{
  "id": "aerojet-aj10-190",
  "title": "AJ10-190 engine",
  "maker": "Aerojet Rocketdyne",
  "maker_type": "Commercial",
  "kind": "mission",
  "category": "engines",
  "page": "https://spacemushroom.com/space-products/aerojet-aj10-190/",
  "website": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
  "summary": "Hypergolic MMH/MON-3 engine designed by Aerojet Rocketdyne for the Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System; refurbished units are the Orion European Service Module main engine. NASA's design paper names a stainless steel liner, an electroformed nickel shell and a radiation-cooled columbium nozzle extension.",
  "application": "The AJ10-190 was the Orbital Maneuvering System engine of the Space Shuttle Orbiter, one in each pod, used for orbit insertion, in-orbit manoeuvres and deorbit. Refurbished Shuttle units are now the main engine of the European Service Module that pushes NASA's Orion capsule to the Moon on Artemis missions. Its stainless-steel-lined, nickel-jacketed chamber and radiation-cooled columbium nozzle are a reuse case for storable-propellant engines.",
  "story": null,
  "specifications": [
    {
      "label": "Thrust",
      "value": "26.7 kN",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "26.7 kN"
    },
    {
      "label": "Thrust class",
      "value": "About 6,000 lbf",
      "source_url": "https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/14232448/aerojet-rocketdyne-awarded-nasa-contract-for-orion-spacecraft-main-engine",
      "quote": "a 6,000 pound-thrust bipropellant engine"
    },
    {
      "label": "Specific impulse",
      "value": "315.1 s",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "315.1 seconds"
    },
    {
      "label": "Mixture ratio (oxidizer to fuel)",
      "value": "1.65",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "Mixture Ratio 1.65"
    },
    {
      "label": "Propellants",
      "value": "Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide with 3% mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON-3)",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The engine uses monomethylhydrazine (MMH) as the fuel and nitrogen tetroxide with 3% mixed oxides of nitrogen"
    },
    {
      "label": "Cooling and type",
      "value": "Pressure fed, hypergolic, regeneratively and film cooled, fixed thrust",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The OMS-E is a pressure fed, hypergolic-reacting bipropellant, regenerative and film cooled, fixed thrust engine."
    },
    {
      "label": "Nozzle area ratio",
      "value": "55:1",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "The engine nozzle area ratio was 55:1"
    },
    {
      "label": "Gimbal",
      "value": "Two axes, pitch and yaw",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The OMS-E gimbals to provide two-axis (pitch and yaw) thrust vector control."
    },
    {
      "label": "Maximum burn duration (Orion use)",
      "value": "1030 s",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "Max Burn Duration 1030 seconds"
    },
    {
      "label": "Starts (Orion use)",
      "value": "10 maximum",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "Number of Starts 10 max"
    },
    {
      "label": "Unfuelled mass",
      "value": "118 kg (260 lb), per Encyclopedia Astronautica",
      "source_url": "https://www.astronautix.com/o/ome.html",
      "quote": "118 kg (260 lb)"
    },
    {
      "label": "Engines per OMS pod (Shuttle)",
      "value": "One liquid-propellant rocket engine per OMS pod",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "a liquid-propellant rocket engine, and the structure"
    },
    {
      "label": "Engines per spacecraft (Orion)",
      "value": "One main engine on the European Service Module",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The main engine, OMS-E, is supplied directly from the main line"
    },
    {
      "label": "Artemis I engine history",
      "value": "Refurbished Shuttle engine that flew 19 missions, STS-41G (1984) to STS-112 (2002)",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "previously flew on nineteen missions ranging from STS-41G in 1984 to STS-112 in 2002"
    },
    {
      "label": "Orion flight",
      "value": "Artemis I launched 16 November 2022",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005874/downloads/Engines_final.pdf",
      "quote": "Artemis I was an uncrewed test flight of Orion that launched on November 16, 2022"
    },
    {
      "label": "First Shuttle flight",
      "value": "12 April 1981, Columbia (per Encyclopedia Astronautica)",
      "source_url": "https://www.astronautix.com/o/ome.html",
      "quote": "First Flown: April 12th, 1981, on the Orbiter Columbia."
