{
  "id": "nasa-landsat-9",
  "title": "Landsat 9",
  "maker": "NASA / USGS (spacecraft by Northrop Grumman)",
  "maker_type": "Space agency",
  "kind": "satellite",
  "category": "platforms",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/nasa-landsat-9/",
  "website": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/",
  "summary": "NASA and USGS Earth-observation satellite built on the Northrop Grumman LEOStar-3 bus; NASA pages name detector materials but not the structure.",
  "application": "Earth-observation satellite that continues the 50-year Landsat record of land imagery. It images the land in visible, infrared and thermal bands for agriculture, water and land-use monitoring. Data are free through USGS.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Landsat 9 is a satellite that images Earth's land in visible, infrared and thermal light.",
    "intro": [
      "Landsat 9 continues a 50-year series of satellite images of Earth's land. Northrop Grumman designed and built the spacecraft for NASA and the US Geological Survey (USGS). The images are used to monitor agriculture, water and land use, and they are free through USGS.",
      "The satellite has two instruments. OLI-2 uses silicon detectors for visible and near-infrared light and mercury-cadmium-telluride detectors for shortwave infrared. TIRS-2 picks up thermal light with quantum well detectors, which a two-stage cooler holds at 43 kelvin."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "The OLI-2 imager",
        "text": "OLI-2 has a four-mirror telescope and a focal plane of 14 sensor chip assemblies. Silicon PIN detectors cover visible and near-infrared light, and mercury-cadmium-telluride detectors cover shortwave infrared. In all, 70,672 operating detectors must be calibrated.",
        "parts": [
          "Visible and near-infrared detectors",
          "Shortwave infrared detectors",
          "OLI-2 four-mirror anastigmat telescope",
          "OLI-2 focal plane (14 sensor chip assemblies)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "The TIRS-2 thermal sensor",
        "text": "TIRS-2 focuses thermal radiation through a telescope of four lens elements onto three arrays of quantum well detectors. A two-stage mechanical cryocooler keeps the focal plane at 43 K. Two radiators handle the heat: one for the cooler, the other holding the telescope at 185 K.",
        "parts": [
          "TIRS-2 four-element refractive telescope",
          "TIRS-2 QWIP focal plane (three arrays)",
          "TIRS-2 two-stage mechanical cryocooler",
          "TIRS-2 cryocooler radiator and telescope radiator"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Power and data",
        "text": "The instruments sit on an optical bench at the forward end of the spacecraft. A deployable sun-tracking solar array charges a 125 amp-hour nickel-hydrogen battery. A solid-state recorder stores 3.14 terabits of data until it is sent down by X-band radio.",
        "parts": [
          "Instrument optical bench",
          "Deployable sun-tracking solar array (9 x 0.4 m)",
          "Nickel-hydrogen battery (125 Ah)",
          "Solid-state data recorder (SSR)",
          "Earth-coverage X-band antenna"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Propulsion module",
        "text": "The hydrazine propulsion module has rocket engine modules, with thrusters, mounted around its outside. An inner ring supports the propellant tank, and an outer ring is the launch vehicle adapter. The design life is five years, but the satellite carries fuel for up to ten.",
        "parts": [
          "Hydrazine propulsion subsystem (propulsion module)",
          "Rocket engine modules (REMs) with thrusters",
          "Propellant tank support ring",
          "Launch vehicle adapter (LVA)"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Silicon PIN",
        "mid": "silicon",
        "where": "The detectors in OLI-2 that sense visible and near-infrared light."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mercury-cadmium-telluride",
        "mid": "mercury-cadmium-telluride",
        "where": "The detectors in OLI-2 that sense shortwave infrared light."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nickel-hydrogen cells",
        "mid": "nickel-hydrogen-cell",
        "where": "The 125 amp-hour battery that the solar array charges."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "An Atlas V 401 launched Landsat 9 from Vandenberg on 27 September 2021, with CubeSats riding on an adapter ring beneath it. The booster's RD-180 engine comes from NPO Energomash, and the Centaur upper stage's RL10C-1 from Aerojet Rocketdyne. Northrop Grumman built the spacecraft on the LEOStar-3 platform it also used for Landsat 8. Ball Aerospace built OLI-2, a copy of Landsat 8's imager, and NASA Goddard built TIRS-2.",
    "unknown": "The makers name the detector materials but little else. They do not say what the spacecraft body, panels and tanks are made of, which solar cells the array uses, or what the mirrors and lenses in the two instruments are made from. The semiconductor in the thermal detectors is also not named.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Launch",
        "value": "27 September 2021, Atlas V 401"
      },
      {
        "label": "Mass",
        "value": "5,975 lb (2,710 kg)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Size at launch",
        "value": "4.6 m tall, 3 m deep, 3 m long"
      },
      {
        "label": "Orbit altitude",
        "value": "705 km (438 mi)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Design life",
        "value": "5 years, with 10 years of consumables"
      },
      {
        "label": "Scenes per day",
        "value": "up to 750 OLI-2 and TIRS-2 scenes"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Launch",
      "value": "27 September 2021, Atlas V 401",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/",
      "quote": "Landsat 9 was successfully launched into orbit on September 27, 2021 aboard an Atlas-V 401 rocket"
    },
    {
      "label": "Mass",
      "value": "5,975 lb (2,710 kg)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf",
      "quote": "Mass: 5,975 pounds (2,710 kilograms)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Size at launch",
      "value": "4.6 m tall, 3 m deep, 3 m long",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf",
      "quote": "Size: 15 feet (4.6 meters) tall, 10 feet (3 meters) deep, 10 feet (3 meters) long."
