{ "spore": "profile", "id": "zinc", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "zinc-alloys", "name": "Zinc and zinc alloys", "abbreviation": "Zn", "role": "die-casting alloy and corrosion-protective coating", "category": "metals", "type": "heavy-metals", "summary": "Zinc (Zn) is used as the coating that galvanises steel, as rolled titanium-zinc sheet for roofs and façades, and as the base of the zinc alloys Zamak 3, Zamak 5 and ZA-8 that are die cast into parts. The ASTM B86 limits for Zamak 3 give a minimum tensile strength of 283 MPa, and ZA-8 ranges from 221 to 374 MPa. Pure zinc has a density of 7.133 g/cm3 at 25 °C and melts at 419.53 °C.\n", "best_for": "Die-cast parts with thin walls, and steel protected by a galvanised zinc coating", "weakest_at": "Weight (6.3 to 7.2 g/cm3) and post-casting shrinkage in precision die castings", "identity": { "formula": "Zn (element; CAS 7440-66-6). Zamak 3, ASTM B86 AG40A (weight %): Al 3.7 to 4.3, Mg 0.02 to 0.06, Cu 0.1 max, Fe 0.05 max, Pb 0.005 max, Cd 0.004 max, Sn 0.002 max, Zn balance. Zamak 5, ASTM B86 AC41A (weight %): Al 3.7 to 4.3, Cu 0.7 to 1.2, Mg 0.02 to 0.06, Fe 0.05 max, Pb 0.005 max, Cd 0.004 max, Sn 0.002 max, Zn balance. ZA-8, UNS Z35636 (weight %): Al 8.0 to 8.8, Cu 0.8 to 1.3, Mg 0.015 to 0.03, Fe 0.075 max, Pb 0.006 max, Cd 0.006 max, Sn 0.003 max, Zn balance; the ASTM B86 ZA-8 sheet prints Mg 0.01 to 0.03 and the Wikipedia casting column prints 0.015 to 0.03. Rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink, weight %): Zn 99.995 minimum, Cu 0.08 to 0.17, Ti 0.07 to 0.12, Al below 0.015.", "cas": "7440-66-6", "designations": [ { "system": "Name", "code": "Zamak 3", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B86 AG40A", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Title line of the sheet" }, { "system": "UNS", "code": "Z33521", "note": "AG40A ingot", "source": "icast-uns-z33521", "where": "Title line of the sheet" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "ZP3", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "UNI", "code": "ZnAl4", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B240 Zamak 3", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "Zinc Alloy 3", "source": "dynacast-zn", "where": "Zamak 3 description" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "Zamak 5", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B86 AC41A", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Title line of the sheet" }, { "system": "UNS", "code": "Z33531", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "ZP5", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B240 AC41A", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "Zinc Alloy 5", "source": "dynacast-zn", "where": "Zamak 5 description" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "ZA-8", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Cross reference table (ANSI/AA)" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B86 ZA-8", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Title line of the sheet" }, { "system": "UNS", "code": "Z35636", "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Title line of the sheet" }, { "system": "UNS", "code": "Z35638", "note": "also printed", "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "ZP8", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "ISO", "code": "ZP0810", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Cross reference table" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "988", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Introduction paragraph (EN 988 and ASTM B69)" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "B69", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Introduction paragraph" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "1179", "note": "Z1 grade", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Introduction paragraph (Z1 in accordance with EN 1179)" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "NedZink titanium zinc", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Page title" }, { "system": "Name", "code": "Special High Grade", "note": "SHG zinc", "source": "usgs-mcs2026-zinc", "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues (LME price)" } ], "source": "pubchem-zn-synonyms", "where": "PubChem record for zinc, CID 23994 (formula Zn, molecular weight 65.4; CAS 7440-66-6 in the synonyms list). Alloy compositions from the ICAST copies of ASTM B86 and UNS sheets (see recipe). Dynacast gives ZA-8 as approximately 8.4 % aluminium." }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "batteries", "structures", "mechanisms", "thermal-control", "electronics-and-chips" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, pure zinc (element)", "value": 7.133, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "pure zinc (element)", "condition": "form not stated in the PubChem record", "temperature": "25 °C", "unit_in_source": "g/cu cm" }, "method": "Value printed in the Density section of the PubChem record for zinc (CID 23994)", "status": "ground", "source": "pubchem-zn-density", "where": "Density section, entry 7.133 g/cu cm at 25 °C", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Density section", "id": "CID 23994; CAS 7440-66-6", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Density", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, pure zinc (element)", "value": 419.53, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "pure zinc (element)", "condition": "form not stated in the PubChem record", "unit_in_source": "419.53 °C" }, "method": "Value printed in the Melting Point section of the PubChem record for zinc (CID 23994)", "status": "ground", "source": "pubchem-zn-melting", "where": "Melting Point section, entry 419.53 °C", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Melting Point section", "id": "CID 23994", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Melting+Point", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "boiling_point", "label": "Boiling point, pure zinc (element)", "value": 907, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "pure zinc (element)", "condition": "at 760 mm Hg", "unit_in_source": "907 °C @760 [mm Hg]" }, "method": "Value printed in the Boiling Point section of the PubChem record for zinc (CID 23994)", "status": "ground", "source": "pubchem-zn-boiling", "where": "Boiling Point section, entry 907 °C @760 mm Hg", "source_detail": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Boiling Point section", "id": "CID 23994", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Boiling+Point", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink)", "value": 7.