings)",
          "material": "gallium arsenide triple-junction cells",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Emcore (US); panels assembled in the Netherlands",
          "quote": "The solar cells are provided by US company Emcore and shipped to the Netherlands for assembly into the panels.",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power",
          "profile": "gallium-arsenide",
          "mid": "gallium-arsenide",
          "function": "Convert sunlight to electricity",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Count",
              "value": "15,000 cells on the four arrays",
              "quote": "There are a total of 15,000 gallium arsenide cells on the four arrays used to convert light into electricity",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Technology",
              "value": "Gallium arsenide triple-junction",
              "quote": "Solar cells provided by the US partner Emcore using gallium arsenide triple-junction technology",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Solar Array Drive Mechanism (SADM, one per wing) and drive electronics (SADE)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Solar Array orientation is controlled by the two-axis Solar Array Drive Mechanism (SADM).",
          "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Two-axis Sun-tracking drive and its controller",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Range",
              "value": "Inner axis -35 to +25 degrees; outer axis 0 to 360 degrees",
              "quote": "can swivel between –35° and +25° on the inner axis, while the outer axis can rotate fully: 0° to +360°",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Drive electronics",
              "value": "Solar Array Drive Electronics control the arrays",
              "quote": "The solar arrays are controlled through the Solar Array Drive Electronics (SADE)",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Service module electronic units: power conditioning and distribution (PCDU), propulsion drive, thermal control and command and monitoring units",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The functions of the ESM are controlled and monitored by specific electronic units.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Control and monitor power, propulsion, thermal and data functions of the module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Power conditioning",
              "value": "The PCDU regulates the power and routes electricity to equipment",
              "quote": "The Power Conditioning and Distribution Unit (PCDU) regulates the power and routes electricity to equipment",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            },
            {
              "label": "Unit list (preliminary design review paper)",
              "value": "PCDU, SADE, PDE, TCU, CMU",
              "quote": "Power Control and Distribution Unit Solar Array Drive Electronics Propulsion Drive Electronics Thermal Control Unit Command and Monitoring Unit",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140010527/downloads/20140010527.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Data link",
              "value": "All units connect to the crew module and its adapter through the onboard data network",
              "quote": "All units are connected via an Onboard Data Network (ODN) to the Crew Module and its adapter",
              "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Avionics, navigation and displays",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Vehicle management computers (x2, each with two flight computer modules)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Honeywell Aerospace",
          "quote": "The brains of the Orion spacecraft consist of two vehicle management computers",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Run flight software and command Orion; four internally redundant flight computer modules in total",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Honeywell supplies the vehicle management computer",
              "quote": "including the vehicle management computer, which acts as the central computing platform supporting flight and vehicle control",
              "source_url": "https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2020/01/honeywell-and-lockheed-martin-to-provide-critical-components-for-nasas-orion-spacecraft"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fail-silent recovery",
              "value": "A faulty module stops outputs, resets and rejoins within 22 s",
              "quote": "all within 22 seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Flight computer modules in each computer",
              "value": "Two",
              "quote": "Each of the vehicle management computers is made up of two flight computer modules (FCMs) that oversee flight control and other software",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Communication control module",
              "value": "Lets commands and data flow between Orion and mission control",
              "quote": "a communication control module that allows commands and data to flow between Orion and mission control",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Display control module",
              "value": "Drives the crew displays",
              "quote": "and a display control module for the crew displays",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Performance vs Apollo",
              "value": "One computer has 128,000 times more memory and is 20,000 times faster",
              "quote": "has 128,000 times more memory and is 20,000 times faster",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/apollo-to-artemis/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Vision processing unit hosting dissimilar backup flight software",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a dissimilar processing platform with dissimilar flight software is hosted on a system called the vision processing unit",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Independent backup computer for critical phases; also stores data when out of contact",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Reuse from Artemis I",
