{
  "id": "nasa-iss-destiny-module",
  "title": "Destiny laboratory module (ISS)",
  "maker": "NASA / Boeing",
  "maker_type": "Space agency",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "stations",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/nasa-iss-destiny-module/",
  "website": "https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/destiny-laboratory-module/",
  "summary": "First permanent US research module of the International Space Station, an aluminum pressurised cylinder with a debris shield.",
  "application": "The US laboratory of the International Space Station, in orbit since 2001. Astronauts run research in microgravity and use its system racks for power, cooling and air control. It is the main US science module of the station.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Destiny is the US laboratory of the International Space Station, an aluminium cylinder wrapped in a debris shield.",
    "intro": [
      "Destiny was the first permanent US research module on the International Space Station and has been in orbit since 2001. Boeing built it at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Astronauts run research in microgravity, the near-weightless conditions of orbit, and use its system racks for power, cooling and air control.",
      "The hull is aluminium, with a waffle pattern on the outside for extra strength. Debris protection comes in two layers. An insulated blanket made of material similar to that in bulletproof vests covers the hull, and a thin aluminium shield covers the blanket."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "The hull",
        "text": "Destiny's hull is a pressurised aluminium cylinder, 8.5 m long and 4.3 m across. A waffle pattern on the outside of the hull gives it extra strength.",
        "parts": [
          "Module hull"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Debris protection",
        "text": "An insulated blanket covers the outside of the module. It is made of a material similar to that used in bulletproof vests. A thin aluminium debris shield covers the blanket.",
        "parts": [
          "Insulated debris shield blanket",
          "Outer debris shield"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Size, racks and window",
        "text": "The module weighs 32,000 lb (14,515 kg). It has room for 24 equipment racks, 13 for science and 11 for systems, and each rack weighs about 1,200 lb. There is one window, measuring 50.9 cm (20 in).",
        "parts": [
          "Module material (physical description)"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Aluminium",
        "mid": "aluminium",
        "where": "The hull, with a waffle pattern on the outside for extra strength, and the thin outer debris shield."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "Space Shuttle Atlantis launched Destiny on mission STS-98 on 7 February 2001. Boeing built the module at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Destiny is the main US science module of the International Space Station, and its racks hold the research and life-support equipment.",
    "unknown": "Which aluminium alloy forms the hull is not stated. The fibre in the debris blanket is described only as similar to bulletproof-vest material. The window glass, the shell of the racks and the bolts are not described either.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Mass",
        "value": "32,000 lb (14,515 kg)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Length",
        "value": "8.5 m (28 ft)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Diameter",
        "value": "4.3 m (14 ft)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Launch",
        "value": "7 February 2001, STS-98, Space Shuttle Atlantis"
      },
      {
        "label": "Rack capacity",
        "value": "24 racks (13 science, 11 system)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Windows",
        "value": "One, 50.9 cm (20 in)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Mass",
      "value": "32,000 lb (14,515 kg)",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Weight: 14,515 kilograms (32,000 pounds)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Length",
      "value": "8.5 m (28 ft)",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Length: 8.5 meters (28 feet)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Diameter",
      "value": "4.3 m (14 ft)",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Diameter: 4.3 meters (14 feet)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch",
      "value": "7 February 2001, STS-98, Space Shuttle Atlantis",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/destiny-laboratory-module/",
      "quote": "Launch: 2/7/01"
    },
    {
      "label": "Rack capacity",
      "value": "24 racks (13 science, 11 system)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/destiny-laboratory-module/",
      "quote": "Destiny provides internal interfaces to accommodate 24 equipment racks"
    },
    {
      "label": "Rack mass",
      "value": "About 1,200 lb each",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Each rack weighs about 1,200 pounds."
    },
    {
      "label": "Windows",
      "value": "One, 50.9 cm (20 in)",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Windows: One - 50.9 centimeters (20 inches)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Length with attached Common Berthing Mechanism",
      "value": "9.2 m (30.2 ft)",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "Length with attached Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM): 9.2 meters (30.2 feet)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Mass with all racks and outfitting",
      "value": "24,023 kg (52,962 lb)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf",
      "quote": "24,023 kg (52,962 lb) with all racks and outfitting"
    },
    {
      "label": "Mass (STS-98 press kit figure)",
      "value": "31,000 lb (the NASA page and Boeing release give 32,000 lb)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "laboratory weighs 31,000 pounds and cost approximately $1.4 billion"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cost (STS-98 press kit)",
      "value": "About US$1.4 billion",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "laboratory weighs 31,000 pounds and cost approximately $1.4 billion"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cost (Andrews Space summary)",
      "value": "US$1.38 billion",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml",
      "quote": "The US$1.38 billion Destiny laboratory module"
    },
    {
      "label": "Pressurised volume",
      "value": "About 106 m3 (3,750 ft3)",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml",
      "quote": "approximately 106 cubic meters (3,750 cubic feet)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Habitable volume added to the station",
      "value": "3,800 ft3, an increase of 41 percent",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/content/destiny-laboratory-attached-to-international-space-station",
      "quote": "The lab added 3,800 cubic feet of volume to the station, increasing the onboard living space by 41 percent."
    },
    {
      "label": "Window clear diameter (eoPortal; entry has 50.9 cm from Boeing/NASA)",
      "value": "50.8 cm",
      "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf",
      "quote": "The Lab window itself is 50.8 cm in diameter."
    },
    {
      "label": "Systems racks at launch",
      "value": "Five (NASA history article: designed for 10 systems and 13 research racks; guides say 11 system racks)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-98-delivers-destiny-to-the-international-space-station/",
      "quote": "Designed to house 10 systems and 13 research racks, each weighing about 1,200 pounds, Destiny launched with only five systems racks"
    },
    {
      "label": "Racks delivered on STS-102 (March 2001)",
      "value": "Six systems racks, three resupply stowage racks, four stowage platforms and the first science rack",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "this mission brings six ISS system racks, three resupply stowage racks, four resupply stowage platforms, and the first scientific experiment rack"
    },
    {
      "label": "Stuffed Whipple shield ballistic limit",
      "value": "Stops a 13 mm aluminum sphere at 7 km/s",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf",
      "quote": "The US Stuffed Whipple shield stops a 13mm diameter aluminum sphere at 7 km/s impact velocity."
    },
    {
      "label": "Station size after Destiny",
      "value": "About 112 tons; 171 ft long, 90 ft high, 240 ft wide",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "bring the station to a mass of about 112 tons with dimensions of 171 feet long, 90 feet high and 240 feet wide"
    },
    {
      "label": "Role in the station",
      "value": "First of six planned research modules and command and control center for the whole complex",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "will serve as the command and control center for the entire complex"
    },
    {
      "label": "Construction start",
      "value": "1995, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "The Boeing Co. began construction of the 16-ton, state-of-the art research laboratory in 1995 at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala."
    },
    {
      "label": "Arrival at Kennedy Space Center",
      "value": "November 1998",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html",
      "quote": "arrived at Kennedy Space Center, Fla. in November 1998"
    },
    {
      "label": "Naming ceremony",
      "value": "30 November 1998",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-98-delivers-destiny-to-the-international-space-station/",
      "quote": "it formally received the name Destiny during a ceremony on Nov. 30, 1998"
    },
    {
      "label": "Turned over to NASA for pre-launch work",
      "value": "August 2000",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch pad",
      "value": "Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A"
    },
    {
      "label": "Atlantis plus payload liftoff weight",
      "value": "254,694 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "Orbiter/Payload Liftoff Weight: 254,694 lbs."