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet, manufacturer's physical property table", "unit_in_source": "g/cm3" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the NedZink technical specification (English page)", "status": "ground", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Physical properties table, row Density", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting point, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink)", "value": 420, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet, manufacturer's physical property table", "unit_in_source": "°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the NedZink technical specification (English page)", "status": "ground", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Physical properties table, row Melting point", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "recrystallisation_temperature", "label": "Recrystallisation temperature, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink)", "value": 300, "bound": "lower", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet", "reading": "printed as a lower limit, '> 300 °C'" }, "method": "Lower limit printed in the physical properties table of the NedZink technical specification", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml; printed as a lower limit only.", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Physical properties table, row Recrystallisation temperature", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Linear expansion coefficient, rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink)", "value": 0.022, "bound": "exact", "unit": "mm/(mK)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet", "unit_in_source": "mm/(mK)", "equivalent": "22 ppm/K" }, "method": "Value printed as 0.022 mm/(mK), that is millimetres per metre per kelvin; the importer converts it to ppm/K (0.022 mm/(m·K) equals 22 ppm/K)", "status": "ground", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Physical properties table, row Linear expansion coefficient", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, rolled titanium-zinc (product minimum)", "value": 110, "bound": "lower", "unit": "N/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet; product requirement (minimum)", "test": "Rp 0,2 (yield strength)", "unit_in_source": "N/mm2" }, "method": "Minimum product requirement printed in the mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink specification", "status": "ground", "note": "A minimum product requirement, not a typical test result.", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, row Yield strength (Rp 0,2)", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength Rm, rolled titanium-zinc (product minimum)", "value": 150, "bound": "lower", "unit": "N/mm2", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet; product requirement (minimum)", "test": "tensile strength Rm", "unit_in_source": "N/mm2" }, "method": "Minimum product requirement printed in the mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink specification", "status": "ground", "note": "A minimum product requirement, not a typical test result.", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, row Tensile strength (Rm)", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A50, rolled titanium-zinc (product minimum)", "value": 40, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink; Zn 99.995 % base with small Cu, Ti and Al additions)", "condition": "rolled sheet; product requirement (minimum)", "test": "elongation A50" }, "method": "Minimum product requirement printed in the mechanical and technological properties table of the NedZink specification", "status": "ground", "note": "A minimum product requirement; the Vickers hardness row prints 'min. 40%' with no clear unit and is not recorded.", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Mechanical and technological properties table, row Elongation (A50)", "source_detail": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength minimum, Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A)", "value": 283, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A; ZP3; UNS Z33521)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AG40A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "The ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet prints 280 MPa minimum for the same grade; the two ICAST sheets are not identical and this record uses the ASTM B86 AG40A sheet.", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 283 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength minimum, Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A)", "value": 221, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A; ZP3; UNS Z33521)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AG40A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "The ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet prints 200 MPa minimum for the same grade.", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 221 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation minimum, Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A)", "value": 10, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A; ZP3; UNS Z33521)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AG40A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Elongation in % 10 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "brinell_hardness", "label": "Hardness minimum, Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A)", "value": 82, "bound": "lower", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A; ZP3; UNS Z33521)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AG40A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml. The ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet prints 83 HB minimum.", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Hardness in HB 82 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Specific gravity, Zamak 3 (ZP3), zero porosity", "value": 6.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy, zero porosity", "temperature": "21 °C", "unit_in_source": "specific gravity (no unit printed)" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Gravity at 21°C (zero porosity), column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "value": 27, "bound": "exact", "unit": "µm/m/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "µm/m/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Expansion at 20-100 °C, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "value": 113, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "70 to 140 °C", "unit_in_source": "W m-1 °C-1" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity at 70-140 °C, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity, Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "value": 418.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "J/kg/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Heat Capacity at 20-100 °C, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity, Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "value": 27, "bound": "exact", "unit": "% IACS", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "not stated" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Conductivity % IACS, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting temperature range, Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "value": 381, "value_high": 387, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "reading": "melting temperature range, solidus to liquidus" }, "method": "Range printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Temperature Range, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "post_casting_contraction", "label": "Post-casting contraction, Zamak 3, 5 weeks after stabilisation", "value": 0.02, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "aged: stabilised (3 to 6 h at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 h at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 h at 70 °C), then measured after 5 weeks", "reading": "contraction as stabilised" }, "method": "Contraction printed in the Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table of the International Zinc Association guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml. Shows the aged (stabilised) condition.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table, row 5 weeks, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "post_casting_contraction", "label": "Post-casting contraction, Zamak 3, 2 years after stabilisation", "value": 0.03, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 3 (ZP3)", "condition": "aged: stabilised (3 to 6 h at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 h at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 h at 70 °C), then measured after 2 years", "reading": "contraction as stabilised" }, "method": "Contraction printed in the Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table of the International Zinc Association guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml. Shows the aged (stabilised) condition.