              "value": "One vision processing unit flew on Artemis I and again on Artemis II",
              "quote": "three inertial measurement units, one GPS receiver, four phased-array antennas, and one vision processing unit",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2026/things-you-may-not-know-about-orion.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Power and data units (x8) and triple-redundant onboard data network",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Eight power and data units (PDU) connect the flight computers and the software to the rest of Orion.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Switch power to every component, drive valves, thrusters and heaters, and carry data over time-triggered gigabit Ethernet",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "PDU structure",
              "value": "Each PDU has two cards with two redundant channels per card",
              "quote": "each of which has two cards with two redundant channels on each card",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Network",
              "value": "Time-triggered gigabit Ethernet, 1,000 times faster than shuttle and station systems",
              "quote": "It uses a networking technology called time-triggered gigabit ethernet that is capable of moving data at a rate 1,000 times faster",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Inertial measurement units (x3), GPS receiver and barometric altimeter assemblies",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Honeywell Aerospace",
          "quote": "The GPS sensor system provides position and velocity updates during low-Earth orbit operations, ascent, and reentry.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Position, velocity, attitude and altitude sensing; altitude triggers entry and parachute events",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Honeywell provides the barometric altimeter, inertial measurement system and GPS receiver",
              "quote": "as well as the inertial measurement system and GPS receiver, which track the position and movements of the capsule",
              "source_url": "https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2020/01/honeywell-and-lockheed-martin-to-provide-critical-components-for-nasas-orion-spacecraft"
            },
            {
              "label": "IMU contents",
              "value": "Three gyros and three accelerometers in each unit",
              "quote": "Each unit contains three devices, called gyros, that measure spacecraft body rotation rates and three accelerometers",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Count",
              "value": "Three IMUs (with two star trackers)",
              "quote": "Orion has three inertial measurement units and two star trackers",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/orion-redundancies.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Star trackers (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Jena-Optronik (named in a NASA photo caption of a technician working on an Orion star tracker)",
          "quote": "The star tracker operates like a camera, but is much more sensitive and takes pictures only of stars.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Camera that images star fields to fix spacecraft attitude in orbit",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier evidence",
              "value": "Jena-Optronik technician working on an Orion star tracker in Jena, Germany",
              "quote": "Jena-Optronik technician in Jena, Germany, works on a star tracker",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Artemis I flight finding",
              "value": "Anomalous star tracker data correlated with thruster firings; later understood, no operational change",
              "quote": "assessed anomalous star tracker data that correlated with thruster firings",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/artemis-i-mission-timeline/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Optical navigation camera and Sun sensors",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The optical navigation camera takes images of the Moon and Earth.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Camera fixes range and bearing to Earth or Moon without ground contact; Sun sensors point the arrays in safe mode",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Sun sensors",
              "value": "On the service module; used in emergency safe mode",
              "quote": "The Sun sensors are located on the service module and are used to determine the direction of the Sun during emergency safe mode.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Emergency role",
              "value": "Part of the emergency return system to operate autonomously if contact with Earth is lost",
              "quote": "The optical navigation camera is part of the Orion emergency return system to autonomously operate the spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Display units (x3) and switch interface panels (x7)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Honeywell Aerospace",
          "quote": "The Orion crew module uses three display units, or DUs, to convey all display and control information to the crew members.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Glass cockpit: all display and control information, with backup switches",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Count",
              "value": "Three display units, seven switch interface panels",
              "quote": "three display units, seven switch interface panels, two rotational hand controllers, two translational hand controllers, and two cursor control devices",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Honeywell supplies three display units and struts and seven control panels",