    },
    {
      "label": "Shuttle liftoff weight on STS-98",
      "value": "4,520,235 lb",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "Shuttle Liftoff Weight: 4,520,235 lbs."
    },
    {
      "label": "Berthing position, aft",
      "value": "Aft port berthed to the forward port of Unity (Node 1)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
      "quote": "Mission Specialist Marsha Ivins will use the shuttle's robotic arm to attach Destiny to the forward port of Unity."
    },
    {
      "label": "Berthing position, forward",
      "value": "Forward port later carries Node 2 (Harmony), moved there by the station arm",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
      "quote": "The ISS's remote manipulator moved Node 2 to the forward port of the U.S. Lab."
    },
    {
      "label": "Installation spacewalks",
      "value": "Three; the first lasted 7 h 33 min",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-98-delivers-destiny-to-the-international-space-station/",
      "quote": "The mission's first spacewalk lasted 7 hours 33 minutes."
    },
    {
      "label": "Berthing to Unity",
      "value": "Latched 10 Feb 2001; automatic bolts then tightened (time zone not stated)",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/content/destiny-laboratory-attached-to-international-space-station",
      "quote": "At 12:57 p.m., the lab was latched into position on the station"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Houses science and system racks for ISS research and life support",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/destiny-laboratory-module/",
      "quote": "Destiny provides internal interfaces to accommodate 24 equipment racks"
    },
    {
      "text": "Built by Boeing at Marshall Space Flight Center",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
      "quote": "was built by Boeing at Marshall Space Flight"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Pressure hull",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Module hull",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": "pressurised cylinder with exterior waffle pattern",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Boeing, Marshall Space Flight Center",
          "quote": "an exterior waffle pattern in the aluminum hull of the lab module provides extra strength",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        },
        {
          "part": "Module material (physical description)",
          "material": "aluminum",
          "form": "module",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Material: Aluminum",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Debris protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Insulated debris shield blanket",
          "material": null,
          "form": "blanket",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "An insulated debris shield blanket, made of material similar to that used in bulletproof vests, covers the exterior.",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Outer debris shield",
          "material": "aluminum (thin)",
          "form": "thin outer shield over the blanket",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "This blanket is covered by a thin aluminum debris shield",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Pressure shell and structure",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Cylindrical sections (x3)",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated for the sections)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "three cylindrical sections and two endcones that contain the hatch openings",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Three cylindrical segments that make up the pressurised aluminum shell",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Sections",
              "value": "3 cylindrical sections plus 2 endcones",
              "quote": "It is comprised of three cylindrical sections and two endcones",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Forward endcone with hatch opening (x1)",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "The forward hatch will be used as the main access to the orbiter on future missions until Node 2 arrives.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Conical end closure at the forward port; its hatch was the main shuttle access until Node 2 arrived",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Berthing mechanism in this port",
              "value": "Active Common Berthing Mechanism (ACBM)",
              "quote": "The ACBM is in the forward port of the laboratory.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Module material (whole module, endcones included)",
              "value": "Aluminum (alloy not stated)",
              "quote": "The aluminum module is 28 feet long and 14 feet in diameter.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Module structure",
              "value": "Three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches",
              "quote": "The lab consists of three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches that can be mated to other station components.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Aft endcone with hatch opening (x1)",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "The aft hatch (hatch to Unity) will be opened and will remain open",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Conical end closure at the aft port; hatch leads to Unity and the interface heat exchangers sit on it",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Heat exchangers mounted here",
              "value": "Interface Heat Exchangers (IFHX) of the lab water loops",
              "quote": "Interface Heat Exchanger (IFHX) located on the Laboratory module's aft endcone",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Module material (whole module, endcones included)",
              "value": "Aluminum (alloy not stated)",
              "quote": "The aluminum module is 28 feet long and 14 feet in diameter.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Module structure",
              "value": "Three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches",
              "quote": "The lab consists of three cylindrical sections and two endcones with hatches that can be mated to other station components.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Exterior waffle stiffening pattern",
          "material": "aluminum (hull alloy not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "an exterior waffle pattern in the aluminum hull of the lab module provides extra strength",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Waffle-pattern relief on the outside of the aluminum hull that adds strength"
        },
        {
          "part": "Corner standoffs for utilities and plumbing (x4)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Four standoffs provide raceways for module utilities",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Corner structures inside the shell forming raceways for ducting, piping and wiring to the racks",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Count and name in NASA guide",
              "value": "4 corner standoffs for utilities and plumbing",
              "quote": "Corner Standoffs for Utilities and Plumbing (4)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "First standoff installed",
              "value": "August 1997 (first of four shown installed)",
              "quote": "Installed in August 1997, the stand-offs provide space for electrical connections",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20000304105332/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/hardware/html/97_17425.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Contents",
              "value": "Space for electrical connections, data cabling, air ducts and thermal control tubes",
              "quote": "data management systems cabling for computers, air conditioning ducts, thermal control tubes and more",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20000304105332/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/hardware/html/97_17425.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Rack bays and rack locations (24 locations in six full rack bays)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "This module contains twenty-four rack locations within six full rack bays.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005176/downloads/ICES_2024_316_Final.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Structural bays that carry the racks on the port, starboard, overhead and deck faces",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Layout in STS-98 press kit",
              "value": "23 racks: 6 port, 6 starboard, 6 overhead, 5 deck",
              "quote": "Destiny will hold 23 racks – six each on the port and starboard sides and overhead, and five on the deck",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Layout in STS-102 press kit",
              "value": "24 slots: 6 top, 6 bottom, 6 on each side",
              "quote": "has slots for 24 of the interchangeable racks (six on the top, six on the bottom and six on each side)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Rack faces (Andrews summary)",
              "value": "Four rack faces of six racks each, 24 in total",
              "quote": "Each rack face can accommodate six racks of science gear or systems equipment, for a total of 24 racks.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Berthing, hatches and external interfaces",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Passive Common Berthing Mechanism (aft port) with berthing bolts and latches",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The PCBM on Destiny is located in the laboratory's aft port.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Passive half of the aft joint; Unity's active mechanism latches to it and bolts draw the two modules tight",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mate",
              "value": "Unity's forward-port ACBM latches to Destiny's PCBM",
              "quote": "The ACBM in Unity's forward port will be latched to the laboratory's PCBM to berth Destiny to Unity.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Bolts",
              "value": "Bolts in the berthing mechanism ensured a tight link between the two modules",
              "quote": "Bolts in the berthing mechanism ensured a tight link between the two modules.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-98-delivers-destiny-to-the-international-space-station/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Final latching command",
              "value": "Series of computer commands from the aft flight deck of Atlantis",
              "quote": "Commander Ken Cockrell will issue a series of computer commands from the aft flight deck of Atlantis",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Automatic bolts",
              "value": "A set of automatic bolts tightened to hold the lab permanently",
