{
  "id": "boeing-starliner",
  "title": "CST-100 Starliner",
  "maker": "Boeing",
  "maker_type": "Commercial",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "crew",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/boeing-starliner/",
  "website": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
  "summary": "Boeing’s reusable crew capsule for NASA missions to the International Space Station; it has a weldless aluminium pressure vessel and a Boeing Lightweight Ablator heat shield.",
  "application": "Starliner is Boeing’s commercial crew spacecraft, launched on ULA Atlas V to carry astronauts to the International Space Station. It is designed to land on land and be reused.",
  "story": {
    "headline": "Starliner is Boeing's reusable capsule for flying astronauts to the International Space Station.",
    "intro": [
      "Starliner is a reusable crew capsule built by Boeing. It launches on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket and carries astronauts to the International Space Station. It is designed for up to seven passengers, or a mix of crew and cargo, and NASA missions fly four astronauts. It lands on the ground under parachutes, cushioned by airbags.",
      "NASA and Boeing both say the main structure has no welds. Two aluminium domes are spun into shape and bolted together. The heat shield is an ablator, a material meant to wear away as it heats up, made of silicone resin packed by hand into a honeycomb. Boeing designed the capsule to fly up to 10 times."
    ],
    "built": [
      {
        "title": "Pressure vessel domes",
        "text": "The crew module's pressure vessel is two aluminium domes, one upper and one lower. Each was spin formed, a weldless process that shapes metal on a rotating form, then machined with a honeycomb pattern. The two are bolted together, with 216 bolts on the structural test article.",
        "parts": [
          "Pressure vessel domes (upper and lower)",
          "Main structure joints"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat shields",
        "text": "The re-entry heat shield is the Boeing Lightweight Ablator, silicone resin hand-packed into honeycomb and cured, and it is easy to replace. A forward shield is jettisoned after re-entry, once it has protected the parachutes. The base shield drops away before landing so the airbags can inflate.",
        "parts": [
          "Re-entry heat shield",
          "Forward heat shield (jettisoned during descent)",
          "Base heat shield (drops away before landing)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Engines on the service module",
        "text": "The service module carries four launch abort engines, each giving 40,000 pounds of thrust. Another 20 engines handle manoeuvring and attitude control, which means pointing the spacecraft. There are also 28 reaction control thrusters, each giving 85 pounds of thrust.",
        "parts": [
          "Launch abort engines (x4, RS-88)",
          "Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control (OMAC) engines (x20)",
          "Service module reaction control system (RCS) thrusters (x28)",
          "Service module propellant and pressurant tanks (4 fuel, 4 oxidizer, 2 pressurant)",
          "Doghouses (x4)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Parachutes and airbags",
        "text": "Pilot parachutes and two drogue parachutes deploy first, followed by three main parachutes. Six primary airbags then inflate to absorb the shock of touchdown on the ground.",
        "parts": [
          "Pilot parachutes",
          "Drogue parachutes (x2)",
          "Main parachutes (x3)",
          "Landing airbags (x6 primary)"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Inside the cabin",
        "text": "Engineers scan each astronaut's back and 3D print an insert that fits into the seat. The crew use tablets and wireless internet, with backup manual controls for the pilot. The Boeing Blue launch-and-entry suit is about 20% lighter than earlier ascent and entry suits.",
        "parts": [
          "Crew seats with custom 3D-printed back inserts",
          "Tablet and wireless crew interfaces",
          "Backup manual flight controls",
          "Boeing Blue launch-and-entry spacesuit"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "materials": [
      {
        "name": "Aluminium",
        "mid": "aluminium",
        "where": "The two domes of the crew module's pressure vessel, shaped by spin forming instead of welding."
      },
      {
        "name": "Boeing Lightweight Ablator",
        "mid": "boeing-lightweight-ablator",
        "where": "The re-entry heat shield: silicone resin hand-packed into a honeycomb and cured."
      },
      {
        "name": "Teflon",
        "mid": "teflon-ptfe",
        "where": "Oxidiser-side valve seats and spring-loaded flange seals in the thrusters. A NASA report describes the seat Teflon squeezing out of place and restricting flow."