              "quote": "Three display units and struts, seven control panels, and two hand controllers used inside the spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2020/01/honeywell-and-lockheed-martin-to-provide-critical-components-for-nasas-orion-spacecraft"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Hand controllers (x2 rotational, x2 translational) and cursor control devices (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Crew members will use two different controllers, called rotational and translational hand controllers, to steer the spacecraft.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew steering of attitude and translation, and selection on the display units",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Rotational controller",
              "value": "Right-hand controller for pitch and roll of the nose",
              "quote": "The rotational hand controller (RHC) allows the pilot and commander to rotate the spacecraft using their right hand to control.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Cursor control devices",
              "value": "Left side of each seat, usable under g-load",
              "quote": "The cursor control devices are located on the left side of each of their seats",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Communications",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Phased-array antennas (x4 on crew module, x2 on service module), S-band system and emergency communication system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "employing four phased array antennas on the crew module and two phased array antennas on the service module",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Voice, video, data, command and telemetry links to ground stations, TDRS and the Deep Space Network",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Antenna count",
              "value": "Four on the crew module, two on the service module",
              "quote": "employing four phased array antennas on the crew module and two phased array antennas on the service module",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "S-band system",
              "value": "Functions of four radios in one",
              "quote": "The Orion S-Band communications system provides functionality of 4 radios in one",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Emergency link",
              "value": "Onboard emergency system for two-way voice if the primary system fails",
              "quote": "An onboard emergency communication system will allow two-way voice communications during the mission if the primary communications system fails.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Reuse",
              "value": "Four phased-array antennas flew on Artemis I and again on Artemis II",
              "quote": "three inertial measurement units, one GPS receiver, four phased-array antennas, and one vision processing unit",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2026/things-you-may-not-know-about-orion.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O) laser terminal",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The O2O is a laser communications terminal that will fly aboard Orion on Artemis II",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Laser communications demonstration terminal flown on Artemis II",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Manager",
              "value": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
              "quote": "Goddard also manages the Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System, or O2O.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Demonstration",
              "value": "Pre-recorded 4K video and other data sent to two optical ground stations",
              "quote": "transmitting pre-recorded 4K ultra-high-definition video from the lunar vicinity",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/a2-reference-guide-012825.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Main batteries (x4, 120 V, small-cell packaging)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Orion's four main batteries are located on the crew module",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Power Orion during launch, eclipse, entry and for up to 24 h after splashdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Voltage",
              "value": "120 V",
              "quote": "use small-cell packaging technology to ensure crew safety while providing 120 volts of power",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Redundancy",
              "value": "Any two of the four batteries can get the vehicle home",
              "quote": "There are four main batteries – any two of which can get the vehicle home.",
              "source_url": "https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/orion-redundancies.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Endurance",
              "value": "Power for the return and up to 24 hours after splashdown",
              "quote": "the batteries also provide all the power needed to keep the astronauts safe for return to Earth and up to 24 hours after splashdown",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew accommodations and life support",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew seats (x4) with crew impact attenuation system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Orion crew module includes four crew seats.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Hold the crew on their backs through launch and entry and limit g-load at splashdown",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Restraints",
              "value": "Five-point harness, concave headrest, shoulder and hip bolsters, foot-pan peg",
              "quote": "A five-point harness — or seatbelt — restraint, a concave headrest, shoulder and hip bolsters",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Impact attenuation",
              "value": "Seat can slide 6 inches on guard rails, only in landing",
              "quote": "Each seat has 6 inches of room to slide",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Size range",
              "value": "1st to 99th percentile of body size",
              "quote": "The seats are designed to accommodate anyone from the 1st to the 99th percentile of body anthropometries",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) pressure suits (x4)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "astronauts will wear a bright orange spacesuit called the Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) suit",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Custom-fit orange suits worn for launch, entry and emergencies; hold pressure and supply air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Depressurisation endurance",