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table, row 2 Years, column ZP3", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength minimum, Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A)", "value": 328, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A; ZP5; UNS Z33531 as printed)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AC41A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 328 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength minimum, Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A)", "value": 228, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A; ZP5; UNS Z33531 as printed)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AC41A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 228 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation minimum, Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A)", "value": 7, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A; ZP5; UNS Z33531 as printed)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AC41A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Elongation in % 7 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "brinell_hardness", "label": "Hardness minimum, Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A)", "value": 91, "bound": "lower", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A; ZP5; UNS Z33531 as printed)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Minimum limit printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 AC41A; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Hardness in HB 91 min.", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Specific gravity, Zamak 5 (ZP5), zero porosity", "value": 6.76, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy, zero porosity", "temperature": "21 °C", "unit_in_source": "specific gravity (no unit printed)" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Gravity at 21°C (zero porosity), column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "value": 27.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "µm/m/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "µm/m/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Expansion at 20-100 °C, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "value": 108.9, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "70 to 140 °C", "unit_in_source": "W m-1 °C-1" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity at 70-140 °C, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity, Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "value": 418.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "J/kg/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Heat Capacity at 20-100 °C, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity, Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "value": 27.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "% IACS", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "not stated" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Conductivity % IACS, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting temperature range, Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "value": 380, "value_high": 386, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "reading": "melting temperature range, solidus to liquidus" }, "method": "Range printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Temperature Range, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "post_casting_contraction", "label": "Post-casting contraction, Zamak 5, 5 weeks after stabilisation", "value": 0.021, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "aged: stabilised (3 to 6 h at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 h at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 h at 70 °C), then measured after 5 weeks", "reading": "contraction as stabilised" }, "method": "Contraction printed in the Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table of the International Zinc Association guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml. Shows the aged (stabilised) condition.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table, row 5 weeks, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "post_casting_contraction", "label": "Post-casting contraction, Zamak 5, 2 years after stabilisation", "value": 0.037, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "Zamak 5 (ZP5)", "condition": "aged: stabilised (3 to 6 h at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 h at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 h at 70 °C), then measured after 2 years", "reading": "contraction as stabilised" }, "method": "Contraction printed in the Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table of the International Zinc Association guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml. Shows the aged (stabilised) condition.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional Stability As Stabilised table, row 2 Years, column ZP5", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength range, ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8)", "value": 221, "value_high": 374, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8; UNS Z35636; ZP8)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 ZA-8; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "The ICAST UNS Z35636 sheet prints the same mechanical ranges.", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa 221 - 374", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8, chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength range, ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8)", "value": 198, "value_high": 290, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8; UNS Z35636; ZP8)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)", "unit_in_source": "Mpa" }, "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 ZA-8; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa 198 - 290", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8, chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation range, ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8)", "value": 1, "value_high": 10, "bound": "range", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8; UNS Z35636; ZP8)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 ZA-8; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Elongation in % 1 - 10", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8, chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "brinell_hardness", "label": "Hardness range, ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8)", "value": 85, "value_high": 103, "bound": "range", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ASTM B86 ZA-8; UNS Z35636; ZP8)", "condition": "as-cast or aging (heat-treatment column of the sheet)" }, "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties block of the ICAST copy of ASTM B86 ZA-8; not a typical test value", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.", "source": "icast-b86-za8", "where": "Mechanical properties block, Hardness in HB 85 - 103", "source_detail": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8, chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Specific gravity, ZA-8 (ZP8), zero porosity", "value": 6.