    },
    {
      "label": "Orbit altitude",
      "value": "705 km (438 mi)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf",
      "quote": "Orbital Altitude: 438 miles (705 kilometers)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Design life",
      "value": "5 years, with 10 years of consumables",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/",
      "quote": "a design life of five years and carries up to ten years of onboard consumables"
    },
    {
      "label": "Spacecraft without instruments",
      "value": "about 3 m high, 2.4 x 2.4 m across, 2071 kg fully fuelled",
      "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
      "quote": "approximately 3 m high and 2.4×2.4 m across, with a mass of 2071 kg fully loaded with fuel"
    },
    {
      "label": "OLI-2 operating detectors",
      "value": "70,672",
      "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
      "quote": "therefore, 70,672 operating detectors must be characterized and calibrated during nominal operations"
    },
    {
      "label": "TIRS-2 focal plane temperature",
      "value": "43 K focal plane; 185 K telescope",
      "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
      "quote": "maintains the focal plane at the required 43 K operating temperature, with two radiators managing heat dissipation and maintaining constant telescope temperature at 185 K"
    },
    {
      "label": "Orbit",
      "value": "705 km sun-synchronous, 98.9-minute period, 16-day repeat, 10:00 a.m. descending node",
      "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
      "quote": "completely orbiting the Earth every 98.9 minutes, with a 16-day ground track repeat cycle"
    },
    {
      "label": "Daily scenes",
      "value": "up to 750 OLI-2 and TIRS-2 scenes",
      "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
      "quote": "The MOC nominally schedules the collection of up to 750 OLI-2 and TIRS-2 scenes per day"
    },
    {
      "label": "Fairing",
      "value": "14 ft (4 m) extra extended payload fairing, aluminum skin/stringer; 194 ft launch stack",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9",
      "quote": "The spacecraft is encapsulated in the 14-ft (4-m) diameter extra extended payload fairing (XEPF)."
    },
    {
      "label": "Atlas V booster thrust",
      "value": "860,200 lb at sea level (RD-180)",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9",
      "quote": "delivers 860,200 lbs (3.83 mega-Newtons) of thrust at sea level"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch time",
      "value": "27 September 2021, 11:12 a.m. PDT, Space Launch Complex-3",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9",
      "quote": "lifted off on Sept. 27 at 11:12 a.m. PDT from Space Launch Complex-3 at Vandenberg Space Force Base"
    },
    {
      "label": "Design life and consumables",
      "value": "5 years design life, 10 years of fuel",
      "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
      "quote": "L9 has a design life of 5 years and carries 10 years of fuel consumables."