      }
    ],
    "connections": "Starliner launches on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V from Space Launch Complex 41. The crew flight test lifted off in June 2024 with two NASA astronauts, but the capsule landed uncrewed that September in New Mexico. Aerojet Rocketdyne supplies its abort engines and thrusters, its subsidiary ARDÉ the tanks, and Spectrolab the solar cells. NASA says an uncrewed Starliner-1 could fly in December 2026 or January 2027.",
    "unknown": "Boeing has not published the alloy of the domes or the materials of the service module structure, tanks, airbags and parachutes. The heat shield's make-up is known only from a NASA slide. Published thrust figures for the 20 manoeuvring engines differ.",
    "facts": [
      {
        "label": "Crew",
        "value": "Up to seven passengers, four astronauts on NASA missions"
      },
      {
        "label": "Reuse",
        "value": "Up to 10 flights"
      },
      {
        "label": "Height, crew and service module",
        "value": "16.5 ft (5 m)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Diameter",
        "value": "15 ft (4.6 m)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "value": "14,690 lb (6,663 kg)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Re-entry plasma temperature",
        "value": "3,000 F (1,649 C) at 400,000 ft"
      }
    ]
  },
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Crew capacity",
      "value": "Up to seven passengers, four astronauts on NASA missions",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Starliner is designed for up to seven passengers or a mix of crew and cargo"
    },
    {
      "label": "Reuse",
      "value": "Up to 10 flights",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Boeing designed the spacecraft to be reusable up to 10 times"
    },
    {
      "label": "Launch abort engines",
      "value": "Four engines, 40,000 lb thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Starliner has four launch abort engines that each provide 40,000 pounds of thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "Orbital maneuvering and attitude control engines",
      "value": "20 engines, 1,400 lb thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "A total of 20 engines can each produce 1,400 pounds of thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "Reaction control engines",
      "value": "28 engines, 85 lb thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "A combined 28 engines, each providing 85 pounds of thrust"
    },
    {
      "label": "Dome fastening (structural test article)",
      "value": "216 bolts",
      "source_url": "https://www.universetoday.com/articles/boeing-starts-assembly-of-1st-flightworthy-starliner-crew-taxi-vehicle-at-kennedy-spaceport",
      "quote": "Altogether they are held together by 216 bolts."
    },
    {
      "label": "Height (crew module plus service module)",
      "value": "16.5 ft (5 m)",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "16.5 feet (5 meters) (Crew Module + Service Module)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Diameter",
      "value": "15 ft (4.6 m)",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "Diameter 15 feet (4.6 meters)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Weight",
      "value": "14,690 lb (6,663 kg)",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "14,690 pounds (6,663 kilograms)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Solar power",
      "value": "over 2,900 W",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "these cells convert sunlight into over 2,900 watts of electricity for the spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "label": "Re-entry plasma temperature",
      "value": "3,000 F (1,649 C) at 400,000 ft",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "Starliner encounters temperatures of 3,000 F (1,649 C) from plasma caused by air friction"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cabin temperature kept behind the heat shield",
      "value": "about 70 F (21 C)",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "keeping the interior around 70 F (21 C)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cargo to ISS on NASA missions",
      "value": "about 220 lb of time-critical research",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "about 220 pounds of time-critical scientific research"
    },
    {
      "label": "Suppliers",
      "value": "More than 425 suppliers in 37 states",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Starliner's development has required more than 425 suppliers in 37 states."
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew Flight Test launch",
      "value": "5 June 2024, 10:52 a.m. EDT, SLC-41",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/next-launch/atlas-v-starliner-cft",
      "quote": "lifted off on June 5 at 10:52 a.m. EDT from Space Launch Complex-41"
    },
    {
      "label": "First orbital flight test launch",
      "value": "20 December 2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "launched on Dec. 20, 2019, from Cape Canaveral atop a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket"
    },
    {
      "label": "Second orbital flight test launch",
      "value": "19 May 2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "launched on May 19, 2022, from Cape Canaveral atop an Atlas V rocket"
    },
    {
      "label": "Crew Flight Test return",
      "value": "Landed uncrewed 7 Sept 2024 at White Sands, New Mexico",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
      "quote": "touching down on Sept. 7, 2024, in White Sands, New Mexico"
    },
    {
      "label": "Atlas V Starliner stack height",
      "value": "about 172 ft (52.4 m)",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/next-launch/atlas-v-starliner-cft",
      "quote": "The vehicle's height with the Boeing CST-100 Starliner is approximately 172 ft (52.4 meters)."