              "quote": "a set of automatic bolts tightened to hold it permanently in place",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/content/destiny-laboratory-attached-to-international-space-station"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Active Common Berthing Mechanism (forward port)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The ACBM is in the forward port of the laboratory.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Active half of the forward berthing joint; first mated to PMA-2, later to Node 2 (Harmony)",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Operation",
              "value": "Cannot be operated until the laboratory is activated",
              "quote": "Destiny's ACBM cannot be operated until the laboratory is activated.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Initial mate on STS-98",
              "value": "PMA-2 passive mechanism, attached with the shuttle arm and latched by commands from Atlantis",
              "quote": "It will be attached to the PCBM in Pressurized Mating Adapter 2 (PMA 2)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Later neighbour",
              "value": "Node 2 (Harmony) is attached to the forward end of the lab",
              "quote": "Node 2 is attached to the forward end of the U.S. laboratory",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "PMA-2 umbilicals to the lab",
              "value": "Electrical and data lines from PMA-2 to Destiny, planned for the third STS-98 spacewalk",
              "quote": "connect electrical and data lines between the PMA-2 shuttle docking port and Destiny",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Hatches (x2) with windows and pressure interlock",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Each of the two berthing ports on Destiny contains a hatch.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "One hatch per berthing port, openable from either side; an interlock stops opening against negative pressure",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Hatch window",
              "value": "Each hatch has a window",
              "quote": "Each hatch has a window.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Operation",
              "value": "Can be opened or closed from either side",
              "quote": "The hatches can be opened or closed from either side.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pressure interlock",
              "value": "Prevents the hatch opening when pressure is higher on the outside",
              "quote": "The hatches have a pressure interlock feature, which prevents the hatch from being opened",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Vestibule jumpers and grounding straps (Unity to Destiny)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Jumpers in the vestibule, the area between Unity and Destiny, connect the piping and wiring between the two.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Connect piping and wiring across the vestibule; grounding straps tie the two berthing mechanisms together",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Grounding strap",
              "value": "One end to Unity's ACBM and the other to Destiny's PCBM",
              "quote": "One side of the grounding strap will be connected to the Active Common Berthing Mechanism (ACBM) on Unity",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Truss mounting interface on top of the lab",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the truss is mounted atop the U.S. Lab",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Structural mount for the station truss, which sits on top of the lab"
        },
        {
          "part": "Z1-to-lab umbilical tray",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Power is brought to the Destiny from the P6 array through the Z1/laboratory umbilical tray.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Carries P6 solar-array power and fluid umbilicals from the Z1 truss into the lab",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Umbilicals connected on STS-98 EVA 1",
              "value": "Critical power and fluid umbilicals between Z1 and the lab",
              "quote": "connecting all of the critical power and fluid umbilicals between the Z1 Truss and the lab",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Cable tray added on STS-102",
              "value": "Umbilical cable tray installed on Destiny ahead of the robotic arm",
              "quote": "install an umbilical cable tray on Destiny in preparation for the delivery of the ISS' robotic arm in April",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Robotics interfaces",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Power Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF) on the lab exterior",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "remove the laboratory Power Data Grapple Fixture (PDGF) from the orbiter sidewall and install the PDGF on Destiny",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Attachment point giving the station robotic arm power and data; install scheduled for STS-98 spacewalk 2",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Video Signal Converter",
              "value": "Installed on Destiny with the PDGF",
              "quote": "install a Power Data Grapple Fixture and Video Signal Converter on Destiny",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "User",
              "value": "Space Station Remote Manipulator System (arrived on Mission 6A)",
              "quote": "The PDGF will be used by the Space Station Remote Manipulator System",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Robotic workstation racks (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Two are robotic workstation racks for control of the station's Canadian robotic arm and its four cameras",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew stations that control the station's Canadian robotic arm and its four cameras",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Robotic Work Station",
              "value": "Required for controlling the space station robotic arm",
              "quote": "Two of the racks contain the Robotic Work Station (RWS) required for controlling the space station robotic arm",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Delivery",
              "value": "Brought to the lab by the Leonardo logistics module on STS-102",
              "quote": "Italian-built Leonardo brings to the new U.S. laboratory Destiny six system racks.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Debris protection and insulation",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Stuffed Whipple shield: Nextel ceramic-fabric layers (x6)",
          "material": "Nextel 312 AF 62 ceramic fabric (alumina-boria-silica fibres)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "For the ISS US Laboratory module, the intermediate bumper is composed of several ceramic fabric layers",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "nextel-312-af-62",
          "function": "Ceramic fabric layers in the intermediate bumper that break up and slow impacting particles",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Layer count (ESA table row 'NASA Lab Module')",
              "value": "6 layers of Nextel 312 AF 62",
              "quote": "6 Nextel 312 AF 62/ 6 Kevlar 710",
              "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Ceramic fabric areal mass",
              "value": "0.6 g/cm2 for the several ceramic layers",
              "quote": "several ceramic fabric layers with total mass per unit area of 0.6 g/cm2",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fibre",
              "value": "Nextel is a 3M fabric of alumina-boria-silica ceramic fibres",
              "quote": "Nextel (3M Inc. trade mark): fabric consisting of alumina-boria-silica ceramic fibers",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120002584/downloads/20120002584.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Stuffed Whipple shield: Kevlar fabric layers (x6)",
          "material": "Kevlar 29 style 710 fabric",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "6 layers of Kevlar® 29 style 710 with total mass per unit area of 0.132 g/cm2",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "kevlar-29-style-710",
          "function": "Aramid fabric backing of the intermediate blanket that slows the debris cloud",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Share of intermediate layer",
              "value": "24% by mass",
              "quote": "Kevlar® is 24% by mass of the US Lab module intermediate layer",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Ballistic performance",
              "value": "Stops a 13 mm aluminum sphere at 7 km/s",
              "quote": "The US Stuffed Whipple shield stops a 13mm diameter aluminum sphere at 7 km/s impact velocity.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230014548/downloads/NextGenerationKevlar_DuPontNASA_IOC2_6013_Full.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Shield standoff and pressure wall behind the stuffed Whipple blanket",
          "material": "aluminium alloy 2219-T87 (rear wall per the ESA table row 'NASA Lab Module')",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "6 Nextel 312 AF 62/ 6 Kevlar 710 0.48 cm Al 2219 T87 2.67 11.4",
          "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "aluminium-2219-t87",
          "function": "Gap and rear wall that stop what the bumper layers let through (ESA table row 'NASA Lab Module')",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Rear wall thickness and alloy",
              "value": "0.48 cm Al 2219-T87",
              "quote": "0.48 cm Al 2219 T87",
              "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Total shield spacing (table column 'spacing [cm]')",
              "value": "11.4 cm",
              "quote": "6 Nextel 312 AF 62/ 6 Kevlar 710 0.48 cm Al 2219 T87 2.67 11.4",
              "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Total areal density (table column 'Total AD [g/cm2]')",
              "value": "2.67 g/cm2",
              "quote": "6 Nextel 312 AF 62/ 6 Kevlar 710 0.48 cm Al 2219 T87 2.67 11.4",
              "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Typical alloys across ISS shields (not Destiny-specific)",
              "value": "Bumpers Al 6061-T6; rear walls Al 2219-T87 or Al 2219-T851",
              "quote": "Typically, bumpers are Al 6061-T6, rear walls are Al 2219-T87 or Al 2219-T851",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120002584/downloads/20120002584.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Insulation blanket, replaceable shield panels and shell heaters",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "It is covered with an insulation blanket to protect the module from the harsh temperatures of outer space.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Insulation blanket against temperature extremes; shell heaters for survival and condensation control",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "MLI layer in the NASA stuffed Whipple stack (generic NASA configuration)",
              "value": "MLI sits between the 2 mm aluminum bumper and the Nextel layers",
              "quote": "2mm Al MLI 6 Nextel AF62 6 Kevlar",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120002584/downloads/20120002584.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Removable shield panels",
              "value": "Two portions of debris shielding to be removed and replaced on STS-98 EVA 2",