    },
    {
      "label": "Nominal thrust requirement (Shuttle design)",
      "value": "About 6,000 lb, 4,000 lb lower limit",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "thrust level of approximately 6000 pounds was determined to be a reasonable nominal value"
    }
  ],
  "features": [
    {
      "text": "Hypergolic, pressure-fed storable-propellant engine with regenerative and film cooling",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The OMS-E is a pressure fed, hypergolic-reacting bipropellant, regenerative and film cooled, fixed thrust engine."
    },
    {
      "text": "Radiation-cooled columbium nozzle extension reaching an area ratio of 55:1",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "was radiation cooled and was constructed entirely of columbium"
    },
    {
      "text": "Chamber built from a stainless steel liner with an electroformed nickel shell",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "a stainless steel liner, an electroformed nickel shell, and an aft flange and fuel inlet manifold"
    },
    {
      "text": "Flat-face injector made from photo-etched platelets",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "like-on-like pattern composed of eight photo-etched platelets"
    },
    {
      "text": "Gimbals in pitch and yaw on an inlet-manifold gimbal ring",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The OMS-E gimbals to provide two-axis (pitch and yaw) thrust vector control."
    },
    {
      "text": "Fired through a pneumatically actuated series bipropellant valve",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "The OMS-E fires via a pneumatically actuated series bipropellant valve."
    },
    {
      "text": "A post-Apollo NASA technology contract for the orbital maneuvering engine started from improving the Apollo SPS bipropellant valve",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
      "quote": "The first of these contracts had a program objective of improving the Apollo service propulsion system (SPS) bipropellant valve."
    },
    {
      "text": "Reused on Orion: first six missions use refurbished Shuttle engines, new engines from Artemis VII",
      "source_url": "https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/14232448/aerojet-rocketdyne-awarded-nasa-contract-for-orion-spacecraft-main-engine",
      "quote": "The first six Orion missions will use refurbished Orbital Maneuvering System engines"
    },
    {
      "text": "Orion changes: added combustion chamber heater and redundant chamber pressure and injector temperature sensors",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
      "quote": "led to the decision to implement a heater system on the combustion chamber"
    }
  ],
  "parts": [
    {
      "assembly": "Thrust chamber assembly",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Chamber liner",
          "material": "stainless steel (grade not stated in the quoted text)",
          "form": "liner with 120 milled longitudinal coolant passages; fuel regeneratively cooled",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The combustion chamber was composed of three main parts: a stainless steel liner",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "stainless-steel"
        },
        {
          "part": "Chamber outer shell",
          "material": "electroformed nickel",
          "form": "electroformed shell closing the coolant channels",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a stainless steel liner, an electroformed nickel shell, and an aft flange and fuel inlet manifold",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "electroformed-nickel"
        },
        {
          "part": "Aft flange and fuel inlet manifold assembly",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "a stainless steel liner, an electroformed nickel shell, and an aft flange and fuel inlet manifold",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Regenerative cooling passages (120)",
          "material": null,
          "form": "milled rectangular passages, single pass",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The chamber contained 120 longitudinal, milled, rectangular-shaped passages.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Combustion chamber heater (added for Orion)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "led to the decision to implement a heater system on the combustion chamber",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Chamber pressure and fuel injector temperature sensors (redundant, added for Orion)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Additional changes to the OMS-E for Artemis include the addition of redundant chamber pressure and fuel injector temperature sensors",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Injector",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Injector (flat-face, photo-etched platelets)",
          "material": null,
          "form": "eight photo-etched platelets, like-on-like pattern",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "like-on-like pattern composed of eight photo-etched platelets",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Acoustic cavities",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "Describes the 1974 baseline engine configuration",
          "quote": "The baseline engine incorporated a platelet injector, acoustic cavities for stability",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Nozzle extension",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Nozzle extension (area ratio 6:1 to 55:1)",
          "material": "columbium (alloy grade not stated)",
          "form": "butt-welded panels formed into cones and bulge-formed; bolted to the chamber at 6:1 area ratio",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": "The same paper says the panels were butt-welded to form two cones",