    },
    {
      "label": "Next flight",
      "value": "Uncrewed Starliner-1 possible December 2026 or January 2027; crewed Starliner-2 targeted by 2028",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-boeing-share-update-on-commercial-starliner-development-plans/",
      "quote": "The uncrewed Starliner-1 has the potential to fly in December of this year or January 2027."
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Landing on land with parachutes and airbags",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
      "quote": "Starliner uses a proven parachute and airbag system for shock absorption in order to land on ground."
    },
    {
      "text": "Weldless main structure and replaceable heat shielding to speed turnaround",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.com/space/starliner/launch/innovations.html",
      "quote": "an innovative weldless main structure and easily replaceable heat shielding"
    },
    {
      "text": "Heat shield ablator is filled silicone resin hand-packed into honeycomb",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20230015883/downloads/TPS-StateofInd-SAMPE-Final2.pdf",
      "quote": "Hand-packed into honeycomb and cured"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module structure",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Pressure vessel domes (upper and lower)",
          "material": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
          "form": "spin-formed weldless domes, machined with honeycomb pattern",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Spincraft (forming), Janicki Industries and Major Tool & Machine (machining)",
          "quote": "The rather distinctive, olive colored aluminum domes are manufactured using a weldless spin forming process by Spincraft",
          "source_url": "https://www.universetoday.com/articles/boeing-starts-assembly-of-1st-flightworthy-starliner-crew-taxi-vehicle-at-kennedy-spaceport",
          "profile": "aluminium",
          "mid": "aluminium"
        },
        {
          "part": "Main structure joints",
          "material": null,
          "form": "bolted domes, weldless",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Starliner has a weldless structure, which eliminates the structural risk of traditional welds",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Thermal protection",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Re-entry heat shield",
          "material": "Boeing Lightweight Ablator (filled silicone resin in honeycomb)",
          "form": "ablator, replaceable",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Starliner’s brand new heat shield technology, called the Boeing Lightweight Ablator",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/from-liftoff-to-landing-nasa-ames-works-to-support-commercial-crew",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "boeing-lightweight-ablator"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Docking system",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "NASA Docking System Block 1 (NDSB1)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The NDSB1 will be used on the Boeing CST-100 Starliner within NASA's Commercial Crew Program",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Electromechanical docking mechanism that mates Starliner with the ISS docking adapters",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Qualification",
              "value": "Completed in 2017 for a planned first flight in 2018 on Starliner",
              "quote": "NDS qualification was completed in 2017 to support a planned first flight in 2018 on the Boeing CST-100 Starliner",
              "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180004167/downloads/20180004167.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Soft Capture System ring with three petals and capture latches",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The SCS Ring includes three petals which align and mate with corresponding petals on the mating docking ring.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Ring whose petals and latches make the first connection to the mating vehicle"
        },
        {
          "part": "Linear Actuator System (soft-capture ring actuators)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Moog",
          "quote": "Moog was selected a supplier partner to collaborate with the NDS team and develop the entire linear actuator subsystem.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Moves the soft capture ring during lunge, capture and load attenuation"
        },
        {
          "part": "Hard Capture System (HCS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The HCS performs the Hard Capture function",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Makes the structural connection that supports pressurization and crew transfer"
        },
        {
          "part": "Docking hatch",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "closely following the arrival of the lower dome and docking hatch in early May",
          "source_url": "https://www.designworldonline.com/?p=522258",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Hatch at the docking port, delivered with the lower dome of the pressure vessel"
        },
        {
          "part": "Nosecone with hinged re-entry cover",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "adding a hinged re-entry cover below its expendable nosecone",
          "source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Starliner",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Protects the docking port; the re-entry cover shields it during atmospheric entry"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Avionics and navigation",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Vision-based, Electro-optical Sensor Tracking Assembly (VESTA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "navigation and docking system called the Vision-based, Electro-optical Sensor Tracking Assembly, or VESTA",
          "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Navigation and docking sensor that determines position and orientation relative to the stars"
        },
        {