              "quote": "removing two portions of the modules debris shielding",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Outer bumper (ESA table row 'NASA Lab Module')",
              "value": "0.19 cm Al 6061",
              "quote": "Christiansen, 0.19 cm 1995,2001 Al 6061",
              "source_url": "https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc4/paper/59/SDC4-paper59.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Shell heaters",
              "value": "Survival heaters before activation, condensation (shell) heaters afterwards",
              "quote": "The condensation (shell) heaters will be activated, and the survival heaters will be deactivated.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Nadir optical window",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Nadir science window assembly (four panes)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Corning (glass); Zygo (polishing); Optical Coating Laboratory (coatings)",
          "quote": "The window is made up of an assembly of four separate panes",
          "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Earth-facing optical-quality window in an open rack bay, used mainly for Earth observation",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Clear diameter (eoPortal)",
              "value": "50.8 cm",
              "quote": "The Lab window itself is 50.8 cm in diameter.",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Optics",
              "value": "Highest quality optics ever flown on a human-occupied spacecraft",
              "quote": "includes the highest quality optics ever flown on a human-occupied spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/iss-window-observational-research-facility/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Viewing angles",
              "value": "39.6 deg forward, 32.2 deg aft, 79.1 deg port to starboard",
              "quote": "allows viewing of 39.6º forward along the axis of the station, 32.2º aft, and 79.1º from the port to starboard",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Rack space used",
              "value": "Takes up the space of one rack",
              "quote": "Destiny's window -- which takes up the space of one rack",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Glass description (Andrews summary)",
              "value": "Optically pure, telescope-quality glass in an open rack bay",
              "quote": "The Earth-facing window is made with optically pure, telescope-quality glass and is located in an open rack bay.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Outer replaceable debris pane",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The outermost pane is a replaceable debris pane a little more than 1.0 cm thick.",
          "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Outermost pane protecting the window from small debris; replaceable on a spacewalk",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Replacement",
              "value": "Can be replaced during an EVA if severely damaged",
              "quote": "If it is severely damaged, it can be replaced during an EVA.",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Primary and secondary pressure panes (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The two middle panes serve as the primary and secondary pressure windows",
          "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Two middle panes that keep the laboratory module pressurised",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thickness",
              "value": "About 3.2 cm each",
              "quote": "Each of these panes is ~3.2 cm thick.",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Inner multi-layer scratch pane with integral heater",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The scratch pane has an integral heater element to prevent condensation from forming on the pressure panes",
          "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Inner pane that takes bumps and carries a condensation heater; removed after WORF arrived",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thickness",
              "value": "A little less than 1.7 cm",
              "quote": "a multi-layer scratch pane, is a little less than a 1.7 cm thick",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Coating",
              "value": "Special anti-scratch coating",
              "quote": "has a special anti-scratch coating that protects against accidental bumps from camera lenses",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Removal with WORF",
              "value": "WORF let astronauts permanently remove the non-optical scratch pane",
              "quote": "allowed astronauts to permanently remove a protective, non-optical \"scratch pane\" on the window",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "External window shutter (aluminum cover with gearbox)",
          "material": "aluminum (shutter cover)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "window shutter to protect the window from potential micrometeoroid and orbital debris strikes",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium",
          "function": "Metal cover that shields the window from micrometeoroids and debris; opened and closed by the crew",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Installation",
              "value": "Shutter and gearbox to be fitted on the third STS-98 spacewalk",
              "quote": "The two spacewalkers will install the shutter and its associated gearbox",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Operation",
              "value": "Pivots on hinges; crew rotates it open and closed with controls on the WORF rack",
              "quote": "This external window shutter pivots on hinges and is rotated open and closed by the crew using controls on the WORF rack.",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Material",
              "value": "Aluminum shutter",
              "quote": "External Lab window aluminum shutter for protection during non-observing periods",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Launch cover",
              "value": "Soft insulation cover over the window to be removed on the same spacewalk",
              "quote": "remove a soft cover of insulation that protected the window during launch",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) rack",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) was delivered to the ISS in April 2010 on the STS-131 mission of Space Shuttle Discovery.",
          "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/iss-window-observational-research-facility/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Rack at the nadir window that gives cameras and sensors a stable mount with power, command, data and cooling",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Basis",
              "value": "ISPR element with avionics and hardware adapted from the EXPRESS Rack program",
              "quote": "WORF is based on an ISPR (International Standard Payload Rack) element",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Payload volume",
              "value": "0.8 m3, up to three payloads at once",
              "quote": "The rack provides a payload volume equivalent to 0.8 m3, and is able to support up to three payloads simultaneously",
              "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Services",
              "value": "Power, command, data and cooling connections",
              "quote": "offering power, command, data, and cooling connections",
              "source_url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/iss-window-observational-research-facility/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Internal thermal control",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Low Temperature Loop (LTL), water loop",
          "material": "water (coolant; purity not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "The U.S. Laboratory contains two independent loops, a Low Temperature Loop (LTL) and a Moderate Temperature Loop (MTL).",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf",
          "profile": "water",
          "mid": "water",
          "function": "Water loop at about 4 C for equipment needing low temperatures such as the cabin air assemblies",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Design temperature",
              "value": "40 F (4 C)",
              "quote": "The LTL is designed to operate at 40° F (4° C)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fluid volume",
              "value": "About 63 L (16.64 gal)",
              "quote": "The LTL contains approximately 16.64 gallons (63 liters) of fluid.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Coolant choice",
              "value": "Water: efficient transport fluid and safe inside a habitable module",
              "quote": "The ITCS uses water because it is an efficient thermal transport fluid and is safe inside a habitable module.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Moderate Temperature Loop (MTL), water loop",
          "material": "water (coolant; purity not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "The MTL nominally operates at 63° F (17° C) and provides most of the cooling for systems equipment",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf",
          "profile": "water",
          "mid": "water",
          "function": "Water loop at about 17 C that cools most systems equipment such as avionics and payload experiments",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Operating temperature",
              "value": "63 F (17 C)",
              "quote": "The MTL nominally operates at 63° F (17° C)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Fluid volume",
              "value": "About 200 L (52.83 gal)",
              "quote": "The MTL contains approximately 52.83 gallons (200 liters) of fluid.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Single-loop mode",
              "value": "Both loops can be operated as one",
              "quote": "The IATCS loops can be configured and operated as a single loop.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Pump package assemblies (one per loop)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "The PPA is made up of the pump assembly, gas trap and filter assembly.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pump, gas trap, filter and accumulator that circulate and condition the water coolant",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Accumulator",
              "value": "Downstream of the gas trap; provides reservoir capacity and takes up thermal expansion",
              "quote": "An accumulator, located downstream of the gas trap provides fluid reservoir capacity",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Location of pumps",
              "value": "The US Laboratory contains the pumps and all major ITCS control hardware",
              "quote": "Laboratory Module, which contains the pumps and all the major ITCS control hardware",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "ITCS flow-control hardware (SFCA, mixing valves, loop crossover, pump bypass)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "This assembly provides for proper coolant pressure at various locations in the ITCS and for pump isolation capability.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Set coolant pressure, blend flows, and let one pump serve both loops or coolant bypass an idle pump",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Three-way mixing valve",