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Carries OLI-2 and TIRS-2 instruments for land imaging",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/",
      "quote": "Technicians attach the two Landsat 9 instruments"
    },
    {
      "text": "Built on the LEOStar-3 platform",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/",
      "quote": "It was based on the LEOStarTM-3 platform"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "OLI-2 instrument detectors",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Visible and near-infrared detectors",
          "material": "silicon PIN",
          "form": "detector arrays",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "OLI-2 (Ball Aerospace)",
          "quote": "The visible and near-infrared detectors are made from Silicon PIN (SiPIN).",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "silicon"
        },
        {
          "part": "Shortwave infrared detectors",
          "material": "mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe)",
          "form": "detector arrays",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The shortwave infrared detectors are made from Mercury–Cadmium–Telluride (HgCdTe).",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "mercury-cadmium-telluride"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "TIRS-2 instrument",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Thermal detectors",
          "material": null,
          "form": "quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane, three arrays",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "NASA Goddard",
          "quote": "TIRS employs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) to detect long wavelengths of light",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Spacecraft bus (Northrop Grumman LEOStar-3)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Mechanical subsystem: primary structure and deployable mechanisms",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, Gilbert, Arizona",
          "quote": "The spacecraft consists of the mechanical subsystem (primary structure and deployable mechanisms)",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "carries every bus component except the propulsion module",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (formerly Orbital ATK), Gilbert, Arizona",
              "quote": "The Landsat 9 spacecraft was designed, manufactured, and tested by Northrop Grumman Innovative Systems (formerly ATK’s Space Systems Group) in Gilbert, Arizona.",
              "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mounting",
              "value": "all components except the propulsion module sit on the exterior of the primary structure",
              "quote": "All the components, except for the propulsion module, are mounted on the exterior of the primary structure.",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Bus structure photo",
              "value": "bus structure assembled in Gilbert, Arizona",
              "quote": "Landsat 9 spacecraft bus structure being assembled at Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems in Gilbert, AZ",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Instrument optical bench",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The sensors are mounted on an optical bench at the forward end of the spacecraft.",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "forward-end bench that carries OLI-2 and TIRS-2"
        },
        {
          "part": "Command and data handling subsystem",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "command and data handling subsystem, attitude control subsystem, electrical power subsystem",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "bus computer and data handling (hardware not described on the pages read)"
        },
        {
          "part": "Solid-state data recorder (SSR)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A 3.14-terabit solid-state data recorder provides data storage aboard the spacecraft",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "stores OLI-2 and TIRS-2 data before downlink; 3.14 terabits"
        },
        {
          "part": "Star trackers (primary and redundant)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the attitude control sensors (star trackers and SIRU)",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "absolute attitude sensors; the navigation frame follows the tracker in use",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Redundancy",
              "value": "primary and redundant star tracker",
              "quote": "switching from the primary to the redundant star tracker during on-orbit operations",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Space Inertial Reference Unit (SIRU)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the attitude control sensors (star trackers and SIRU)",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "gyro-based inertial reference for the attitude control subsystem"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Electrical power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Deployable sun-tracking solar array (9 x 0.4 m)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A 9×0.4 m deployable sun-tracking solar array generates power that charges the spacecraft’s 125 amp-hour nickel–hydrogen (Ni–H2) battery.",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "single deployable array that tracks the Sun and charges the battery",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Fast-facts size",
              "value": "deployable 32-foot (9.8-meter) solar panel",
              "quote": "Once in orbit, a deployable 32-foot (9.8-meter) solar panel and 4-foot (1.2-meter) Earth shield add to length.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Nickel-hydrogen battery (125 Ah)",
          "material": "nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) cells",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the spacecraft’s 125 amp-hour nickel–hydrogen (Ni–H2) battery",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "nickel-hydrogen-cell",
          "function": "stores array power for eclipse and peak loads"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Communications",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Earth-coverage X-band antenna",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "an Earth-coverage X-Band antenna transmits data from the sensors either in real time or played back from the data recorder",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "downlinks science data in real time or from the recorder",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Antenna type",
              "value": "all-Earth omni antenna",