              "value": "Up to six days",
              "quote": "The suits can keep astronauts alive for up to six days if Orion were to lose cabin pressure",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Closed-loop life support",
              "value": "Positive pressure, breathable atmosphere and cooling for suited crew for up to 144 hours",
              "quote": "Orion's closed loop life support system is capable of maintaining a positive pressure, breathable atmosphere, and thermal cooling for up to 144 hours",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-fun-facts/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Regenerable carbon dioxide and humidity removal system",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Collins Aerospace (environmental control and life support systems under a Lockheed Martin subcontract)",
          "quote": "Orion has a new carbon dioxide and humidity removal system that is regenerable",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Absorbs CO2 and humidity from cabin air and vents them to vacuum to regenerate",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mass and volume benefit",
              "value": "Occupies 16 basketballs of volume and saves more than 100 lb compared with shuttle chemicals",
              "quote": "Orion's system takes up the space of only 16 basketballs and saves more than 100 pounds.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Collins Aerospace supplies Orion's environmental control and life support systems",
              "quote": "Environmental control and life support systems that maintain a healthy and comfortable environment for the crew both in the spacecraft cabin",
              "source_url": "https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/35948-collins-aerospace-to-provide-critical-subsystems-for-nasa-s-orion-spacecraft"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Potable water dispenser and food warmer",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Orion's potable water dispenser gives the crew easy access to water inside the crew module during their missions to the Moon.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Dispense water from the service module tanks and heat food and drink packages",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Water supply lines",
              "value": "Each of the four service module tanks feeds a manifold with two water lines to the crew module",
              "quote": "Each of the four tanks is connected to a water manifold, which has two water lines that lead to the crew module.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Crew-end valves",
              "value": "Manually operated valve and quick disconnect on each line",
              "quote": "The two lines each have a manually operated valve at the crew end and a quick disconnect.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Food warmer power",
              "value": "Plugs into the power utility panel",
              "quote": "crew members plug the warmer into the power utility panel with the food warmer power cable",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Universal Waste Management System (toilet)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Collins Aerospace (Orion waste management systems; the UWMS is not named in the release)",
          "quote": "Orion's crew module has a new space toilet, called the Universal Waste Management System",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Airflow-based toilet for urine and solid waste in a private bay",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Size",
              "value": "About 5 cubic feet, roughly 60% smaller and lighter than the shuttle toilet",
              "quote": "about 5 cubic feet in volume, and thus approximately 60% smaller and lighter than the space shuttle toilet",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Solid waste storage",
              "value": "Canisters can be kept up to 21 days",
              "quote": "can be stored in Orion up to 21 days",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Supplier scope",
              "value": "Collins Aerospace provides waste management systems for Orion",
              "quote": "Waste management systems to promote crewmember comfort and vehicle cleanliness",
              "source_url": "https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/component/content/article/35948-collins-aerospace-to-provide-critical-subsystems-for-nasa-s-orion-spacecraft"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Flywheel exercise device",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Artemis crews will exercise inside Orion using the flywheel exercise device",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Compact cable-and-flywheel rowing and resistance trainer; doubles as an entry step",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Load",
              "value": "Highest expected load 400 to 500 lb",
              "quote": "The highest expected load of the flywheel is 400 to 500 pounds.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Parts",
              "value": "Flywheel, pulleys and torque limiter in a frame",
              "quote": "a device that uses a flywheel, a series of pulleys, and a torque limiter encased in a frame",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Location",
              "value": "Below the side hatch, above the hygiene bay",
              "quote": "The flywheel is located directly below the Orion's side hatch and above the hygiene bay",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Stowage lockers (x12) under the crew seats",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "are stored in 12 lockers located under the crew seats",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Hold food, clothing, tools, cameras, science payloads and emergency equipment; locker doors form the cabin floor",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Capacity",