              "value": "Mixes two coolant flows from heat loads and delivers the blend",
              "quote": "This assembly controls and mixes two coolant flows",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Loop crossover assembly",
              "value": "Isolates the two loops and allows series operation after a pump failure",
              "quote": "The LCA provides isolation between the LTL and MTL in the USL module",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Series operation",
              "value": "Allows series operation after a pump failure in either loop",
              "quote": "allows series operation in the event of a pump failure in either the LTL or MTL",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pump bypass assembly",
              "value": "A check valve passing coolant one way around a non-operating pump",
              "quote": "is a check valve designed to permit coolant flow in one direction",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Rack flow control assemblies (RFCA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "Each rack that requires active coolant flow modulation is provided with an RFCA.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Modulate coolant flow to each rack that needs active cooling"
        },
        {
          "part": "Cold plates (eight sizes)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing and Honeywell Engines & Systems (ITCS developed jointly)",
          "quote": "The ISS ITCS utilizes eight different sizes of cold plates",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Plates that take waste heat from equipment into the water loops",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Heat removal paths",
              "value": "Waste heat leaves through cold plates and heat exchangers",
              "quote": "Waste heat is removed in two ways, through cold plates and heat exchangers",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Heat exchangers: interface (IFHX), payload/regenerative and SPCU",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Interface Heat Exchanger (IFHX) units accomplish heat transfer from the IATCS water coolant loops to the external ammonia coolant loops.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pass lab-loop heat to the external ammonia loops; isolate payloads; take suit-loop heat",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "IFHX location",
              "value": "On the lab's aft endcone",
              "quote": "Interface Heat Exchanger (IFHX) located on the Laboratory module's aft endcone",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Payload/regenerative heat exchanger",
              "value": "Regenerative or payload isolation exchanger depending on where it sits in the ITCS",
              "quote": "It is used as a regenerative heat exchanger or as a payload isolation heat exchanger",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "SPCU heat exchanger",
              "value": "Collects heat from the EMU water loops into the low temperature loop",
              "quote": "collects heat from the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) water loops",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Early External Active Thermal Control System (EEATCS) loops and P6 radiators",
          "material": "anhydrous ammonia (working fluid)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Interface Heat Exchanger (IFHX) located on the Laboratory module's aft endcone to the radiators located on truss segment P6",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "anhydrous-ammonia",
          "function": "Temporary ammonia loops sending the lab's heat to P6 radiators until the permanent system started",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Loops",
              "value": "Two independent, simultaneously operating ammonia cooling loops",
              "quote": "The EEATCS consists of two independent, simultaneously operating ammonia cooling loops (ACL).",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Working fluid",
              "value": "Anhydrous ammonia",
              "quote": "circulates the working fluid, anhydrous ammonia, via the Pump and Flow Control Subassembly (PFCS)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Radiator size",
              "value": "3.12 m x 13.6 m (10.24 ft x 44.62 ft), seven panels",
              "quote": "The radiator measures 10.24 feet (3.12 meters) by 44.62 feet (13.6 meters).",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Service period",
              "value": "Heat rejection for the lab interface heat exchangers from assembly flight 5A to 12A.1",
              "quote": "since assembly flight 5A through 12a.1",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Delivery",
              "value": "Delivered on STS-97 as a temporary cooling system for the lab",
              "quote": "a temporary cooling system that will provide heat rejection capability for the \"Destiny\" lab module",
              "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Thermal control system racks (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "There are two thermal control system racks that circulate chilled water to cool other racks and the cabin air.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Two launch-installed racks that circulate chilled water to cool other racks and the cabin air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Low temperature rack",
              "value": "Water chilled to about 4 C",
              "quote": "One is a 'low temperature' system, with water chilled to about 4 degrees Celsius.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Moderate temperature rack",
              "value": "Water chilled to about 17 C; cools selected racks and the cabin air",
              "quote": "The 'moderate temperature' system, with water chilled to about 17 degrees Celsius, cools selected racks and the cabin air.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Environmental control and life support",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Atmosphere revitalization (AR) rack",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The atmosphere revitalization (AR) rack provides for carbon dioxide removal, trace contaminant control, and monitoring of the cabin air.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Rack for carbon dioxide removal, trace contaminant control and cabin-air monitoring",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Move after launch",
              "value": "Planned move from its launch location to its operating location on flight day 5",
              "quote": "the AR rack will be moved from its launch location to its operational location during lab outfitting on Flight Day 5",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Honeywell International",
          "quote": "One CDRA system resides in the ISS U.S. Destiny Laboratory module.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050210002/downloads/20050210002.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Sorbent-bed system that removes carbon dioxide from the cabin air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Role",
              "value": "Supplements the Russian Vozdukh when more than three crew are aboard",
              "quote": "The ISS CDRA system supplements the Russian Vozdukh carbon dioxide removal system when more than three crewmembers are on board.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050210002/downloads/20050210002.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Manufacturer",
              "value": "Honeywell International",
              "quote": "Honeywell International, the manufacturer of the CDRA and filters",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050210002/downloads/20050210002.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Trace contaminant control subassembly (TCCS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "TCCS will remain in the US Lab AR Rack.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005176/downloads/ICES_2024_316_Final.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Removes chemical trace contaminants from the cabin air"
        },
        {
          "part": "Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Sample Delivery System lines launched in the Destiny and Unity are connected to the major constituent analyzer in Destiny",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Analyzer that monitors the major constituents of the cabin air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Anomaly record",
              "value": "The US Lab MCA failed in late 2022 (filament failure in ORU 02) and was replaced",
              "quote": "Failed in late 2022 due to a filament failure in ORU 02 and was R&R'd in June",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240007995/downloads/ICES2024141%20ISS%20ECLS%20Presentaton%20RevA.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA) racks (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "one of the two Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA) racks located in the US Lab",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005176/downloads/ICES_2024_316_Final.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Temperature and humidity control: air circulation, cooling and water-vapour condensation",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "At launch",
              "value": "Two common cabin air assemblies and more intermodule ventilation equipment arrived",
              "quote": "sees the arrival of two common cabin air assemblies and more intermodule ventilation equipment",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Rack position of one CCAA",
              "value": "LAB1P6",
              "quote": "THC: LAB1P6 CCAA WS Liquid Check Valve (LCV) R&R and BIT Test",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240007995/downloads/ICES2024141%20ISS%20ECLS%20Presentaton%20RevA.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Cooled by",
              "value": "Low Temperature Loop",
              "quote": "service systems equipment requiring low temperatures, such as the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/473486main_iss_atcs_overview.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Avionics air assemblies",
              "value": "In several racks",
              "quote": "as well as avionics air assemblies in several racks",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Function of the CCAA",
              "value": "Condenses water vapor from the cabin air",
              "quote": "Common Cabin Air Assembly (CCAA, condenses water vapor from air)",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167129main_Systems.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Pressure control assembly, vent relief assembly and equalization valves",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The atmosphere control and supply subsystem contains the pressure control assembly, vent relief assembly, and manual pressure equalization valves and gas lines.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Atmosphere control and supply hardware that holds and equalises cabin pressure",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "External vent",