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy, zero porosity", "temperature": "21 °C", "unit_in_source": "specific gravity (no unit printed)" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Gravity at 21°C (zero porosity), column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Thermal expansion, ZA-8 (ZP8)", "value": 27.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "µm/m/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "µm/m/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Expansion at 20-100 °C, column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, ZA-8 (ZP8)", "value": 114.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "70 to 140 °C", "unit_in_source": "W m-1 °C-1" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity at 70-140 °C, column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity, ZA-8 (ZP8)", "value": 435.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "unit_in_source": "J/kg/°C" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Heat Capacity at 20-100 °C, column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity", "label": "Electrical conductivity, ZA-8 (ZP8)", "value": 27.4, "bound": "exact", "unit": "% IACS", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "temperature": "not stated" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "note": "Custom benchmark name, not in property-canon.yaml.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical Conductivity % IACS, column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting temperature range, ZA-8 (ZP8)", "value": 375, "value_high": 404, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "alloy": "ZA-8 (ZP8)", "condition": "die-cast alloy", "reading": "melting temperature range, solidus to liquidus" }, "method": "Range printed in the physical properties table of the International Zinc Association die-casting alloy guide", "status": "ground", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Physical Properties table, row Melting Temperature Range, column ZP8", "source_detail": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Wet storage of galvanised coil, sheet and pack", "headline": "Wet, tightly packed galvanised product forms white rust, which is zinc hydroxide.", "effect": "Storage stain (usually white rust) is zinc hydroxide, which forms when zinc is in contact with moisture. It does not convert to the protective carbonate film, because wet packs starve the surface of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The extent depends on the time wet, the temperature and chloride-containing salts. When white rust occurs there is an actual loss of zinc coating, although most of it can be removed with no significant long-term damage to the coating.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "exposure": "wet packs, coils or tubes in storage or transport", "accelerants": "moisture; chloride-containing salts", "basis": "qualitative statements, no measured rate" }, "source": "steel-wet-storage", "where": "Introduction and extent-of-damage paragraphs; GalvInfoNote 3.2 section on storage stain" }, { "environment": "Open air, non-marine (galvanised steel and zinc surfaces)", "headline": "In open air a zinc carbonate film forms during drying and slows further corrosion.", "effect": "Zinc reacts with oxygen to a thin oxide, then with water to zinc hydroxide, and over time with carbon dioxide to zinc carbonate, the tenacious film that protects the surface. That film forms only when the surface dries between wet spells. GalvInfoNote 3.2 puts the corrosion rate of a zinc coating at anywhere from 10 to 100 times slower than bare steel.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "mechanism and a relative rate (10 to 100 times slower than bare steel); no corrosion rate in micrometres per year", "environment_note": "atmosphere with wet-dry cycles" }, "source": "galv-3-2", "where": "Why Does Zinc Protect Steel? section, and the paragraph comparing the coating rate with bare steel (PDF text drops the multiplier sign, read as 'times')" }, { "environment": "Chloride-laden or marine air", "headline": "Chloride salts speed white rust and loss of zinc.", "effect": "Both sources name chloride-containing salts as accelerating corrosive agents for white rust. The steel.org.au note says zinc has a low atmospheric corrosion rate in non-marine environments only because a continuous passive film forms, so marine exposure is a different case.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "basis": "qualitative statements, no measured rate", "agent": "chloride-containing salts" }, "source": "steel-wet-storage", "where": "Introduction paragraph and extent-of-damage paragraph" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "ECHA C&L Inventory via PubChem, zinc (CID 23994): 2,624 company reports from 46 notifications. Of these, 2,237 reports give hazard codes, and the percentages below are shares of those 2,237 reports: H250 (26.7 %) catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air; H260 (26.7 %) in contact with water releases flammable gases; H400 (84.9 %) very toxic to aquatic life; H410 (79 %) very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. 387 of the 2,624 reports (14.7 %) say the substance does not meet GHS criteria.", "ghs": [ "H250", "H260", "H400", "H410" ], "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs", "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated information (Danger and Warning blocks)" }, { "text": "One notification block carries the Warning signal word with H320, causes eye irritation.", "ghs": [ "H320" ], "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs", "where": "GHS Classification section, Warning block with H320" }, { "text": "PubChem says the classification varies between notifications with impurities, additives and form (for example powder versus solid), so the form of zinc matters.", "ghs": [], "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs", "where": "GHS Classification section, note under the aggregated table" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Zinc whiskers shorting electronic circuits", "trigger": "Zinc-plated or zinc surfaces in electronic systems, including raised access floor tiles and relays", "consequence": "NASA's whisker failure list cites a 1994 rotary-switch failure attributed to zinc whiskers (J. Downs, Metal Finishing), a 2006 private communication on zinc whiskers in relays, and system failures attributed to zinc whiskers from raised access floor tiles in computer servers, routers and power supplies.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "nepp-whisker", "where": "Publicly reported failure references table, zinc entries; computer servers entry" }, { "mode": "White rust removing zinc coating in storage", "trigger": "Wet, tightly packed galvanised product in storage or transport", "consequence": "An actual loss of zinc coating occurs when white rust forms, and the surface is etched and loses its bright appearance.", "severity": "low", "source": "galv-3-2", "where": "Why is Zinc Susceptible to Storage Stain (White Rust)? section, and the paragraph on surface appearance" }, { "mode": "Post-casting shrinkage of die castings", "trigger": "Die castings left at ambient temperature after casting, without stabilisation", "consequence": "Post-casting shrinkage continues after casting. The IZA gives contraction after stabilisation of 0.02 % at 5 weeks and 0.03 % at 2 years for Zamak 3; for high-precision parts this may need to be taken into account.", "severity": "low", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional Stability and Dimensional Stability As Stabilised sections" } ], "side_effects": [ { "text": "The hazard codes most often notified are very toxic to aquatic life (H400, 84.9 % of reports giving codes) and very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (H410, 79 % of reports giving codes).", "affects": "Waterways and aquatic life near zinc releases", "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs", "where": "Aggregated GHS information" } ], "handling": [ { "text": "Keep zinc dust and powder dry and away from water. The aggregated PubChem record gives H260: in contact with water releases flammable gases, which may ignite spontaneously.", "source": "pubchem-zn-ghs", "where": "Aggregated GHS information, H260 line" }, { "text": "Keep galvanised coil, sheet and tube dry and separated. Open wet packs and let them dry, use dry dunnage, and keep tarpaulins dry so that water stays out of the load.", "source": "steel-wet-storage", "where": "Prevention and bulk transport paragraphs" }, { "text": "Stabilise precision castings: 3 to 6 hours at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 hours at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 hours at 70 °C.