              "value": "Up to 1,050 lb of cargo",
              "quote": "These lockers can hold up to 1,050 pounds of cargo.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Stowage bags",
              "value": "Up to 34 custom-sized bags, about 54 cubic feet",
              "quote": "Orion will use up to 34 custom-sized stowage bags inside the lockers",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Radiation monitoring: hybrid electronic radiation assessor sensors (x6) and ESA active dosimeters (x5)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Orion is equipped with a radiation-sensing instrument integrated into the vehicle called the hybrid electronic radiation assessor",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Warn the crew of solar particle events so they can build a shelter from stowage bags",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Sensor count on Artemis II",
              "value": "Six active radiation sensors inside the crew module",
              "quote": "six active radiation sensors, collectively called the hybrid electronic radiation assessors, will be deployed",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/a2-reference-guide-012825.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "ESA dosimeters",
              "value": "Five detectors mounted around Orion",
              "quote": "Five ESA (European Space Agency) active dosimeter detectors will be mounted around Orion at optimal locations",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "aluminium",
      "name": "lightweight aluminum (alloy not stated)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium/"
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-lithium-2195",
      "name": "Aluminum-lithium 2195",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-2219",
      "name": "Aluminum 2219",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "aetb-8-tile",
      "name": "AETB-8 silica-fibre thermal protection tiles (stated as the same tiles as the backshell)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aetb-8-tile/"
    },
    {
      "id": "avcoat",
      "name": "Avcoat",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "titanium",
      "name": "titanium",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium/"
    },
    {
      "id": "carbon-fibre",
      "name": "CFRP rigid panels (preliminary design review stage)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/carbon-fibre/"
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-honeycomb",
      "name": "aluminium honeycomb",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "corning-fused-silica",
      "name": "Corning fused silica glass (grade code not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "acrylic-window-pane-grade-unstated",
      "name": "acrylic plastic (grade not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "epoxy-paint-white-formulation-unstated",
      "name": "white epoxy paint (formulation not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kevlar",
      "name": "Kevlar (reinforcement); Nextel/Kevlar blankets; metallic aft bumper",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/kevlar/"
    },
    {
      "id": "kevlar-nylon-parachute-textile",
      "name": "Kevlar and nylon (grades not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "htpb-propellant",
      "name": "HTPB solid propellant",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ctpb-propellant",
      "name": "CTPB solid propellant",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "lightweight-composite-type-unstated",
      "name": "lightweight composite (type not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "fibre-reinforced-polymer-composite",
      "name": "composite overwrap (type not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "hfe-7200-coolant",
      "name": "HFE-7200 hydrofluoroether coolant",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "multilayer-insulation-mli",
      "name": "multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/multilayer-insulation-mli/"
    },
    {
      "id": "gallium-arsenide",
      "name": "gallium arsenide triple-junction cells",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/gallium-arsenide/"
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1",
      "target_slug": "nasa-sls",
      "note": "Orion sits on top of SLS (on the Orion stage adapter) for Artemis I and II",
      "quote": "The initial launch will be similar to Artemis I as SLS lofts Orion into space.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-ii-press-kit/"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RS-25 engines (four on the SLS core stage)",
      "target_slug": "aerojet-rs-25",
      "note": "Four RS-25 engines on the SLS core stage lift Orion; launcher engine, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "Every SLS configuration uses the core stage with four RS-25 engines.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RL10 engine (single engine of the SLS interim cryogenic propulsion stage; RL10B-2 on Artemis I, RL10C-2 on Artemis II and III)",
      "target_slug": "ula-rl10",
      "note": "ICPS upper-stage engine: it sent Orion to the Moon with the translunar injection burn on Artemis I and raised Orion's orbit on Artemis II, where Orion's own main engine did translunar injection; launcher engine, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "The ICPS uses one RL10 engine made by L3Harris.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "SLS five-segment solid rocket booster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Two boosters, Northrop Grumman; twin boosters give most of the liftoff thrust; launcher motors, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "Two shuttle-derived solid rocket boosters provide more than 75% of the rocket's thrust during the first two minutes of flight.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "AJ10-190 engine",
      "target_slug": "aerojet-aj10-190",
      "note": "Orion Main Engine (OME / OMS-E), a refurbished Space Shuttle OMS engine, Aerojet Rocketdyne; one main engine on the European Service Module; about 6,000 lbf; also used for ascent aborts after LAS jettison",