              "quote": "via an XBand data stream from an all-Earth omni antenna",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "S-band command and telemetry link",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "S-Band is used for commanding and housekeeping telemetry operations.",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "S-band is used for commanding and housekeeping telemetry"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Hydrazine propulsion subsystem (propulsion module)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "hydrazine propulsion subsystem, and thermal control subsystem",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "orbit adjustment and maintenance; fuel for at least 10 years",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Fuel margin",
              "value": "carries 10 years of fuel consumables",
              "quote": "L9 has a design life of 5 years and carries 10 years of fuel consumables.",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Rocket engine modules (REMs) with thrusters",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "REMs/thrusters mounted around the outside of that.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "thruster modules mounted around the outside of the propellant tank support ring"
        },
        {
          "part": "Propellant tank support ring",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Inner ring is prop tank support ring.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "inner ring of the propulsion module; the launch vehicle adapter is the outer ring"
        },
        {
          "part": "Launch vehicle adapter (LVA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Outer ring is LVA.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "outer ring that joins the spacecraft to the launcher"
        },
        {
          "part": "ESPA ring (Landsat 9 ESPA Flight System)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "this mission includes the Landsat 9 ESPA Flight System (EFS) which will deploy multiple CubeSats after Landsat 9 separation",
          "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "adapter ring that deploys rideshare CubeSats after Landsat 9 separation",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Attachment",
              "value": "spacecraft attached to the evolved expendable vehicle secondary payload adapter",
              "quote": "work to attach the Landsat 9 spacecraft to the evolved expendable vehicle secondary payload adapter (ESPA)",
              "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Thermal control",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Thermal control subsystem",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "hydrazine propulsion subsystem, and thermal control subsystem",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "bus thermal control (hardware not described on the pages read)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "OLI-2 (Ball Aerospace)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 four-mirror anastigmat telescope",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Ball Aerospace & Technologies",
          "quote": "The OLI-2 is a push-broom sensor that employs a four-mirror anastigmatic telescope",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "focuses light on the focal plane with a 15-degree field of view over the 185 km swath",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Ball Aerospace & Technologies (Boulder, Colorado)",
              "quote": "OLI-2 Provider: Ball Aerospace",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Tertiary mirror",
              "value": "tertiary mirror installed in the OLI-2 optical bench at Ball",
              "quote": "Installing the Tertiary Mirror into the OLI-2 Optical Bench at Ball Aerospace",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 focal plane (14 sensor chip assemblies)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Ball Aerospace & Technologies",
          "quote": "the 14 SCAs, also known as Focal Plane Modules (FPMs), on the OLI-2 focal plane",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "14 focal plane modules with filters in a butcher-block arrangement; detector materials are in the entry bom",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Ball Aerospace & Technologies",
              "quote": "OLI-2 Provider: Ball Aerospace",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Detectors per module",
              "value": "494 illuminated detectors per SCA per band (988 for pan)",
              "quote": "There are 494 illuminated detectors per SCA, per band (988 for the Pan band)",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Filters",
              "value": "butcher-block filter arrangement over each module",
              "quote": "together the filters are arranged like a “butcher-block” over each module’s detector array",
              "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 Earth-view baffle and shutter wheel assembly",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "There is a shutter wheel assembly between the Earth-view baffle and the aperture stop.",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "baffle and wheel in front of the aperture stop; light enters through a hole in the wheel"
        },
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 solar-view baffle and diffuser panel",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The solar-view baffle is occasionally pointed at the sun so that a diffuser panel can reflect solar illumination into the telescope for calibration purposes.",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "diffuser reflects sunlight into the telescope for calibration"
        },
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 stimulation lamp assemblies",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Two lamp assemblies, with six small lamps each, inside an integrating hemisphere can illuminate the full OLI focal plane",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "two lamp assemblies in an integrating hemisphere illuminate the focal plane with the shutter closed",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Handbook count",
              "value": "two solar diffusers, three pairs of stim lamps and a dark shutter",
              "quote": "OLI-2 also contains internal calibration sources consisting of two solar diffusers, three pairs of stim lamps and a dark shutter",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "OLI-2 Focal Plane Electronics and support electronics",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "includes an optical telescope, Focal Plane Array/Focal Plane Electronics (FPA/FPE), calibration hardware, and instrument support electronics",
          "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "read the focal plane and support the instrument"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "TIRS-2 (NASA Goddard)",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 four-element refractive telescope",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