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional stability section, stabilisation heat treatment paragraph" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Passivation treatments reduce white rust, but do not prevent it in improper storage. Chromium-based treatments were historically used and are being replaced by silane or trivalent chromium treatments.", "source": "steel-wet-storage", "where": "Galvanizers always apply... and passivation paragraphs" }, { "text": "The stabilisation heat treatment brings forward shrinkage that would otherwise happen slowly after casting.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Dimensional stability section, paragraph on stabilisation" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "batteries", "device": "Silver-zinc battery", "example": "Several early NASA spacecraft, including the Apollo command module, used silver-zinc batteries (NASA article, 2016).", "source": "nasa-silver-zinc", "where": "Article text, paragraph beginning 'Several early NASA spacecraft'" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Galvanised steel for automobile and construction markets", "example": "Galvanized steel was the leading use of refined zinc in the United States in 2025, used widely in automobile and construction end markets.", "source": "usgs-mcs2026-zinc", "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues; Domestic Production and Use" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Rolled titanium-zinc roofs and façades", "example": "NedZink lists standing-seam and roll-cap roof systems and standing-seam façades in rolled titanium-zinc, which it describes as extremely weather-resistant and maintenance-free.", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Roofs and Façades entries, and the product description paragraph" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Die-cast valve, pump and general-engineering parts (Zamak 3, Zamak 5, ZA-8)", "example": "ICAST's ASTM B86 sheets state the intended application as valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries.", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Application line of the sheet (AC41A and ZA-8 sheets print the same line)" }, { "application": "thermal-control", "device": "Heat sinks cast from zinc diecasting alloys", "example": "The IZA says zinc diecasting alloys have good conductivity of heat and electricity, which makes them useful for heat sinks, wave-guides and EMI shielding.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Heat Sink Design paragraph" }, { "application": "electronics-and-chips", "device": "EMI shielding and wave-guides from zinc diecastings", "example": "The IZA lists EMI shielding and wave-guides among the uses of its zinc diecasting alloys.", "source": "iza-physical", "where": "Heat Sink Design paragraph" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Zinc", "abundance": "Identified zinc resources of the world are about 1.9 billion tons; world reserves are 240,000 thousand t (USGS MCS 2026, zinc content)", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 31.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 11.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Australia", "share_percent": 8.5, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "India", "share_percent": 6.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Mexico", "share_percent": 6, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [ { "list": "2025 final List of Critical Minerals, zinc listed (IEA reproduction of the USGS list, fetched in this run; the USGS page returned HTTP 403 to curl)", "listed": true } ], "recycling": "USGS: refined zinc is recovered from secondary materials at primary and secondary smelters, including galvanizing residues and crude zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust. Net import reliance for refined zinc was 73 % in 2025 (estimated).", "substitutes": [ "USGS: aluminum and plastics substitute for galvanized sheet in automobiles; aluminum alloys, cadmium, paint and plastic coatings replace zinc coatings in other applications; aluminum- and magnesium-base alloys are major substitutes for zinc-base diecasting alloys." ], "source": "usgs-mcs2026-zinc", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, mine production 2025e in thousand t (zinc content): China 4,100; Peru 1,500; Australia 1,100; India 870; Mexico 780; world total 13,000 (rounded). Shares are calculated by Space Mushroom against that rounded total. Reserves: China 60,000; world 240,000 thousand t. Recycling and Substitutes sections." } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "ICAST data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf" }, { "title": "ICAST data sheet: UNS Z33521 (AG40A ingot)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z33521.pdf" }, { "title": "ICAST data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf" }, { "title": "ICAST data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf" }, { "title": "ICAST data sheet: UNS Z35636 (ZA-8 casting)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35636.pdf" }, { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc technical specifications", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866" }, { "title": "International Zinc Association: zinc diecasting alloys, physical properties", "type": "report", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/" }, { "title": "PubChem: zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zinc" }, { "title": "NASA NEPP: whisker failure references", "type": "report", "url": "https://nepp.nasa.gov/WHISKER/failures/index.htm" }, { "title": "GalvInfoNote 3.2: corrosion, mechanisms, prevention and testing", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/05/GalvInfoNote_3_2.pdf" }, { "title": "Wet storage staining on galvanized steels", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.steel.org.au/getattachment/1da8f314-454a-4583-9690-84826e342e2d/Wet-Storage-Staining-on-Galvanized-Steel-4-2-2013.pdf" }, { "title": "NASA: silver-zinc batteries article (2016)", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/?p=94903", "year": 2016 }, { "title": "Dynacast: zinc die casting alloys", "type": "report", "url": "https://dynacast.com/en-sg/resources/material-information/zinc-casting-metals/zamak-3" }, { "title": "Wikipedia: Zinc aluminium (ZA alloys, composition only)", "type": "database", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_aluminium" } ], "gaps": [ "No vacuum, outgassing, atomic-oxygen, radiation or thermal-vacuum data for zinc or its alloys were fetched in this run, so tags.environments is empty.", "No datasheet for cast pure zinc (SHG ingot) with properties was