      "quote": "The main engine is an orbital maneuvering system engine previously flown on space shuttle missions, provided by NASA and made by Aerojet Rocketdyne.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "R-4D-11 engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Auxiliary thruster, Aerojet Rocketdyne; eight 110 lbf (490 N) bipropellant thrusters on the service module; backup to the main engine",
      "quote": "The auxiliary engines are R4D-11 engines, also made by Aerojet Rocketdyne and provided by NASA.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/european-service-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "220 N reaction control thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "ATV model, ArianeGroup; twenty-four thrusters in six pods of four on the service module",
      "quote": "Reaction Control System 220 N engines, in six pods of four by ArianeGroup",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "MR-104J thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Crew module reaction control thruster, Aerojet Rocketdyne; twelve 160 lbf monopropellant thrusters in 10 pods on the crew module; steer the capsule during entry",
      "quote": "12 160-pound-thrust MR-104J monopropellant thrusters mounted in 10 pod assemblies",
      "source_url": "https://www.compositesworld.com/news/aerojet-rocketdyne-to-provide-propulsion-for-orion-spacecraft-fleet-"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion launch abort motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Northrop Grumman; solid motor with four nozzles, about 400,000 lbf; pulls the crew module away in an abort",
      "quote": "The 17-foot-long, 3-foot-diameter abort motor, built by Northrop Grumman, has a manifold with four exhaust nozzles",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion launch abort attitude control motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Northrop Grumman; solid gas generator with eight valves, about 7,000 lbf; steers the crew module after the abort motor",
      "quote": "The attitude control motor, also built by Northrop Grumman, consists of a solid propellant gas generator and eight equally spaced valves",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion launch abort jettison motor",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Aerojet Rocketdyne / L3Harris; solid motor, about 40,000 lbf; separates the LAS and fires on every flight",
      "quote": "The jettison motor was built by Aerojet Rocketdyne and is the only LAS motor that fires on every mission.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/launch-abort-system/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Pyrotechnic linear thrusters (forward bay cover separation)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Push the forward bay cover away together with the three forward bay cover parachutes",
      "quote": "three forward bay cover parachutes used in conjunction with pyrotechnic linear thrusters to ensure separation of the forward bay cover",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion parachute deployment mortar",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "General Dynamics Ordinance & Tactical Systems; cannon-like mortars eject the drogue and pilot parachutes from the forward bay",
      "quote": "The drogues are deployed by cannon-like mortars from the crew module forward bay at 100 feet per second (68 mph).",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) pressure suit",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Custom-fit orange suits for launch, entry and emergencies; maker not named in the sources read",
      "quote": "astronauts will wear a bright orange spacesuit called the Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) suit",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-systems-2/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O) laser terminal",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Laser communications demonstration payload managed by NASA Goddard",
      "quote": "The O2O is a laser communications terminal that will fly aboard Orion on Artemis II",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "ESA Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "The European Service Module evolved from ATV; same X-wing solar layout and RCS thruster model",
      "quote": "The spacecraft resembles ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle, from which it evolved.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "The first service module's main engine is a repurposed shuttle OMS engine that already flew in space",
      "quote": "The main engine on the first mission is a repurposed Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System engine that has flown in space before.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Propulsion"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Aerojet Rocketdyne AJ10-190 engine (AJ10 family)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Model designation of the shuttle OMS engine, as given by eoPortal; NASA and ESA pages do not state the model number",
      "quote": "houses the Orbital Manoeuvring System (OMS) engine, with heritage from the Aerojet Rocketdyne AJ10-190",
      "source_url": "https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/orion-em-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Space Shuttle thermal protection tiles",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Backshell and forward bay cover tiles are AETB-8 silica fibre tiles like the shuttle's",
      "quote": "similar to the tiles used for more than 30 years on the space shuttle",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Apollo command and service module",
      "target_slug": "nasa-apollo-command-service-module",
      "note": "Same three-element layout (launch abort system, crew module, service module); the catalog already links the Avcoat heat shield heritage",