          "quote": "The TIRS instrument uses a four-element refractive telescope that focuses an f/1.64 beam of thermal radiation onto a cryogenically cooled focal plane",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "focuses an f/1.64 beam on the cryogenic focal plane with a 15-degree field of view",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
              "quote": "TIRS-2 Provider: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Lens count",
              "value": "a series of four lenses",
              "quote": "through a scene select mirror and a series of four lenses",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Stray light",
              "value": "improved telescope baffling",
              "quote": "Stray light performance has also been improved through improved telescope baffling",
              "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 scene select mirror",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "improvements were made to the position encoder for the Scene Select Mirror (SSM)",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "points the telescope between Earth, space and calibration views; position encoder improved after Landsat 8"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 QWIP focal plane (three arrays)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Each TIRS-2 SCA consists of a 640-column by 512-row grid of QWIP detectors.",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "quantum well infrared photodetectors; each SCA is a 640 by 512 grid",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Focal plane layout",
              "value": "three arrays of QWIP detectors",
              "quote": "a focal plane with three arrays of photosensitive detectors, called quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs)",
              "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 spectral interference filters (two)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "first pass through one of two spectral interference filters",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "pass 10.6-11.2 um or 11.5-12.5 um to the detectors"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 two-stage mechanical cryocooler",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Ball Aerospace (cryocooler, per NASA IGARSS slide)",
          "quote": "A critical component is the two-stage mechanical cryocooler that maintains the focal plane at the required 43 K operating temperature",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "holds the focal plane at 43 K",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Supplier",
              "value": "Ball Aerospace",
              "quote": "Cryocooler (Ball Aerospace)",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 cryocooler radiator and telescope radiator",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "One dissipates heat from the cryocooler and the other passively maintains a constant TIRS telescope temperature.",
          "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "two radiators: one dumps cryocooler heat, one holds the telescope temperature"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 blackbody and deep-space view",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "as well as a blackbody and deep space view for internal calibration",
          "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "onboard calibration references"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 Earth shield (deployable)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Once in orbit, a deployable 32-foot (9.8-meter) solar panel and 4-foot (1.2-meter) Earth shield add to length.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/landsat_9_fast_facts.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "4-foot (1.2 m) shield deployed after launch"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 Focal Plane Electronics (FPE)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Focal Plane Electronics (FPE), as well as a blackbody and deep space view for internal calibration",
          "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "readout electronics for the thermal focal plane"
        },
        {
          "part": "TIRS-2 focal plane array layout (three sensor chip assemblies)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Each TIRS-2 SCA consists of a 640-column by 512-row grid of QWIP detectors.",
          "source_url": "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/files/LSDS-2082_L9-Data-Users-Handbook_v1.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "holds the QWIP detectors (the detector row is in the entry bom); each SCA is a 640 by 512 grid",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Focal plane layout",
              "value": "three arrays of QWIP detectors",
              "quote": "a focal plane with three arrays of photosensitive detectors, called quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs)",
              "source_url": "https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/tirs-2-design/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "silicon",
      "name": "silicon PIN",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "mercury-cadmium-telluride",
      "name": "mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "nickel-hydrogen-cell",
      "name": "nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) cells",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Atlas V 401",
      "target_slug": "ula-atlas-v",
      "note": "launched 27 September 2021 from Space Launch Complex-3, Vandenberg, with the Landsat 9 ESPA Flight System rideshare",
      "quote": "Landsat 9 was successfully launched into orbit on September 27, 2021 aboard an Atlas-V 401 rocket.",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RD-180 engine (Atlas V booster)",
      "target_slug": "npo-energomash-rd-180",
      "note": "single RD-180 with two thrust chambers, 860,200 lb at sea level",
      "quote": "Booster propulsion is provided by the RD-180 engine system (a single engine with two thrust chambers).",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RL10C-1 engine (Centaur upper stage)",
      "target_slug": "ula-rl10",
      "note": "single RL10C-1 producing 22,900 lb of thrust; RL10 hub is ula-rl10",
      "quote": "powered by an RL10C-1 engine producing 22,900 lbs (101.8 kilo-Newtons) of thrust",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NPO Energomash",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "fabricates the RD-180 that powers the Atlas V booster",
      "quote": "RD180 Engine Fabrication at NPO Energomash",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Aerojet Rocketdyne",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "fabricates the RL10C-1 on Centaur (West Palm Beach)",