fetched. The PubChem element values state no form or temper, and the rolled values are from one manufacturer.", "Electrical conductivity or resistivity of pure zinc, and thermal conductivity of pure zinc and rolled zinc, were not found in a readable source. Electrical conductivity for the three die-casting alloys is recorded as % IACS under a custom benchmark name.", "The NedZink values are minimum product requirements from the manufacturer's table, not typical test results. Its Vickers hardness row prints 'min. 40%' with no clear unit, so it is not recorded.", "The Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 mechanical values are minimum limits from ICAST copies of ASTM B86, not typical measured values. The ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet gives different values for the same grade (Al 3.9 to 4.3 %, Mg 0.025 to 0.05 %, tensile 280 MPa, yield 200 MPa, hardness 83 HB); this record uses the ASTM B86 AG40A sheet. Confirm limits against the standard before design use.", "ZA-8 magnesium differs between the ICAST ASTM B86 ZA-8 sheet (0.01 to 0.03 %) and the UNS Z35636 sheet and Wikipedia casting column (0.015 to 0.03 %); the recipe uses 0.015 to 0.03.", "ASTM B86 prints 'As-Cast or Aging' as one condition with no separate die-cast or aged mechanical values. Stabilised (aged) contraction data are given only for ZP3 and ZP5 in the IZA table; ZP8 is not in that table.", "Impact values were not recorded: ICAST prints 65 J minimum at room temperature for Zamak 5 and 20 to 42 J for ZA-8.", "Creep, fatigue and long-term strength of die castings: no readable source found.", "Intergranular corrosion and the effect of Pb, Cd and Sn impurities on dimensional change were not sourced. A 2018 Technische Mechanik paper was seen only in a search snippet and was not opened.", "Atmospheric corrosion rate in micrometres per year: not found in a readable source. GalvInfoNote 3.2 gives only a relative rate (10 to 100 times slower than bare steel). ISO 9223 was not opened.", "Corrosion of Zamak and ZA-8 in humid or chloride air was not sourced; the International Zinc Association corrosion page was not located at its guessed address.", "Hazard data are ECHA notifications aggregated by PubChem (2,624 reports). No occupational exposure limit and no metal-fume source was opened.", "Critical-mineral list: zinc is listed on the 2025 final list in the IEA reproduction of the USGS list, fetched in this run. The USGS release page returned HTTP 403 to curl and the Federal Register notice was not opened. The EU critical raw materials list was not checked for zinc.", "Supply shares are calculated by Space Mushroom from the USGS 2025e mine-production table (zinc content, thousand t) against the rounded world total of 13,000 thousand t; the country values do not sum exactly to that total.", "Benchmark names not in property-canon.yaml and used here: brinell_hardness, electrical_conductivity, post_casting_contraction, recrystallisation_temperature.", "The NASA silver-zinc article does not describe the electrode chemistry, so zinc's role as the active metal is not stated in the fetched text.", "No media (images) were added in this run; no openly licensed image page was fetched with its licence checked.", "UNS and ISO numbers differ between sources. Only numbers printed on pages fetched in this run are recorded. MakeItFrom returned a block page to curl and was not used.", "The Dynacast pages fetched give no numeric composition, so composition comes from the ICAST sheets, NedZink's table and the Wikipedia casting column." ], "story": { "why": "Zinc is a metal with a low melting point that does two jobs. As a coating it protects steel: the zinc forms a carbonate film that slows its own corrosion, and galvanising extends the life of steel because that film behaves differently from iron oxide. As a die-casting alloy it is cast into parts, and Dynacast lists a lower melting point, excellent thin-wall capability and high dimensional accuracy for zinc die casting. Zamak 3 is the most widely used zinc alloy in North America and Zamak 5 in Europe, and ZA-8 is the aluminium-rich member of the family. Zinc metal melts at 419.53 °C and has a density of 7.133 g/cm3 at 25 °C, while Zamak 3 melts over 381 to 387 °C.", "uses": [ { "where": "Batteries", "line": "Silver-zinc batteries powered several early NASA spacecraft, including the Apollo command module, according to NASA's 2016 article." }, { "where": "Galvanised steel", "line": "Galvanised steel was the leading use of refined zinc in the United States, used widely in automobile and construction markets (USGS, 2025)." }, { "where": "Die castings", "line": "The ASTM B86 sheets from ICAST give valve, pump, general engineering and automotive parts as the intended use of Zamak 3, Zamak 5 and ZA-8." }, { "where": "Heat sinks and EMI shielding", "line": "The International Zinc Association says zinc diecasting alloys conduct heat and electricity well, which suits heat sinks, wave-guides and EMI shielding." }, { "where": "Roofs and façades", "line": "NedZink sells rolled titanium-zinc for standing-seam and roll-cap roofs and standing-seam façades, and describes it as weather-resistant and maintenance-free." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Melt", "line": "Zamak 3 melts over 381 to 387 °C, Zamak 5 over 380 to 386 °C and ZA-8 over 375 to 404 °C, according to the IZA table.", "scope": "material", "value": "381 to 387 °C (Zamak 3)" }, { "label": "Strength, Zamak 3", "line": "The ASTM B86 AG40A limits require at least 283 MPa tensile strength, 221 MPa yield strength and 10 % elongation, in the as-cast or aged condition.", "scope": "material", "value": "283 MPa minimum tensile" }, { "label": "Strength, Zamak 5", "line": "The ASTM B86 AC41A limits require at least 328 MPa tensile strength and 228 MPa yield strength, with 7 % elongation.", "scope": "material", "value": "328 MPa minimum tensile" }, { "label": "Strength, ZA-8", "line": "ZA-8 is printed at 221 to 374 MPa tensile strength and 198 to 290 MPa yield strength, with 1 to 10 % elongation and 85 to 103 HB hardness.", "scope": "material", "value": "221 to 374 MPa tensile" }, { "label": "Heat conduction", "line": "Thermal conductivity at 70 to 140 °C is 113 W/(m·K) for Zamak 3, 108.9 for Zamak 5 and 114.7 for ZA-8 (IZA).", "scope": "material", "value": "113 W/(m·K) (Zamak 3)" }, { "label": "Weight", "line": "Density is 6.6 g/cm3 for Zamak 3 and 6.3 g/cm3 for ZA-8 (zero porosity, 21 °C), and 7.133 g/cm3 for pure zinc at 25 °C.", "scope": "material", "value": "6.3 to 7.2 g/cm3 across the family" }, { "label": "Rolled sheet", "line": "Rolled titanium-zinc has a minimum tensile strength of 150 N/mm2 and a minimum elongation of 40 % (NedZink product requirements).", "scope": "material", "value": "150 N/mm2 minimum tensile" }, { "label": "Dimensional change", "line": "Zamak 3 castings that have been stabilised contract by 0.02 % after 5 weeks and 0.03 % after 2 years (IZA).", "scope": "material", "value": "0.03 % after 2 years" } ], "compare": "Among the die-casting alloys, Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 are close in density (6.6 and 6.76 g/cm3) and in thermal conductivity (113 and 108.9 W/(m·K)). Zamak 5 has the higher minimum strength (328 MPa tensile and 228 MPa yield, against 283 and 221 for Zamak 3) but the lower minimum elongation (7 %, against 10 %). ZA-8 is the lightest of the three at 6.3 g/cm3, and its tensile range runs to 374 MPa, but its elongation runs from 1 to 10 %. Pure zinc is denser at 7.133 g/cm3 at 25 °C, and the rolled titanium-zinc sheet is weaker in tension, with a minimum of 150 N/mm2.