          "part": "Star tracker cameras",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the vehicle's star tracker cameras will first see the orbiting lab",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Cameras that first see the station as a bright point against fixed stars during rendezvous"
        },
        {
          "part": "Flight Management Computer (FMC)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "algorithms within the flight management computer (FMC) determine the changes needed in velocity or attitude",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Computes the velocity or attitude change needed and selects the thrusters to fire"
        },
        {
          "part": "Integrated Propulsion Controller (IPC)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Integrated Propulsion Controller (IPC) and the Flight Management Computer (FMC) use these measurements",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Works with the FMC to read thruster chamber-pressure measurements and check thruster status"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Landing system",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Forward heat shield (jettisoned during descent)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "forward heat shield will be jettisoned after re-entry, having completed its work protecting the parachute system",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasas-boeing-crew-flight-test-mission-overview/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Protects the parachute system during re-entry, then is jettisoned"
        },
        {
          "part": "Pilot parachutes",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: HDT Airborne Systems (named as parachute system designer and integrator in a 2012 Boeing drop-test release)",
          "quote": "deploy pilot and drogue parachutes",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Deployed first in the descent sequence, before the drogues and mains"
        },
        {
          "part": "Drogue parachutes (x2)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: HDT Airborne Systems (2012 drop-test release)",
          "quote": "HDT Airborne Systems designed, fabricated and integrated the parachute system, which included the two drogue parachutes",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2012-05-03-Boeing-Completes-Full-Landing-Test-of-Crew-Space-Transportation-Spacecraft",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Slow and stabilise the capsule before the main parachutes open"
        },
        {
          "part": "Main parachutes (x3)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: HDT Airborne Systems (2012 drop-test release)",
          "quote": "The three main parachutes are then deployed and inflated",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Final descent parachutes",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Touchdown speed",
              "value": "about 4 mph (with airbags)",
              "quote": "cushioning its landing at approximately 4 mph",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasas-boeing-crew-flight-test-mission-overview/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Base heat shield (drops away before landing)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the spacecraft's base heat shield will drop away, allowing the air bag system to inflate prior to a soft landing",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Separates under parachutes so the airbags can inflate"
        },
        {
          "part": "Landing airbags (x6 primary)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ILC Dover",
          "quote": "ILC Dover designed and fabricated the landing air bag system.",
          "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2012-05-03-Boeing-Completes-Full-Landing-Test-of-Crew-Space-Transportation-Spacecraft",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Cushion touchdown on land",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "System",
              "value": "Dual airbag system, six primary bags at the base of the capsule",
              "quote": "The six primary airbags will deploy at the base of the capsule",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasas-boeing-crew-flight-test-mission-overview/"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module structure and thermal",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew module back shell",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Starliner technicians install back shells on the Orbital Flight Test-2 crew module",
          "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Outer thermal protection shell on the sides and top of the capsule"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew module propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew module reaction control thrusters (x12, MR-104J)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "features 12 Aerojet Rocketdyne MR-104J engines to properly orient the spacecraft during atmospheric re-entry",
          "source_url": "https://www.solardaily.com/reports/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Ships_Starliner_Re_entry_Thrusters_999.html",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Orient the capsule during atmospheric re-entry after the service module separates",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each",
              "value": "more than 100 lbf",
              "quote": "Each MR-104J engine produces more than 100 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://www.solardaily.com/reports/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Ships_Starliner_Re_entry_Thrusters_999.html"
            },
            {
              "label": "Total thrust",
              "value": "1,200 lbf",
              "quote": "which generate a total of 1,200 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant type",
              "value": "monopropellant",
              "quote": "crew module monopropellant thrusters, also provided by Aerojet Rocketdyne",