      "quote": "RL10C1 Engine Fabrication at Aerojet Rocketdyne",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Landsat 9 ESPA Flight System (rideshare CubeSats such as CUTE and CuPID)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "secondary-payload adapter ring flown under Landsat 9",
      "quote": "this mission includes the Landsat 9 ESPA Flight System (EFS) which will deploy multiple CubeSats after Landsat 9 separation",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/atlas-v-landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "built_on",
      "target": "LEOStar-3 spacecraft platform (Northrop Grumman)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "flight-proven platform shared with Landsat 8",
      "quote": "The simple, robust design of the Landsat 9 spacecraft is based on Northrop Grumman’s flight proven LEOStar-3 platform",
      "source_url": "https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Landsat 8",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "bus design extensively leverages Landsat 8; OLI-2 is a copy of Landsat 8's OLI; the two satellites work as a pair",
      "quote": "extensively leverages the design of the Landsat 8 spacecraft, also built by Northrop Grumman",
      "source_url": "https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/landsat-9"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "ICESat-2 and JPSS-2",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "component heritage on the bus",
      "quote": "draws upon component heritage from ICESat-2 and JPSS-2 missions",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200000061/downloads/20200000061.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "designed, manufactured and tested the spacecraft and integrated both instruments",
      "quote": "Northrop Grumman designed and fabricated the Landsat 9 spacecraft.",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Ball Aerospace & Technologies",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "built OLI-2 and the TIRS-2 cryocooler",
      "quote": "The instrument was built by Ball Aerospace in Boulder, Colorado.",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "built TIRS-2",
      "quote": "The instrument was built at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "General Dynamics Mission Systems",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "developed the Mission Operations Center",
      "quote": "which was developed by General Dynamics Mission Systems (GDMS)",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "U.S. Geological Survey (EROS Center)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "operates the mission after commissioning; ground system at EROS",
      "quote": "On Aug. 11, 2022, USGS took over management of Landsat 9 for Phase E (mission operations)",
      "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/landsat-9/mission-details/"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "Spacecraft bus structure, panels, solar array cells, thermal blankets, radiators, propellant and tank materials are not stated on the NASA or Northrop Grumman pages read; no primary materials list was found. TIRS-2 QWIP semiconductor (GaAs reported elsewhere) and telescope optics materials were not confirmed on a page read. A NASA review slide mentions a graphite-epoxy material change but without detail, so it is not used. More detail: Not published on the pages read: the bus structure material and panel construction, solar cell type and array maker, battery maker, star tracker, SIRU, reaction wheel and thruster makers and counts, propellant tank material, transmitter and antenna makers, thermal blanket and radiator coatings, OLI-2 mirror and substrate materials, TIRS-2 lens materials and the QWIP semiconductor. The handbook gives the Ni-H2 battery and 3.14 Tb recorder; NASA gives no detail on the command and data handling or thermal hardware. Landsat 9 has no spacecraft engine in the catalog; its hydrazine thruster count is not stated on the pages read. Atlas V engines (RD-180, RL10C-1) are launch-vehicle engines, not spacecraft engines. More detail: Not published on the pages read: the bus structure material and panel construction, solar cell type and array maker, battery maker, star tracker, SIRU, reaction wheel and thruster makers and counts, propellant tank material, transmitter and antenna makers, thermal blanket and radiator coatings, OLI-2 mirror and substrate materials, TIRS-2 lens materials and the QWIP semiconductor. The handbook gives the Ni-H2 battery and 3.14 Tb recorder; NASA gives no detail on the command and data handling or thermal hardware. Landsat 9 has no spacecraft engine in the catalog; its hydrazine thruster count is not stated on the pages read. Atlas V engines (RD-180, RL10C-1) are launch-vehicle engines, not spacecraft engines.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-landsat-9-1.jpg",
      "alt": "Technician in cleanroom suit beside the thermal-blanketed Landsat 9 observatory as its protective cover is removed",
      "long": "Technician in cleanroom suit beside the thermal-blanketed Landsat 9 observatory as its protective cover is removed, Vandenberg, July 14, 2021.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA Kennedy Space Center / NASA/Randy Beaudoin / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landsat_9_Spacecraft_(Observatory)_Cover_Removal_(KSC-20210714-PH-RNB02_0019).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-landsat-9-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Technician on a lift working at the Landsat 9 observatory during breakover operations at Vandenberg, July 2021",
      "long": "Technician on a lift working at the Landsat 9 observatory during breakover operations at Vandenberg, July 2021.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA Kennedy Space Center / NASA/Randy Beaudoin / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landsat_9_Spacecraft_(Observatory)_Breakover_Operations_(KSC-20210710-PH-RNB01_0065).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-landsat-9-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Landsat 9 observatory in the Vandenberg Integrated Processing Facility, wrapped in multilayer insulation with its dark solar",
      "long": "Landsat 9 observatory in the Vandenberg Integrated Processing Facility, wrapped in multilayer insulation with its dark solar array at right, with cover partly on.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Randy Beaudoin (https://images.nasa.gov/details-KSC-20210714-PH-RNB02_0010) / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landsat_9_processing.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [
      "6U and larger"
    ],
    "mass": [
      "Over 100 kg"
    ],
    "orbit": [
      "Sun-synchronous"
    ]
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}