      "quote": "Orion and Apollo systems are similarly comprised of three major elements",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/apollo-to-artemis/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Lockheed Martin",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Prime contractor: crew module, launch abort system and crew module adapter; integrates the service module",
      "quote": "Lockheed Martin is the lead contractor for the design, development testing, and production of the Orion spacecraft for NASA's Artemis missions.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "European Space Agency (ESA)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Provides the European Service Module under the ISS barter arrangement",
      "quote": "The Orion spacecraft is built by NASA with ESA providing the service module.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/International_partnership"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Airbus Defence and Space",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Prime contractor of the European Service Module; assembled in Bremen",
      "quote": "The European Service Module is built by main contractor Airbus Defence and Space, with many companies all over Europe supplying components.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Thales Alenia Space",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Service module structure, micrometeoroid and debris protection, thermal control and consumables storage (water, oxygen, nitrogen); the structure comes from Thales Alenia Space Italia",
      "quote": "including structure & micrometeoroid protection, thermal control and consumable storage and distribution",
      "source_url": "https://www.thalesaleniaspace.com/en/press-releases/thales-alenia-space-supply-thermomechanical-systems-orion-esm"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "ArianeGroup",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Service module reaction control thrusters, propellant tanks and pressure control system",
      "quote": "built by ArianeGroup in Lampoldshausen, Germany along with the propellant tanks, pressure control system and more",
      "source_url": "https://blogs.esa.int/orion/?p=12773"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Aerojet Rocketdyne (L3Harris)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Eight R-4D-11 auxiliary engines (on the service module), 12 crew module RCS thrusters, the LAS jettison motor, flotation helium tanks and refurbished main-engine valves",
      "quote": "Aerojet Rocketdyne provides eight auxiliary engines and 12 reaction control thrusters for the Orion crew module",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Northrop Grumman",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Launch abort motor and attitude control motor",
      "quote": "Northrop Grumman produces the launch abort motor and the attitude control motor for the Orion spacecraft's LAS under an agreement with Lockheed Martin.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Honeywell Aerospace",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Vehicle management computer, inertial measurement system, GPS receiver, barometric altimeter, three display units, seven control panels, hand controllers and core flight software",
      "quote": "critical avionics including Orion's flight computers are developed by Honeywell Aerospace, headquartered in Phoenix",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com//article/135701/worldwide-team-makes-orions-first-artemis-mission-possible/135704/milaero"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Collins Aerospace",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Environmental control and life support, active thermal control, power management and distribution, and waste management for Artemis III onward",
      "quote": "Collins Aerospace will provide environmental control, life support and active thermal control systems",
      "source_url": "https://www.airport-technology.com/news/collins-aerospace-to-provide-key-subsystems-for-orion-spacecraft-fleet/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Airborne Systems",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Designs and fabricates the 11-parachute system",
      "quote": "Parachutes are designed and fabricated by Airborne Systems in Santa Ana, California",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "General Dynamics Ordinance & Tactical Systems",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Parachute mortars, provided through Lockheed Martin",
      "quote": "the mortars are provided through Lockheed Martin by General Dynamics Ordinance & Tactical Systems, located in Seattle",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "AMRO Fabricating Corp.",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Pressure vessel: the three cone panels (and the window frames)",
      "quote": "AMRO provides the pressure vessel's three cone panels",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Ingersoll Machine Tools",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Pressure vessel: barrel, tunnel and forward and aft bulkheads",
      "quote": "Ingersoll provides the barrel, tunnel, forward and aft bulkheads.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Emcore",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cells for the service module wings",
      "quote": "The solar cells are provided by US company Emcore and shipped to the Netherlands for assembly into the panels.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Power"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Vivace",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Oxygen and nitrogen tanks of the service module",
      "quote": "Cylindrical-spherical tanks with composite overwrap Made by US company Vivace",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module_Air_and_water"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Jena-Optronik",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Star tracker (named in a NASA photo caption of a technician working on an Orion star tracker)",
      "quote": "Jena-Optronik technician in Jena, Germany, works on a star tracker",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/avionics-and-software/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Corning",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Fused silica glass of the windows",