              "source_url": "https://www.satellitetoday.com/finance/2016/11/01/aerojet-rocketdyne-completes-launch-abort-engine-hot-fire-tests-starliner/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew module pressure control subsystem tanks (x8)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ARDÉ (Aerojet Rocketdyne subsidiary)",
          "quote": "Eight pressure control subsystem tanks to store nitrogen, oxygen and nitrox",
          "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Store nitrogen, oxygen and nitrox"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Service module propulsion",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Launch abort engines (x4, RS-88)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "The service module contains Starliner's four launch abort engines to be used during an unlikely abort scenario.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pusher abort system that carries the crew module away from a failing rocket from the pad to orbit",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each",
              "value": "40,000 lbf",
              "quote": "Starliner has four launch abort engines that each provide 40,000 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Propellant flow",
              "value": "about 700 lb (105 gal) per second",
              "quote": "burning about 700 pounds (105 gallons) of propellant every second",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Burn time in an abort",
              "value": "3 to 5.5 seconds",
              "quote": "They would fire between 3 and 5.5 seconds",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Engine model",
              "value": "RS-88",
              "quote": "it uses four RS-88 engines, which are built by Aerojet Rocketdyne",
              "source_url": "https://www.space.com/launch-abort-systems-of-spacex-boeing.html"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control (OMAC) engines (x20)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "Twenty orbital maneuvering and attitude control engines, providing 1,500 pounds of thrust each, are used for abort, maneuvering and stage separation.",
          "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Orbit insertion burn after separation from the rocket, deorbit burn, abort attitude control and stage separation",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (Aerojet and Boeing)",
              "value": "1,500 lbf",
              "quote": "20 Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control (OMAC) thrusters, 1,500 pound-force each",
              "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Thrust each (NASA press kit)",
              "value": "1,400 lbf",
              "quote": "A total of 20 engines can each produce 1,400 pounds of thrust",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Service module reaction control system (RCS) thrusters (x28)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Aerojet Rocketdyne",
          "quote": "28 reaction control system engines, which provide 85 pounds of thrust each to enable on-orbit maneuvering and International Space Station reboost",
          "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Attitude control, fine docking manoeuvres and ISS reboost",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Thrust each",
              "value": "85 lbf",
              "quote": "28 RCS thrusters, 85 pound-force each",
              "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Doghouses (x4)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Four protective enclosures known as \"doghouses\" are mounted around the perimeter of Starliner's service module.",
          "source_url": "https://www.space.com/space-exploration/international-space-station/doghouse-days-of-summer-boeings-starliner-wont-fly-again-until-2026-and-without-astronauts-aboard",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Enclosures around the service module holding RCS and OMAC thruster clusters and shared feed lines and valves"
        },
        {
          "part": "Helium manifolds (two per doghouse)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the system had evolved to two helium manifolds per doghouse",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Helium pressurant system that drives the thruster valves",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Leaks on Crew Flight Test",
              "value": "7 of 8 manifolds",
              "quote": "Seven of eight SM helium manifolds leaked during the mission.",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "RCS and OMAC thruster valves (dual poppet valves, Teflon poppet seat on the oxidizer side)",
          "material": "Teflon poppet seat (grade not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Teflon poppet extrusion in oxidizer valves, restricting flow",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "teflon-ptfe",
          "function": "Solenoid-pilot helium opens one NTO and one MMH poppet valve to fire each thruster",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Valve arrangement",
              "value": "Dual poppet valves, one for NTO and one for MMH",
              "quote": "permit helium to open dual poppet valves, one for NTO and one for MMH",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Spring-energized Teflon seal at the RCS and OMAC thruster flanges",
          "material": "Teflon seal (grade not stated)",
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The Teflon seal, which is spring energized for both the RCS and OMACs",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nasa-report-with-redactions-021926.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "teflon-ptfe",
          "function": "Seals the propellant side of the thruster flange next to helium O-rings"
        },
        {
          "part": "Service module propellant and pressurant tanks (4 fuel, 4 oxidizer, 2 pressurant)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: ARDÉ (Aerojet Rocketdyne subsidiary)",
          "quote": "ARDÉ provides 4 fuel, 4 oxidizer and 2 pressurant service module tanks.",
          "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Hold the hypergolic propellants and helium pressurant for the service module engines"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Power",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Multi-junction solar cells (more than 3,500 per spacecraft)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Spectrolab",