          "quote": "was radiation cooled and was constructed entirely of columbium",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": "columbium-niobium"
        },
        {
          "part": "Nozzle mounting flange",
          "material": null,
          "form": "forged bolt ring",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The mounting flange consisted of a bolt ring made from a forging",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Propellant valve and feed",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Bipropellant valve (series, pneumatically actuated)",
          "material": null,
          "form": "series redundant, side mounted",
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The OMS-E fires via a pneumatically actuated series bipropellant valve.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Series valve assembly seals (replacement planned from Artemis 3)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "New seals in Series Valve Assembly (Artemis 3+)",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240005874/downloads/Engines_final.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Inlet filters",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "Filters were contained at the inlets of the feedlines for ease of access.",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Engine nitrogen supply and purge",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The engine carries its own supply of nitrogen to fire the engine",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "assembly": "Gimbal and electrical",
      "parts": [
        {
          "part": "Gimbal ring (inlet-manifold mounted)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "mounting it on the inlet manifold-mounted gimbal ring",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        },
        {
          "part": "Wiring harnesses (replaced for Orion)",
          "material": null,
          "form": null,
          "finish": null,
          "standard": null,
          "hardware_ref": null,
          "quote": "The wiring harnesses on the engine were also replaced",
          "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf",
          "profile": null,
          "mid": null
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "materials": [
    {
      "id": "stainless-steel",
      "name": "stainless steel (grade not stated in the quoted text)",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "electroformed-nickel",
      "name": "electroformed nickel",
      "material_page": null
    },
    {
      "id": "columbium-niobium",
      "name": "columbium (alloy grade not stated)",
      "material_page": null
    }
  ],
  "standards": [],
  "relations": [
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "Orion spacecraft",
      "target_slug": "nasa-orion",
      "note": "Main engine (OMS-E) of the European Service Module; first six Artemis missions use refurbished Shuttle units",
      "quote": "The first six Orion missions will use refurbished Orbital Maneuvering System engines",
      "source_url": "https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/14232448/aerojet-rocketdyne-awarded-nasa-contract-for-orion-spacecraft-main-engine"
    },
    {
      "type": "part_of",
      "target": "European Service Module",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Main engine of the Orion European Service Module; one engine",
      "quote": "its main engine, the Orbital Maneuvering System Engine, extends into the Spacecraft Adapter.",
      "source_url": "https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/European_Service_Module"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Space Shuttle Orbiter Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Artemis I flew an engine refurbished from the Shuttle OMS; 19 earlier Shuttle missions",
      "quote": "The OMS-E used on Artemis I was a refurbished Space Shuttle OMS-E",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240003648/downloads/382_BELAIR_ARTEMIS_I_ENGINE_PERFORMANCE_FINAL.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "heritage_of",
      "target": "Apollo Command and Service Module (Service Propulsion System bipropellant valve)",
      "target_slug": "nasa-apollo-command-service-module",
      "note": "Valve-level heritage only: a NASA technology contract to improve the Apollo SPS bipropellant valve fed the OMS valve design (the 1985 paper says the results were used to design the OMS valve)",
      "quote": "The first of these contracts had a program objective of improving the Apollo service propulsion system (SPS) bipropellant valve.",
      "source_url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850008634/downloads/19850008634.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "supplied_by",
      "target": "Aerojet Rocketdyne",
      "target_slug": null,
      "note": "Designed and developed the OMS engine for the Shuttle program",
      "quote": "originally designed and developed the OMS-E for the shuttle program",
      "source_url": "https://www.militaryaerospace.com/commercial-aerospace/article/14232448/aerojet-rocketdyne-awarded-nasa-contract-for-orion-spacecraft-main-engine"
    }
  ],
  "not_published": "Stainless steel grade, columbium alloy grade, injector and valve materials, gimbal ring material and bolt or seal materials are not stated. The engine was refurbished for Orion; no source lists replaced materials beyond harnesses, sensors, heater and valve seals.",
  "depth": "partial",
  "photos": [],
  "context": {
    "size": [],
    "mass": [],
    "orbit": []
  },
  "licence": "Product data CC BY 4.0, cite Space Mushroom. Photos keep their own licences, given per photo.",
  "mcp": "https://spacemushroom.com/mcp"
}