https://spacemushroom.com/articles/ Engineering material data, ranked and compared. Every number shows its unit, test conditions and source. Data is CC BY 4.0. en Mon, 02 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://spacemushroom.com/articles/ferrous-vs-non-ferrous-metals/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/ferrous-vs-non-ferrous-metals/ Mon, 02 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Ferrous vs non-ferrous metals: the difference, with the data. A sourced comparison across 37 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tungsten-carbide-vs-ceramics-hardness-toughness/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tungsten-carbide-vs-ceramics-hardness-toughness/ Mon, 02 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Tungsten carbide, zirconia, alumina, SiC: hardness against toughness. A sourced comparison across 20 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/composition-of-stainless-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/composition-of-stainless-steel/ Mon, 02 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data What is stainless steel made of? Composition by grade. A sourced comparison across 34 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-and-hardness-of-copper-alloys/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-and-hardness-of-copper-alloys/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Density and hardness of copper alloys: brass, bronze, copper-nickel and beryllium copper. A sourced comparison across 19 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-of-aluminium-alloys/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-of-aluminium-alloys/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Density of aluminium alloys by series, and how much weight you save over steel. A sourced comparison across 41 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-of-steel-and-stainless-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/density-of-steel-and-stainless-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Density of steel and stainless steel, with a weight calculator. A sourced comparison across 52 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/hardness-of-aluminium-titanium-copper-and-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/hardness-of-aluminium-titanium-copper-and-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Hardness of aluminium, titanium, copper and steel alloys, compared. A sourced comparison across 106 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/melting-point-of-steel-and-stainless-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/melting-point-of-steel-and-stainless-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Melting point of steel and stainless steel, grade by grade. A sourced comparison across 43 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/modulus-of-elasticity-of-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/modulus-of-elasticity-of-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Modulus of elasticity of steel: why every steel is about as stiff. A sourced comparison across 85 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/technical-ceramics-properties-compared/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/technical-ceramics-properties-compared/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Technical ceramics compared: specific heat, strength, hardness and thermal properties. A sourced comparison across 15 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-and-yield-strength-of-aluminium-alloys/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-and-yield-strength-of-aluminium-alloys/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Tensile and yield strength of aluminium alloys by temper. A sourced comparison across 22 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-and-yield-strength-of-carbon-and-alloy-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-and-yield-strength-of-carbon-and-alloy-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Tensile and yield strength of carbon and alloy steel: 1018, 1045, 4130, 4140, 4340. A sourced comparison across 9 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-strength-of-materials-ranked/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-strength-of-materials-ranked/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Tensile strength of common engineering materials, ranked. A sourced comparison across 259 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-strength-of-titanium-by-grade/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tensile-strength-of-titanium-by-grade/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Tensile strength of titanium by grade: CP grades, Ti-6Al-4V and beyond. A sourced comparison across 11 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/yield-and-tensile-strength-of-stainless-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/yield-and-tensile-strength-of-stainless-steel/ Sun, 01 Nov 2026 00:00:00 GMT Property data Yield and tensile strength of stainless steel by grade and condition. A sourced comparison across 34 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/hardness-brinell-rockwell-vickers/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/hardness-brinell-rockwell-vickers/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data HRC suits hardened steel, HB castings and soft metals, HRB annealed stainless and brass bar, HV thin sections. No one factor converts them: read scale and condition. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/melting-points-of-metals-and-alloys/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/melting-points-of-metals-and-alloys/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Tin melts lowest and tungsten highest of the metals compared here; alloys melt over a solidus-to-liquidus range, and service limits sit far below melting. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/properties-of-metals-compared/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/properties-of-metals-compared/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Among 23 metals and alloys in our data, magnesium AZ31B is lightest, tungsten melts highest and is stiffest, and gold ties tungsten for density. Trade-offs by family. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stress-corrosion-cracking-materials/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stress-corrosion-cracking-materials/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Why it fails SCC needs tensile stress, a susceptible metal and the wrong environment. See which alloys crack in chloride, ammonia or caustic, with stated temperatures and tempers. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/thermal-conductivity-of-metals/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/thermal-conductivity-of-metals/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Silver and copper conduct heat best; Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel, Invar and stainless steel conduct worst. Ranked with test temperature and form, with electrical conductivity. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/yield-strength-vs-tensile-strength/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/yield-strength-vs-tensile-strength/ Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Yield strength is where a material bends for good, tensile strength the peak before it breaks. In our data the gap runs from narrow to wide, set by temper and form. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/best-materials-for-heat-sinks/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/best-materials-for-heat-sinks/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Copper and aluminium are the main heat-path metals; aluminium nitride is the pick when the part must also insulate. Compared on conductivity, density and expansion. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/brass-vs-bronze-vs-copper/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/brass-vs-bronze-vs-copper/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Copper conducts best, aluminium bronze C95400 has the highest specified tensile strength, free-cutting brass C36000 is rated best to machine. Numbers from our profiles. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stiffest-materials-elastic-modulus/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stiffest-materials-elastic-modulus/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Young's modulus compared from plastics to steel to ceramics and tungsten: which materials are stiffest, why stiffness is not strength, and how to read a modulus number. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/inconel-vs-hastelloy-vs-monel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/inconel-vs-hastelloy-vs-monel/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Inconel 718 is strongest, Hastelloy C-276 is the only one with measured acid rates, Monel 400 suits flowing seawater, Inconel 625 sits between. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/lfp-vs-nmc-vs-lco-battery-materials/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/lfp-vs-nmc-vs-lco-battery-materials/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection LFP gives up capacity and voltage but peaked far cooler than NMC and LCO in both heating tests here; NMC and LCO carry more energy. Cell and material numbers stay apart. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/ptfe-vs-pfa-vs-fep-vs-pvdf/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/ptfe-vs-pfa-vs-fep-vs-pvdf/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection PTFE and PFA are listed to 260 °C, FEP to 204 °C, ETFE and ECTFE near 150 °C. Nine fluorinated materials compared on heat, strength, insulation and use. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stainless-steel-for-seawater/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/stainless-steel-for-seawater/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Stainless steel for seawater: 316, 2205 or 2507?. A sourced comparison across 6 material profiles, with a CSV download. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/strongest-lightweight-metals/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/strongest-lightweight-metals/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Titanium Ti-6Al-4V gives the most yield strength for its mass in our data; 7075 aluminium is the lighter pick, steel is stiffer, magnesium has no yield data. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/dense-and-refractory-metals/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/dense-and-refractory-metals/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Only tungsten and tantalum are both dense and high-melting here; lead, gold, silver, palladium, nickel and copper suit shielding, contacts or conduction. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/aluminium-alloy-guide/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/aluminium-alloy-guide/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Pick 6061 for general structure, 7075 for strength, 5083 or 5052 for sea-water plate and tanks, 6063 for anodised extrusions. Data from ten profiles. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-carbon-or-alloy-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-carbon-or-alloy-steel/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Pick A36 or 1018 for welded and machined parts, 4140 or 4340 for strength after heat treatment, D2, H13 or P20 for tools. Numbers by condition. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-engineering-plastic/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-engineering-plastic/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection ABS and PC for rigid housings, PP and PE for light parts, POM and nylon for gears, PBT and PET for dry stable parts. Numbers by grade, state and test. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/circuit-board-and-electronics-insulators/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/circuit-board-and-electronics-insulators/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection FR-4 fits most rigid boards, polyimide flexes and runs hotter, PTFE has the lowest dielectric constant, aluminium nitride moves heat. Compared with sourced data. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/low-thermal-expansion-materials/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/low-thermal-expansion-materials/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data Among 20 materials profiled, fused silica, Invar 36, silicon nitride and borosilicate expand least and plastics most. ULE, Zerodur, Super Invar not covered. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/atomic-oxygen-erosion-in-low-earth-orbit/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/atomic-oxygen-erosion-in-low-earth-orbit/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Space Fully fluorinated polymers such as PTFE and FEP erode far slower than Kapton in low Earth orbit; most common plastics erode as fast or faster. NASA flight data. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/high-temperature-plastics/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/high-temperature-plastics/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Read the data PBI tops Tg and 0.45 MPa deflection, PEI and PSU lead at 1.8 MPa, PTFE and PFA run to 260 °C but are soft. How Tg, HDT and service limits differ. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-stainless-steel/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/which-stainless-steel/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Pick 304L or 316L for welded parts, 430 for dry sheet, a duplex for warm chloride under load, 17-4 PH or 440C for strength. Data from 17 stainless profiles. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/technical-ceramics-alumina-sic-si3n4/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/technical-ceramics-alumina-sic-si3n4/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Of the five, zirconia bends at the highest stress, AlN and SiC move heat, Si3N4 expands least and alumina is rated hottest. Figures by grade. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/titanium-grades-guide/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/titanium-grades-guide/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection Grade 2 for seawater and forming, grade 9 for formable tube, Ti-6Al-4V for strength, grade 23 (ELI) for cold service. Numbers by condition; 316 and 6061 as reference. https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tool-steels-d2-h13-p20/ https://spacemushroom.com/articles/tool-steels-d2-h13-p20/ Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMT Material selection D2 suits cold-work tools, H13 hot-work dies, P20 and 1.2738 plastic moulds, 1.2316 corrosive plastics. Hardness, strength and weld notes by temper.