          "quote": "Spectrolab is supplying the more than 3,500 of it super-efficient compound semi-based, multi-junction solar cells for each spacecraft.",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083305/http://www.compoundsemi.com/spectrolab-solar-cells-power-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Convert sunlight into spacecraft power during flight and while docked",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Power",
              "value": "over 2,900 W",
              "quote": "these cells convert sunlight into over 2,900 watts of electricity for the spacecraft",
              "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/"
            },
            {
              "label": "Junction layers",
              "value": "three",
              "quote": "The solar cells on the Starliner will have three distinct layers to capture different portions of the energy spectrum.",
              "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083305/http://www.compoundsemi.com/spectrolab-solar-cells-power-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "part": "Micro-meteoroid debris shield carrying the solar cells (bottom of service module)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "solar cells will be incorporated into its micro-meteoroid debris shield located at the bottom of the spacecraft's service module",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083305/http://www.compoundsemi.com/spectrolab-solar-cells-power-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Debris shield on the service module base that also hosts the solar cells"
        },
        {
          "part": "Crew module batteries",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "installation of new crew module thrusters, batteries, and minor modifications to the parachute system",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-boeing-share-update-on-commercial-starliner-development-plans/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew module electrical storage; scheduled for replacement ahead of crewed flights"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Crew accommodations",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Crew seats with custom 3D-printed back inserts",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "the engineers scan the astronauts' backs, and build a 3D-printed insert which is placed into the structure of the seat",
          "source_url": "https://spacecoastliving.com/a-look-inside-the-cst-100-starliner-an-interview-with-boeings-melanie-weber/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Seat structure adjusts to each astronaut through a scanned, 3D-printed insert"
        },
        {
          "part": "Tablet and wireless crew interfaces",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Starliner also has wireless internet and tablet technology for crew interfaces.",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew interfaces over wireless internet and tablet technology"
        },
        {
          "part": "Backup manual flight controls",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "backup manual controls for the pilot",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Pilot controls available alongside the autonomous flight mode"
        },
        {
          "part": "Powered cargo accommodations",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "it can carry up to four powered payloads or three payloads and an ISS laptop",
          "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Crew module supplies electrical power to cargo"
        },
        {
          "part": "Boeing Blue launch-and-entry spacesuit",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: Boeing",
          "quote": "Boeing Blue spacesuit is about 20% lighter than previous ascent and entry suits",
          "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Intravehicular suit with integrated helmet and visor, touchscreen gloves and integrated shoe",
          "specs": [
            {
              "label": "Mass",
              "value": "about 20 lb with accessories",
              "quote": "weighs about 20 pounds with all of its accessories",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Integrated helmet",
              "value": "Helmet and visor built into the suit, not detachable",
              "quote": "Helmet and visor incorporated into the suit instead of detachable",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            },
            {
              "label": "Gloves",
              "value": "Touchscreen-sensitive",
              "quote": "Touchscreen-sensitive gloves",
              "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Launch vehicle interface",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Launch vehicle adapter (LVA)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: United Launch Alliance",
          "quote": "The LVA uses a truss structure and metallic ring to attach the spacecraft to the Centaur upper stage",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Truss and metallic ring that attach Starliner to the Atlas V Centaur upper stage"
        },
        {
          "part": "Aeroskirt (70 inches long)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: United Launch Alliance",
          "quote": "ULA also designed a 70-inch-long aeroskirt to extend Starliner's aerodynamic surface",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Extends Starliner's aerodynamic surface; jettisoned after booster stage separation"
        },
        {
          "part": "Emergency Detection System (EDS)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Supplier: United Launch Alliance",
          "quote": "provides a capability to take action by signaling an abort command so the Starliner can escape",
          "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null,
          "function": "Monitors rocket health and signals an abort command so Starliner can escape"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "aluminium",