              "value": "Non-propulsive vent to be installed on the pressure control assembly on STS-98 spacewalk 2",
              "quote": "Jones will install a non-propulsive vent to Destiny’s Pressure Control Assembly (PCA)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Extension duct",
              "value": "Added later to help air flow through the PCA",
              "quote": "install a Pressure Control System extension duct to assist the flow of air through the PCA",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Smoke detectors and fire detection and suppression equipment",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The standard fire detection and suppression equipment is launched with Destiny",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Detects combustion products and provides fire suppression",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Activation order",
              "value": "Smoke detectors activated after the pressure control assembly",
              "quote": "The Pressure Control Assembly (PCA) will be activated, followed by smoke detectors.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Water recovery hardware and vent systems",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "as are the water recovery and management condensate tank, water vent assembly and waste and fuel cell water lines",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Condensate tank, water vent assembly, wastewater tank and vacuum vent that handle water removed from the air",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Wastewater tank",
              "value": "Inspected by the ISS crew for leaks after activation",
              "quote": "The ISS crew will inspect the wastewater tank in Destiny to verify there are no leaks.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Vacuum vent system",
              "value": "Activated and checked out by the ISS crew",
              "quote": "activation and checkout of the vacuum vent system",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Overboard vent at LAB1P1",
              "value": "Converted from a water vent to a gas vent in 2006",
              "quote": "The LAB1P1 location contains an overboard vent that was converted from a water to a gas vent",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005176/downloads/ICES_2024_316_Final.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Oxygen Generation System (OGS) rack",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "activated in U.S. Lab in July 2007, moved to Node 3 in 2010 and relocated back to U.S. Lab in September 2022",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240007995/downloads/ICES2024141%20ISS%20ECLS%20Presentaton%20RevA.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Electrolysis rack making crew oxygen; in the lab 2007 to 2010 and again since 2022",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Launch",
              "value": "July 2006 on STS-121/ULF1.1",
              "quote": "The Oxygen Generation System (OGS) rack was launched July 2006 on STS-121/ULF1.1",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240007995/downloads/ICES2024141%20ISS%20ECLS%20Presentaton%20RevA.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Output at 100%",
              "value": "20.4 lbm O2 per day",
              "quote": "OGA in Process mode at 100% oxygen production rate produces 20.4 lbm O2 per day",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240007995/downloads/ICES2024141%20ISS%20ECLS%20Presentaton%20RevA.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Avionics and data handling",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Avionics racks (x2 at launch)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The two avionics racks house equipment controlling the Communications and Tracking",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Racks housing equipment for communications, ECLSS, thermal control, data handling and power control",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "What they manage",
              "value": "Audio, video switching and the computer switching boxes called MDMs",
              "quote": "These racks manage the audio equipment, video switching, and the computer switching boxes, called Multiplexer/Demultiplexers",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Access",
              "value": "Each launch rack can be tilted down to reach the area behind",
              "quote": "Each is capable of being tilted downward to provide access to the area behind.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Third avionics rack",
              "value": "Avionics Rack 3 holds Ku-band and command-and-control components",
              "quote": "One is the U.S. Lab Avionics 3 rack with components supporting both the Ku-Band communications system and the command and control system.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Multiplexer/demultiplexer computers (MDMs, 11 added with the lab)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Command and Data Handling system gains 11 MDMs with the arrival of the lab.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Computers that control U.S. on-orbit segment systems including payloads",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Role",
              "value": "Control U.S. on-orbit segment systems including payloads",
              "quote": "These MDMs are used to control the U.S. on-orbit segment systems including payloads.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Power Management Controller Unit MDMs",
              "value": "Checked out during activation",
              "quote": "Destiny's Power Management Controller Unit MDMs will be checked out as well.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Lab MDM running the ITCS",
              "value": "One lab MDM controls the thermal loop components",
              "quote": "One of the MDM's in the Lab is used to control the ITCS system components.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Mass memory",
              "value": "MDM with solid state mass memory unit and processor cards in the lab",
              "quote": "Multiplexer/Demultiplexer with Solid State Mass Memory Unit (SSMMU)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Guidance, navigation and control computers (attitude control)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Two computers in the \"Destiny\" lab will be dedicated to keeping the space station in proper orientation",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Lab computers that run station attitude control using the control moment gyros on Z1",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Control moment gyros",
              "value": "The lab controls the four electrically powered CMGs mounted in the Z1 truss",
              "quote": "the lab controls the function of the gyroscopes, called Control Moment Gyros (CMGs)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Attitude control",
              "value": "The four CMGs are electrically powered and give the station attitude control",
              "quote": "The four CMGs are electrically powered and will provide attitude control of the station.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Locations of GN&C computers",
              "value": "In the aft and forward endcones",
              "quote": "GNC Computers in US Lab - Aft End Cone - Forward End Cone",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "GPS receivers",
              "value": "In the aft endcone and Avionics Rack 3",
              "quote": "GPS receivers in US Lab - Aft End Cone - Avionics Rack 3",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Communications and tracking equipment (audio, video distribution, S-band, UHF, Ku-band)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The audio system comes online and the hardware for Ku-band, UHF and the video distribution system are delivered",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Internal audio, video distribution and radio equipment for station communications",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "High-rate S-band",
              "value": "Activated with the lab to replace the early system",
              "quote": "The Communication and Tracking system activates high-data rate S-band to replace the early com system.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Ku-band",
              "value": "High data rate communications including television downlink",
              "quote": "The Ku-Band is used for high data rate communications, including downlink of television pictures.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Lab systems software (over 300,000 lines of code)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Software containing over 300,000 lines of code will monitor and control the atmospheric and thermal conditioning, fire detection",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Software that monitors and controls atmosphere, thermal conditioning, fire detection and payload services",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Payload services",
              "value": "Manages power, thermal and vacuum services to payloads and monitors payload health",
              "quote": "The Destiny software will also manage power, thermal, and vacuum services provided to the experimental payloads",
              "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2001-01-10-Delivery-of-Destiny-Laboratory-on-STS-98-Provides-International-Space-Station-Its-Science-Centerpiece"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Electrical power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "DC-to-DC converter units (DDCUs, two in the lab)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The power is brought to two DC-to-DC converter units in the laboratory",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Convert primary solar-array power to secondary power for lab systems and payloads",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Conversion",
              "value": "Primary 160 V to secondary 124 V (station-wide EPS figure)",
              "quote": "DC-to-DC Converter Units (DDCUs) convert primary 160 V power to secondary 124 V",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Activation",
              "value": "Lab DDCU converters switched on first in the activation sequence to give secondary power",
              "quote": "Activates the converters in the Lab DDCUs to provide secondary power to the Lab systems",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Power distribution racks with DDCUs and remote power control modules (RPCMs)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Of the six systems racks, two racks contain power distribution equipment to support laboratory payloads.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Two racks delivered on STS-102 that distribute power to laboratory payloads",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Contents",
              "value": "DC-to-DC conversion units and remote power control modules",