      "quote": "The windows on the Orion spacecraft are made of Corning Fused Silica glass",
      "source_url": "https://www.whec.com/?p=1050834"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Sydor Optics",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Polished the window glass (Chili, New York)",
      "quote": "were polished at Sydor Optics in Chili",
      "source_url": "https://www.whec.com/?p=1050834"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Builds the Orion stage adapter in house",
      "quote": "The adapter is manufactured by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/a2-reference-guide-012825.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Jacobs Engineering (Engineering Science Contract Group)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Project management of the parachute system",
      "quote": "project management is performed by Jacobs Engineering's Engineering Science Contract Group in Houston",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/crew-module/"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "NASA Johnson Space Center",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Orion program is managed at Johnson; flights are run from its Mission Control Center",
      "quote": "NASA's Orion program is managed at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/management-roles-and-facilities/"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "NASA Artemis program",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Orion is the crew vehicle of the Artemis missions to the Moon",
      "quote": "Orion is the spacecraft carrying and sustaining the crew on Artemis missions to the Moon",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/orion-spacecraft/"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "Missing: pressure vessel flight alloy grade, heat shield skin composite, ESM tank and solar array materials, windows, hatches, parachute fabrics, launch abort system. More detail: Not found in public sources read: the launch abort system canards and any Boost Protective Cover on the SLS configuration (older Constellation-era term), the LAS tower and fairing composite types, the alloy of the hatches and window frames, ESM propellant, helium and water tank materials, crew module RCS propellant tanks, the maker and chemistry of the four main batteries, makers of the crew seats, OCSS suits, displays' glass, S-band radios, phased-array antennas, the O2O terminal hardware (only NASA Goddard management is stated), the docking mechanism and its maker (only the docking hatch and the Artemis III docking system are stated), pyrotechnic device makers, parachute fibre grades and weaves, and the maker of the Avcoat blocks. The WebSearch budget ran out part-way, so ILC Dover (uprighting bags), David Clark (suits) and battery-supplier pages could not be searched for. Numbers that disagree between sources are listed side by side: OMS-E thrust 6,000 lbf / 26.7 kN (NASA), 25.7 kN (ESA), 27.7 kN (AIAA 2013), up to 6,700 lbf (NASA Artemis II blog); pilot parachute diameter 10 ft, 11 ft and 9.85 ft; habitable volume 330 and 316 cubic feet; LAS height 44 ft (Lockheed) vs 50 ft (Quick Facts); abort motor propellant 4,500 lb (NASA LAS page) vs 4,700 lb (Quick Facts); splashdown speed 20, 17 and 16 mph. The NASA management page says Aerojet Rocketdyne supplies the eight auxiliary engines 'for the crew module', but the NASA service module page, ESA and Aerojet place them on the service module. Several ESM figures (6 water tanks, 4 gas tanks of 33 kg, CFRP solar panels, 8 RCS pods) come from the 2013 preliminary-design-review paper and differ from the final ESA figures (4 water tanks, 1+3 gas tanks, 6 RCS pods); the final ESA values are used where both exist. Pad Abort-1 slides (2015) describe the test-flight LAS motors (abort motor 500,000 lbf, jettison motor 44,000 lbf), not the Artemis flight motors; only their construction details are used and each is labelled. The eoPortal page is a secondary summary and is used only for the AJ10-190 model designation. The Artemis II launch profile changed: the ICPS RL10 raised the orbit and Orion's main engine did translunar injection, whereas on Artemis I the ICPS did translunar injection.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-orion-1.jpg",
      "alt": "Studio render-style image of an Orion spacecraft (crew module, crew-module adapter and European Service Module with four",
      "long": "Studio render-style image of an Orion spacecraft (crew module, crew-module adapter and European Service Module with four solar arrays) on a white background; NASA JSC image jsc2022e046366, may be a rendering rather than a photograph",
      "kind": "artwork",
      "context": "Studio image",
      "credit": "NASA Johnson Space Center (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemis_I_Orion_Spacecraft_(jsc2022e046366).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-orion-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Artemis I Orion crew module with silver thermal-protection covering and open side hatch area, in a Kennedy Space Center",
      "long": "Artemis I Orion crew module with silver thermal-protection covering and open side hatch area, in a Kennedy Space Center processing hall with work platforms",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA Kennedy Space Center / NASA/Cory Huston (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemis_I_Crew_Service_Module_(CSM)_(KSC-20201123-PH-CSH02_0024).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-orion-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Close view of the Artemis II Orion spacecraft in space, European Service Module with red NASA worm logo above the crew",
      "long": "Close view of the Artemis II Orion spacecraft in space, European Service Module with red NASA worm logo above the crew module with NASA meatball and US flag",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Artemis II / NASA (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Integrity_and_ESM_of_Artemis_II.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}