      "name": "aluminum (alloy not stated)",
      "material_page": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/aluminium/"
    },
    {
      "id": "boeing-lightweight-ablator",
      "name": "Boeing Lightweight Ablator (filled silicone resin in honeycomb)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "teflon-ptfe",
      "name": "Teflon seal (grade not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Atlas V (N22 Starliner configuration, no payload fairing)",
      "target_slug": "ula-atlas-v",
      "note": "Starliner flies on the Atlas V Starliner configuration from SLC-41",
      "quote": "Atlas V rocket will launch Boeing's Crew Space Transportation (CST)-100 Starliner spacecraft with two NASA astronauts",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/next-launch/atlas-v-starliner-cft"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RL10 (two RL10A-4-2 on the Dual Engine Centaur)",
      "target_slug": "ula-rl10",
      "note": "Upper-stage engines of the Atlas V that lifts Starliner; launcher engine, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "The Atlas V configuration for this mission is powered by dual RL10A-4-2 engines, each producing 22,600 lbs",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/next-launch/atlas-v-starliner-cft"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "RD-180 engine",
      "target_slug": "npo-energomash-rd-180",
      "note": "First-stage engine of the Atlas V that lifts Starliner; launcher engine, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "Booster propulsion is provided by the RD-180 engine system (a single engine with two thrust chambers).",
      "source_url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/next-launch/atlas-v-starliner-cft"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "AJ-60A solid rocket booster (Aerojet Rocketdyne)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Two strap-on solid boosters on the Starliner Atlas V; launcher motors, not carried by the capsule",
      "quote": "Two AJ-60A solid rocket boosters that provide more than 375,000 pounds of thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
    },
    {
      "type": "launched_on",
      "target": "Vulcan Centaur (planned certification for Starliner)",
      "target_slug": "ula-vulcan-centaur",
      "note": "NASA plans to certify Vulcan for Starliner after the final Atlas V flight (announced 28 Sep 2026); not yet flown",
      "quote": "will work with Boeing and United Launch Alliance to certify the Vulcan rocket for use after the Atlas V rocket's final flight",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-boeing-share-update-on-commercial-starliner-development-plans/"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "RS-88 engine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Four on the service module, 40,000 lbf each; pusher abort",
      "quote": "it uses four RS-88 engines, which are built by Aerojet Rocketdyne",
      "source_url": "https://www.space.com/launch-abort-systems-of-spacex-boeing.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "OMAC engine (Aerojet Rocketdyne)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Twenty orbital maneuvering and attitude control engines on the service module",
      "quote": "Twenty orbital maneuvering and attitude control engines, providing 1,500 pounds of thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Service module RCS thruster (Aerojet Rocketdyne)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Twenty-eight 85 lbf reaction control engines on the service module",
      "quote": "28 reaction control system engines, which provide 85 pounds of thrust each",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "MR-104J thruster",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Twelve crew module re-entry thrusters",
      "quote": "features 12 Aerojet Rocketdyne MR-104J engines to properly orient the spacecraft during atmospheric re-entry",
      "source_url": "https://www.solardaily.com/reports/Aerojet_Rocketdyne_Ships_Starliner_Re_entry_Thrusters_999.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "NASA Docking System Block 1",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Docking mechanism used on Starliner",
      "quote": "The NDSB1 will be used on the Boeing CST-100 Starliner within NASA's Commercial Crew Program",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "carries",
      "target": "Boeing Blue spacesuit",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Crew launch-and-entry suit",
      "quote": "Boeing Blue spacesuit is about 20% lighter than previous ascent and entry suits",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Aerojet Rocketdyne",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Service module propulsion, crew module thrusters and Atlas V solid boosters and RL10 engines",
      "quote": "Aerojet Rocketdyne propulsion hardware is featured on all phases of the upcoming OFT mission, from launch to atmospheric re-entry",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "ARDÉ (Aerojet Rocketdyne subsidiary)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Service module and crew module propellant, pressurant and pressure-control tanks",
      "quote": "built by Aerojet Rocketdyne subsidiary ARDÉ, located in Carlstadt, New Jersey",
      "source_url": "https://iconnect007.com/article/121022/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-up-for-first-flight-of-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/121025/ein"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Spectrolab",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Solar cells on the service module",
      "quote": "Made by Spectrolab Inc., these cells convert sunlight into over 2,900 watts of electricity for the spacecraft.",
      "source_url": "https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "ILC Dover",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Landing airbag system",
      "quote": "ILC Dover designed and fabricated the landing air bag system.",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2012-05-03-Boeing-Completes-Full-Landing-Test-of-Crew-Space-Transportation-Spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "HDT Airborne Systems (Airborne Systems)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Parachute system, as named in the 2012 drop-test release",