              "quote": "This equipment includes DC-to-DC Conversion Units (DDCU) and Remote Power Control Modules (RPCM).",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Remote power controllers",
              "value": "Control the flow of electric power to users",
              "quote": "Remote Power Controllers (RPCs) control the flow of electric power to users.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Link to thermal loops",
              "value": "RPCs power the MTL and LTL equipment ahead of ITCS start-up",
              "quote": "RPCs are closed applying power to various pieces of MTL and LTL equipment in preparation for IATCS startup.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Lighting",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Interior lights and emergency egress lighting batteries",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "followed by activation of the laboratory's interior lights",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Laboratory interior lighting and battery-backed emergency egress lighting",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Emergency egress lighting",
              "value": "Batteries charged by ground command during activation",
              "quote": "The ground will then command the Emergency Egress Lighting batteries to begin charging",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Racks and rack systems",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "International Standard Payload Racks (ISPR) with graphite composite shell",
          "material": "graphite composite shell (resin not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Made with a graphite composite shell, racks inside the International Space Station lab weigh around 1,200 pounds (544 kilograms) each.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "graphite-composite",
          "function": "Removable rack structure that holds system hardware and payloads",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Size",
              "value": "73 in (1.9 m) tall and 42 in (1.1 m) wide",
              "quote": "Each rack is 73 inches (1.9 meters) tall and 42 inches (1.1 meters) wide",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Typical use",
              "value": "Research payloads in the U.S., European and Japanese labs sit in standard racks such as the ISPR",
              "quote": "typically are housed in a standard rack, such as the International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR)",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Temporary stowage",
              "value": "Eight rack bays have curtains giving 288 cubic feet of stowage when empty",
              "quote": "Eight rack bays are equipped with flexible curtains to provide 288 cubic feet of temporary stowage space.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml"
            },
            {
              "label": "Pivot",
              "value": "Each rack pivots at its base to rotate outward",
              "quote": "Each rack pivots at its base to rotate outward for access to the interior.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Active Rack Isolation System (ARIS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "The ARIS is designed to isolate payload racks from vibration.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Active damping that isolates a payload rack from vibration (Destiny rack position not stated)",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "How it works",
              "value": "Senses vibration with accelerometers and damps it with a compensating force",
              "quote": "senses the vibratory environment with accelerometers and then damps it by introducing a compensating force",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Actuators",
              "value": "Eight actuator assemblies connect the rack (flotor) to the stator",
              "quote": "The flotor is connected to the stator by the eight actuator assemblies",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000004905/downloads/20000004905.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Level of isolation",
              "value": "At the rack (ISPR) level",
              "quote": "ARIS provides isolation at the rack (International Standard Payload Rack, or ISPR) level.",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000004905/downloads/20000004905.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Maker",
              "value": "Boeing",
              "quote": "The Boeing Corporation's Active Rack Isolation System (ARIS)",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000004905/downloads/20000004905.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Payload facilities in the lab",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "EXPRESS Racks (1, 2, 6 and 7 listed for Destiny)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Sub-rack-sized experiments with standard utilities such as power, data, cooling, and gases.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Sub-rack-sized experiments with standard power, data, cooling and gas utilities",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Racks listed for Destiny in 2015",
              "value": "EXPRESS Racks 1, 2, 6 and 7",
              "quote": "EXPRESS Rack 1 EXPRESS Rack 2 EXPRESS Rack 6 EXPRESS Rack 7",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Count in the 2008 NASA guide",
              "value": "Five EXPRESS Racks",
              "quote": "The five EXPRESS Racks provide subrack-sized experiments with standard utilities such as power, data, cooling, fluids, and gases.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A complementary fluid physics research facility designed to accommodate a wide variety of microgravity experiments.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Fluid physics research facility for many kinds of microgravity experiments"
        },
        {
          "part": "Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Used to perform sustained, systematic combustion experiments in microgravity.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Facility for sustained, systematic combustion experiments in microgravity"
        },
        {
          "part": "Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Accommodates studies of many different types of materials.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Rack for studies of many types of materials"
        },
        {
          "part": "Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Microgravity Science Glovebox provides a sealed environment for conducting science and technology experiments.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Sealed glovebox for small science and technology experiments",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Features",
              "value": "Large front window, built-in gloves, data storage and its own air circulation and filtration",
              "quote": "It has a large front window and built-in gloves, data storage and recording capabilities, and an independent air circulation and filtration system.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI-3 listed for Destiny)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) provides refrigerated storage and fast-freezing of biological and life science samples.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Refrigerator/freezer for biological and life science samples",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Capacity and range",
              "value": "Up to 300 L of samples from 4 C to -80 C",
              "quote": "It can hold up to 300 L of samples ranging in temperature from 4 °C to a low of -80 °C.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Units shown in the lab",
              "value": "MELFI-2 pictured in the U.S. Laboratory/Destiny; MELFI-3 listed under Destiny Racks",
              "quote": "NASA astronaut Sunita Williams works in MELFI-2 rack in the U.S. Laboratory/Destiny.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Human Research Facility (HRF) rack",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The HRF rack will be used to conduct human life science investigations.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "First science rack in the lab for human life science investigations",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Equipment",
              "value": "Lung function tests, heart ultrasound and other computers and medical equipment",
              "quote": "It includes equipment for lung function tests, ultrasound equipment to image the heart",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Delivery",
              "value": "HRF#1 carried in the Leonardo logistics module on STS-102",
              "quote": "The first experiment rack called HRF#1 (Human Research Facility #1) is also contained within Leonardo.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew accommodations",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew sleep compartment and exercise equipment",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "A third sleep compartment is located in the U.S. Lab",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167129main_Systems.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Habitation hardware placed in the lab",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Exercise",
              "value": "Cycle ergometer (CEVIS) used in the lab",
              "quote": "exercises on the Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation and Stabilization (CEVIS) in the Destiny Laboratory",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "aluminium",
      "name": "aluminum (shutter cover)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium/"
    },
    {
      "id": "nextel-312-af-62",
      "name": "Nextel 312 AF 62 ceramic fabric (alumina-boria-silica fibres)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "kevlar-29-style-710",
      "name": "Kevlar 29 style 710 fabric",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "aluminium-2219-t87",
      "name": "aluminium alloy 2219-T87 (rear wall per the ESA table row 'NASA Lab Module')",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "water",
      "name": "water (coolant; purity not stated)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/water/"
    },
    {
      "id": "anhydrous-ammonia",
      "name": "anhydrous ammonia (working fluid)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "graphite-composite",
      "name": "graphite composite shell (resin not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "International Space Station",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Second U.S. module launched to the station; berthed to Unity's forward port in 2001",
      "quote": "Destiny is the second U.S. module to be launched to the ISS",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Space Shuttle Atlantis (OV-104), mission STS-98 (ISS assembly flight 5A)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Launched 7 Feb 2001 from KSC Pad 39A; installed by the shuttle robotic arm",
      "quote": "The primary objective of STS-98, International Space Station Assembly Mission 5A, is to deliver and install the U.S. Destiny Laboratory onto the ISS.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RS-25 (three Space Shuttle Main Engines on Atlantis: units 2052, 2044, 2047)",