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Melting point", "benchmark": "melting_point", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Thermal conductivity", "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Keep zinc dust and powder dry and away from water: some notifications say contact releases flammable gas (H260, PubChem).", "Open and dry wet packs of galvanised product, use dry dunnage and keep tarpaulins dry, to prevent white rust (steel.org.au).", "Stabilise precision die castings: 3 to 6 hours at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 hours at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 hours at 70 °C (IZA)." ], "good_for": [ "Die-cast parts with thin walls and complex shapes (Dynacast lists excellent thin-wall capability).", "Heat sinks and EMI shielding from zinc diecastings, where conductivity counts (IZA).", "Weather-resistant roofing and façades in rolled titanium-zinc (NedZink).", "Silver-zinc batteries, which powered early NASA spacecraft such as Apollo (NASA)." ], "watch_out": [ "Heavy: 6.3 to 7.2 g/cm3 depending on the grade.", "Some notifications classify zinc as pyrophoric (H250) and say contact with water releases flammable gas (H260).", "Wet storage forms white rust, a zinc hydroxide stain that can remove some coating.", "Zinc whiskers have caused electronic failures in NASA's whisker failure list.", "Die castings shrink after casting; stabilise precision parts (IZA).", "Sources differ for the same grade: the ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet gives lower minimum tensile and yield strengths for Zamak 3 than the ASTM B86 AG40A sheet, so confirm limits against the standard.", "No vacuum, outgassing or radiation data for zinc alloys were found in this run." ], "verdict": "Zinc and its die-casting alloys are well documented and cast well into thin, complex parts, and the metal protects steel as a coating. Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 are the common choices, ZA-8 has the widest strength range and the least ductility, and zinc powder is a fire hazard. This profile has no space-environment data for zinc or its alloys.", "recipe": { "line": "Pure zinc is the element Zn. The die-casting alloys add aluminium with smaller amounts of copper and magnesium: Zamak 3 (ASTM B86 AG40A) has 3.7 to 4.3 % aluminium and 0.02 to 0.06 % magnesium; Zamak 5 (ASTM B86 AC41A) also has 0.7 to 1.2 % copper; ZA-8 (UNS Z35636) has 8.0 to 8.8 % aluminium and 0.8 to 1.3 % copper. Rolled titanium-zinc sheet from NedZink is at least 99.995 % zinc with small additions of copper, titanium and aluminium. Each alloy is zinc for the balance. The sources reviewed do not describe the smelting or casting steps, so none are given here.", "parts": [ { "name": "Zinc, pure base of rolled titanium-zinc", "symbol": "Zn", "role": "Base metal of the NedZink rolled product (Z1 under EN 1179)", "share_percent": 99.995, "share_note": "minimum", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Product requirements table, row Zinc (source prints Zn 99.995 %)" }, { "name": "Copper, rolled titanium-zinc", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "Small alloying addition", "share_percent": 0.08, "share_high": 0.17, "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Product requirements table, row Copper (source prints 0.08 to 0.17 %)" }, { "name": "Titanium, rolled titanium-zinc", "symbol": "Ti", "role": "Small alloying addition", "share_percent": 0.07, "share_high": 0.12, "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Product requirements table, row Titanium (source prints 0.07 to 0.12 %)" }, { "name": "Aluminium, rolled titanium-zinc", "symbol": "Al", "role": "Small addition, kept low", "share_percent": 0.015, "share_note": "less than", "source": "nedzink-ti-zinc", "where": "Product requirements table, row Aluminium (source prints less than 0.015 %)" }, { "name": "Aluminium, Zamak 3", "symbol": "Al", "role": "Main alloying element", "share_percent": 3.7, "share_high": 4.3, "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Aluminium" }, { "name": "Magnesium, Zamak 3", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "Minor alloying element (ASTM B86 range)", "share_percent": 0.02, "share_high": 0.06, "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Magnesium" }, { "name": "Copper, Zamak 3", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "Impurity limit", "share_percent": 0.1, "share_note": "maximum", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Copper" }, { "name": "Iron, lead, cadmium and tin, Zamak 3", "symbol": "Fe, Pb, Cd, Sn", "role": "Impurity limits", "share_note": "maximum: Fe 0.05, Pb 0.005, Cd 0.004, Sn 0.002", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Chemical composition table, rows Iron, Lead, Cadmium and Tin" }, { "name": "Zinc, Zamak 3", "symbol": "Zn", "role": "Matrix", "share_note": "balance", "source": "icast-b86-ag40a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Zinc" }, { "name": "Aluminium, Zamak 5", "symbol": "Al", "role": "Main alloying element", "share_percent": 3.7, "share_high": 4.3, "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Aluminium" }, { "name": "Copper, Zamak 5", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "Copper addition (ASTM B86 AC41A range)", "share_percent": 0.7, "share_high": 1.2, "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Copper" }, { "name": "Magnesium, Zamak 5", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "Minor alloying element (ASTM B86 range)", "share_percent": 0.02, "share_high": 0.06, "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Magnesium" }, { "name": "Iron, lead, cadmium and tin, Zamak 5", "symbol": "Fe, Pb, Cd, Sn", "role": "Impurity limits", "share_note": "maximum: Fe 0.05, Pb 0.005, Cd 0.004, Sn 0.002", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Chemical composition table, rows Iron, Lead, Cadmium and Tin" }, { "name": "Zinc, Zamak 5", "symbol": "Zn", "role": "Matrix", "share_note": "balance", "source": "icast-b86-ac41a", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Zinc" }, { "name": "Aluminium, ZA-8", "symbol": "Al", "role": "Main alloying element; Dynacast gives about 8.4 % and says ZA-8 is the only ZA alloy that can be hot-chamber die cast", "share_percent": 8, "share_high": 8.8, "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Aluminium" }, { "name": "Copper, ZA-8", "symbol": "Cu", "role": "Copper addition", "share_percent": 0.8, "share_high": 1.3, "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Copper" }, { "name": "Magnesium, ZA-8", "symbol": "Mg", "role": "Minor alloying element (UNS Z35636 range; the ASTM B86 ZA-8 sheet prints 0.01 to 0.03)", "share_percent": 0.015, "share_high": 0.03, "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Magnesium" }, { "name": "Iron, lead, cadmium and tin, ZA-8", "symbol": "Fe, Pb, Cd, Sn", "role": "Impurity limits", "share_note": "maximum: Fe 0.075, Pb 0.006, Cd 0.006, Sn 0.003", "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Chemical composition table, rows Iron, Lead, Cadmium and Tin" }, { "name": "Zinc, ZA-8", "symbol": "Zn", "role": "Matrix", "share_note": "balance", "source": "icast-uns-z35636", "where": "Chemical composition table, row Zinc" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The sources give no occupational exposure limit for zinc. The hazards on record are mainly to aquatic life, with a fire risk in some pyrophoric notifications.", "points": [ { "label": "Notified classes", "line": "Of the 2,237 reports that give hazard codes, 84.9 % list very toxic to aquatic life (H400) and 79 % list very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (H410). Of all 2,624 reports, 14.7 % (387) say zinc does not meet GHS criteria." }, { "label": "Pyrophoric notices", "line": "Some notifications classify zinc as pyrophoric: H250 (26.7 % of reports giving codes) says it catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air, and H260 (26.7 %) says contact with water releases flammable gases." }, { "label": "Eyes", "line": "One notification block lists H320, causes eye irritation, with the Warning signal word." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Aquatic hazard; some pyrophoric notices" }, { "title": "If it fails", "lead": "These failure routes come from the sources. They are field reports and standards notes, not space tests.", "points": [ { "label": "Zinc whiskers", "line": "NASA's whisker failure list cites a 1994 rotary-switch failure attributed to zinc whiskers and a 2006 private communication on zinc whiskers in relays. It also attributes system failures to zinc whiskers from raised access floor tiles." }, { "label": "White rust", "line": "Wet, tightly packed galvanised product forms white rust, which is zinc hydroxide. The stain etches the coating and can remove some zinc, although most white rust can be removed without lasting damage." }, { "label": "Dimensional change", "line": "Die castings keep shrinking after casting. The IZA says the change is negligible for most purposes, and a stabilising heat treatment brings most of it forward." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Whiskers and white rust" }, { "title": "Handling and storage", "points": [ { "label": "Keep dust and powder dry", "line": "Keep zinc dust and powder away from water: some notifications say contact releases flammable gas (ECHA notifications via PubChem)." }, { "label": "Keep packs dry", "line": "Open and dry wet packs of galvanised product, use dry dunnage and keep tarpaulins dry (steel.org.au)." }, { "label": "Stabilise precision parts", "line": "Hold castings for 3 to 6 hours at 100 °C, or 5 to 10 hours at 85 °C, or 10 to 20 hours at 70 °C (IZA)." } ] } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 44, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 17, "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from the pages named in each entry, fetched in this run (PDFs as text; web pages as text with tags removed). Caveats: ASTM B86 values are minimum limits, and the ICAST UNS Z33521 sheet differs from its AG40A sheet; NedZink rolled-zinc values are minimum product requirements; the PubChem zinc values state no form; custom benchmark names are listed in gaps." }, "sources": { "usgs-mcs2026-zinc": { "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc (U.S. Geological Survey)", "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain (USGS)" }, "iea-crit-2025": { "title": "Final List of Critical Minerals 2025 (IEA policy database, reproducing the USGS list)", "url": "https://www.iea.org/policies/31799-final-list-of-critical-minerals-2025", "year": 2025, "kind": "web", "license": "IEA web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "pubchem-zn-density": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Density section", "id": "CID 23994; CAS 7440-66-6", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Density", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "pubchem-zn-melting": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Melting Point section", "id": "CID 23994", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Melting+Point", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "pubchem-zn-boiling": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), Boiling Point section", "id": "CID 23994", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=Boiling+Point", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "pubchem-zn-ghs": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), GHS classification (ECHA C&L Inventory, aggregated)", "id": "CID 23994", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23994/JSON?heading=GHS+Classification", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI); ECHA data as attributed there" }, "pubchem-zn-synonyms": { "title": "PubChem compound record: Zinc (CID 23994), synonyms list", "id": "CID 23994; CAS 7440-66-6", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/23994/synonyms/TXT", "kind": "database", "license": "public domain (NCBI)" }, "nedzink-ti-zinc": { "title": "NedZink titanium zinc: technical specifications (EN 988, ASTM B69; Zn 99.995 % base)", "url": "https://nedzink.com/en/?p=24866", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-b86-ag40a": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AG40A (Zamak 3), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AG40A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-uns-z33521": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: UNS Z33521 (zinc die casting alloy 3, AG40A ingot)", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z33521.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-b86-ac41a": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 AC41A (Zamak 5), chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20AC41A.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-b86-za8": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: ASTM B86 ZA-8, chemical composition and mechanical properties", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20B86%20ZA-8.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" }, "icast-uns-z35636": { "title": "ICAST Alloys LLP data sheet: UNS Z35636 (zinc-aluminum ZA-8 alloy casting)", "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35636.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "supplier data sheet, reference only (cited, not reproduced)" }, "iza-physical": { "title": "International Zinc Association, Zinc Diecasting Alloys: Physical Properties (table for ZP3, ZP5, ZP2 and ZP8; dimensional stability)", "url": "https://diecasting.zinc.org/properties/en/alloy_properties/eng_prop_a_physical-properties/", "kind": "handbook", "license": "IZA web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "dynacast-zn": { "title": "Dynacast: zinc die casting, alloys Zamak 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and ZA descriptions", "url": "https://dynacast.com/en-sg/resources/material-information/zinc-casting-metals/zamak-3", "kind": "web", "license": "manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "nasa-silver-zinc": { "title": "NASA Research Helps Take Silver-Zinc Batteries from Idea to the Shelf (Loura Hall)", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/?p=94903", "year": 2016, "kind": "web", "license": "public domain (NASA)" }, "nepp-whisker": { "title": "NASA NEPP: Whisker Failures, publicly reported failure references", "url": "https://nepp.nasa.gov/WHISKER/failures/index.htm", "kind": "web", "license": "public domain (NASA)" }, "galv-3-2": { "title": "GalvInfoNote 3.2, section 3: Corrosion, mechanisms, prevention and testing (GalvInfo Center)", "url": "https://www.galvinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/05/GalvInfoNote_3_2.pdf", "kind": "report", "license": "GalvInfo Center note (cited, not reproduced)" }, "steel-wet-storage": { "title": "Wet storage staining on galvanized steels (David Harrison, Coating Development Manager, OneSteel Australian Tube Mills)", "id": "file name dated 4-2-2013", "url": "https://www.steel.org.au/getattachment/1da8f314-454a-4583-9690-84826e342e2d/Wet-Storage-Staining-on-Galvanized-Steel-4-2-2013.pdf", "kind": "report", "license": "industry note (cited, not reproduced)" }, "wiki-za": { "title": "Wikipedia: Zinc aluminium (ZA alloys; composition table only)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_aluminium", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/zinc/" }