      "quote": "HDT Airborne Systems designed, fabricated and integrated the parachute system",
      "source_url": "https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2012-05-03-Boeing-Completes-Full-Landing-Test-of-Crew-Space-Transportation-Spacecraft"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Moog",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Linear actuator subsystem of the NASA Docking System",
      "quote": "Moog was selected a supplier partner to collaborate with the NDS team and develop the entire linear actuator subsystem.",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005413/downloads/20170005413.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Spincraft",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Spin-forming of the pressure vessel domes (weldless spin forming)",
      "quote": "Spincraft based in North Billerica, Massachusetts, performing the spin-form work",
      "source_url": "https://www.designworldonline.com/?p=522258"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Janicki Industries",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Machining of the lower pressure vessel domes",
      "quote": "Janicki Industries in Layton, Utah, machining the lower domes",
      "source_url": "https://www.designworldonline.com/?p=522258"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Major Tool & Machine",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Machining of the upper pressure vessel domes",
      "quote": "Major Tool & Machine in Indianapolis machining the upper domes",
      "source_url": "https://www.designworldonline.com/?p=522258"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "United Launch Alliance",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Launch vehicle adapter, aeroskirt and emergency detection system for the Starliner Atlas V",
      "quote": "ULA also designed a 70-inch-long aeroskirt to extend Starliner's aerodynamic surface",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "operated_by",
      "target": "NASA Commercial Crew Program (customer)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Boeing flies Starliner under a NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability contract",
      "quote": "part of its Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract with NASA",
      "source_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "No alloy grades. Service module, airbags, parachutes, windows and tank materials not found. More detail: No public source found for: flight computer, display, seat, window, hatch-seal, battery and life-support (ECLSS) suppliers; radiator and umbilical hardware; materials of the service module structure, propellant tanks, back shell, crew module thruster bodies and thruster chambers. The only materials stated are the Teflon poppet seats and flange seals in the thruster valves (NASA investigation report) and the composite-overwrapped pressurant vessels (type of composite not stated). Thrust of the 20 OMAC engines is 1,500 lbf in Boeing and Aerojet releases but 1,400 lbf in the NASA press kit. Parachute and airbag suppliers are named only in a 2012 drop-test release (HDT Airborne Systems, ILC Dover); current flight suppliers are not confirmed. The NASA blog posts on the airbag tests and the Aerojet MR-104J and RS-88 originals returned errors, so syndicated copies were used. More detail: No public source found for: flight computer, display, seat, window, hatch-seal, battery and life-support (ECLSS) suppliers; radiator and umbilical hardware; materials of the service module structure, propellant tanks, back shell, crew module thruster bodies and thruster chambers. The only materials stated are the Teflon poppet seats and flange seals in the thruster valves (NASA investigation report) and the composite-overwrapped pressurant vessels (type of composite not stated). Thrust of the 20 OMAC engines is 1,500 lbf in Boeing and Aerojet releases but 1,400 lbf in the NASA press kit. Parachute and airbag suppliers are named only in a 2012 drop-test release (HDT Airborne Systems, ILC Dover); current flight suppliers are not confirmed. The NASA blog posts on the airbag tests and the Aerojet MR-104J and RS-88 originals returned errors, so syndicated copies were used.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [
    {
      "file": "products/context/boeing-starliner-1.jpg",
      "alt": "Boeing Starliner (Crew Flight Test) crew module and service module close up in orbit with Earth cloud layer behind, Boeing",
      "long": "Boeing Starliner (Crew Flight Test) crew module and service module close up in orbit with Earth cloud layer behind, Boeing, Starliner and NASA markings visible",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "NASA Johnson Space Center (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing%27s_Starliner_Spacecraft_(iss071e193498).jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/boeing-starliner-2.jpg",
      "alt": "Starliner crew module after the Orbital Flight Test landing, inside a processing facility on a platform with its tan landing",
      "long": "Starliner crew module after the Orbital Flight Test landing, inside a processing facility on a platform with its tan landing air bags",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Frank Michaux (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calypso_Starliner_capsule_postflight.jpg"
    },
    {
      "file": "products/context/boeing-starliner-3.jpg",
      "alt": "Starliner crew module and service module being lifted by crane at the Atlas V launch site vertical integration facility with",
      "long": "Starliner crew module and service module being lifted by crane at the Atlas V launch site vertical integration facility with technicians below, Orbital Flight Test",
      "kind": "product",
      "credit": "Cory Huston (public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CST-100_Starliner_integration_with_Atlas_V_for_Orbital_Flight_Test_(KSC-20191121-PH-CSH02_0080)_(cropped).jpg"
    }
  ],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}