      "target_slug": "aerojet-rs-25",
      "note": "Main engines of the orbiter that lifted Destiny; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "All three SSMEs must reach the required 90-percent thrust within three seconds",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RS-25 (Space Shuttle Main Engine)",
      "target_slug": "aerojet-rs-25",
      "note": "Identity link: RS-25 is the former Space Shuttle Main Engine; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "The RS-25 is formerly known as the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME).",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/sls-reference-guide-2022-v2-508-0.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "AJ10-190 engine",
      "target_slug": "aerojet-aj10-190",
      "note": "Space Shuttle orbital maneuvering system engine, two on the orbiter; aerojet OMS engine, 6,000 lbf, MMH/NTO; used for orbit insertion and deorbit; launcher engine, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "AJ10-190 Space Shuttle OMS Rocket Engine",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200111232719/https://www.rocket.com/sites/default/files/documents/In-Space%20Data%20Sheets%209.13.19.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Space Shuttle solid rocket booster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Two boosters, set BI-105PF; about 3,300,000 lb thrust each at sea level; motor segments refurbished by Thiokol; launcher motors, not carried by the vehicle",
      "quote": "The two SRBs provide the main thrust to lift the space shuttle off the pad",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Boeing",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Built the laboratory module, begun in 1995 at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center",
      "quote": "The Boeing Co. began construction of the 16-ton, state-of-the art research laboratory in 1995",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Honeywell Engines & Systems (Honeywell International)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Internal thermal control system, developed jointly with Boeing",
      "quote": "developed jointly by Boeing Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama and Honeywell Engines & Systems, Torrance, California",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040086485/downloads/20040086485.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Honeywell International",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Manufacturer of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly and its filters",
      "quote": "Honeywell International, the manufacturer of the CDRA and filters",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050210002/downloads/20050210002.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Corning Inc.",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Glass for the nadir science window panes",
      "quote": "Corning Inc., Corning, N.Y., provided the glass capable of supporting viewing with high-resolution telescopes.",
      "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Zygo Corp.",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Polished the window panes",
      "quote": "The glass panes were polished to a fine finish by Zygo Corp., Middlefield, Conn.",
      "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Optical Coating Laboratory Inc.",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Anti-reflection, UV-blocking and electro-conductive coatings on the window panes",
      "quote": "The panes were coated by Optical Coating Lab Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, with anti-reflection chemicals that block ultra-violet radiation from the sun.",
      "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "NASA Mission Control Center, Houston",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Destiny's activation moved ISS operations from Moscow to Houston",
      "quote": "heralds the transfer of ISS operations from the Russian Mission Control Center outside Moscow to NASA's Mission Control in Houston",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-102-sts-098-press-kit.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (payload operations, Huntsville)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Controls payload operations and resource allocation for lab experiments",
      "quote": "Operations of scientific instruments and payloads aboard the ISS are controlled by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville AL.",
      "source_url": "https://eoportal.org/satellite-missions/iss-worf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Microgravity Science Glovebox",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Sealed glovebox rack in the lab",
      "quote": "The Microgravity Science Glovebox provides a sealed environment for conducting science and technology experiments.",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Freezer rack in the lab (MELFI-3 listed under Destiny Racks)",
      "quote": "The Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) provides refrigerated storage and fast-freezing of biological and life science samples.",
      "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2008/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Window Observational Research Facility (WORF)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Rack at the nadir science window, delivered on STS-131",
      "quote": "Provides a facility for Earth science research using the Destiny science window on the ISS.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "EXPRESS Racks",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "EXPRESS Racks 1, 2, 6 and 7 listed under Destiny Racks in 2015",
      "quote": "Sub-rack-sized experiments with standard utilities such as power, data, cooling, and gases.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Fluid physics rack listed under Destiny Racks",
      "quote": "A complementary fluid physics research facility designed to accommodate a wide variety of microgravity experiments.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Combustion rack listed under Destiny Racks",
      "quote": "Used to perform sustained, systematic combustion experiments in microgravity.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Materials Science Research Rack-1 (MSRR-1)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Materials science rack listed under Destiny Racks",
      "quote": "Accommodates studies of many different types of materials.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Human Research Facility (HRF) rack",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "First science rack in the lab, delivered on STS-102",
      "quote": "The HRF rack will be used to conduct human life science investigations.",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/flight-103-sts-102-press-kit.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "Aluminum alloy and temper of the hull, blanket fibre (only described as similar to bulletproof-vest material), window glass, rack shell material and bolts are not stated in the NASA or Boeing pages read. The Boeing release gives 16-ton and 32,000 lb in different places; the 32,000 lb figure agrees with the NASA page. More detail: Not published in the sources read: any NTRS or Boeing paper on the pressure-shell structure itself (no source found for hull alloy, wall thickness of the cylinders or isogrid depth); alloy and temper of Destiny's hull sections (the only alloy found is Al 2219-T87 for a 0.48 cm pressure wall, and Al 6061 0.19 cm for the bumper, in an ESA table row labelled 'NASA Lab Module'; NASA decks give generic ISS alloys); the glass type of the window panes (Corning glass, Zygo polishing and Optical Coating Lab coatings are named, fused silica is not); Boeing and NASA call the debris layer 'material similar to bulletproof vests' while the Nextel/Kevlar stack comes from NASA/DuPont and ESA papers; suppliers of the racks (ISPR), ARIS rack position in the lab, MDMs, DDCUs, RPCMs, CCAA, MCA, TCCS, fire detection, lighting, EXPRESS/FIR/CIR/MSRR/MSG/HRF/MELFI/WORF hardware; Sabatier hardware is planned only for the OGS rack, not installed in Destiny. Rack counts differ: 24 (13 science, 11 system) in NASA/Boeing guides, 23 in the STS-98 press kit, 24 locations in six full bays in a 2024 NASA paper, and the Destiny rack list changes over time (five EXPRESS racks in 2008, EXPRESS 1, 2, 6, 7 in 2015). Destiny has two berthing ports (aft passive CBM to Unity, forward active CBM, now mated to Harmony); the truss mounts on top and the window faces nadir, so there are no zenith or nadir CBM ports. The brief's relation types have no 'berthed to', so the Unity and Harmony adjacency is kept in the CBM component rows instead of relations. The STS-98 press kit lists SSME units 2052, 2044 and 2047 but no RS-25 text, so the RS-25 identity comes from NASA's SLS guide; the AJ10-190 name comes from an Aerojet Rocketdyne data sheet (Wayback copy). Several NASA pages exist only as Wayback copies (Elements and Systems guide PDFs, 2007 Destiny page, Boeing 2008 page, Andrews page, 1997 standoff image page, OMS reference, Aerojet data sheet). The shared web-search budget ran out before more searches could be made for a CBM design paper, rack makers and hatch seal materials. Wikipedia and the mirror site shuttlepresskit.com were not used as sources.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-iss-destiny-module-1.jpg",
      "alt": "The International Space Station photographed through a window of Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-108, with the",
      "long": "The International Space Station photographed through a window of Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-108, with the cylindrical Destiny laboratory module in the centre-left.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Destiny_ISS_module_taken_by_STS-108.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-iss-destiny-module-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Interior of the Destiny laboratory with lights dimmed at 'night', showing racks, laptops and the end-cone window",
      "long": "Interior of the Destiny laboratory with lights dimmed at 'night', showing racks, laptops and the end-cone window.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA (https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/26032683821/) / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-47_The_International_Space_Station%27s_Destiny_Laboratory_at_%27night%27.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/nasa-iss-destiny-module-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Three NASA astronauts working inside the Destiny laboratory module among equipment racks and stowage bags",
      "long": "Three NASA astronauts working inside the Destiny laboratory module among equipment racks and stowage bags.",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA (https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/51483402453/) / via Wikimedia Commons",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-65_NASA_astronauts_work_in_the_U.S._Destiny_laboratory_module.jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": [
      "Low Earth orbit"
    ]
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}