{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "zinc-aluminium-za-12-za-27",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "zinc-alloys",
  "name": "Zinc-aluminium ZA-12 and ZA-27 foundry alloys",
  "abbreviation": "ZA-12, ZA-27",
  "role": "gravity and die casting alloy for bearings and wear parts",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "heavy-metals",
  "summary": "ZA-12 and ZA-27 are zinc-base foundry alloys with aluminium as the main alloying element. Eazall prints an ingot aluminium content of 10.8 to 11.5 % for ZA-12 and 25.5 to 28.0 % for ZA-27 (ASTM B240 composition). Eazall's typical die cast tensile strength is 400 MPa for ZA-12 and 421 MPa for ZA-27, with yield strengths of 317 MPa and 379 MPa. ZA-27 is the lighter alloy at 5.0 g/cc against 6.0 g/cc for ZA-12 (Eazall), but ZA-12 stretches more, at 4 to 7 % elongation against 1 to 3 %. Sources disagree on the ZA-12 density (5.6 g/cm3 per Firstmold) and on the ZA-27 tensile strength, and both are recorded side by side.\n",
  "best_for": "Gravity-cast or die-cast bearings, bushings and wear parts that need more strength than zinc die-casting alloys (Total Materia and Eazall)",
  "weakest_at": "Molten metal reacts violently with water, and the melt gives off zinc oxide fume (Bridesburg SDS); ZA-27 has the least castability of the pair (Firstmold)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Zinc-base alloys, weight %. ZA-12 ingot (ASTM B240, Eazall): Al 10.8 to 11.5, Cu 0.5 to 1.2, Mg 0.02 to 0.03, Fe 0.05 max, Pb 0.005 max, Cd 0.005 max, Sn 0.002 max, Zn balance; Eazall lists no nickel. ZA-12 die casting (ASTM B86, Eazall): Cu 0.8 to 1.2, Mg 0.01 to 0.03, Fe 0.075 max, Pb 0.006 max, Cd 0.006 max, Sn 0.003 max, Zn balance; the die casting aluminium figure is printed as \"10-5-11.5\", a probable typo, and is not recorded. ZA-27 ingot (ASTM B240, Eazall): Al 25.5 to 28.0, Cu 2.0 to 2.5, Mg 0.012 to 0.02, Fe 0.07 max, Pb 0.005 max, Cd 0.005 max, Sn 0.002 max, Zn balance. ZA-27 die casting (ASTM B86, Eazall): Al 25.0 to 28.0, Cu 2.0 to 2.5, Mg 0.01 to 0.02, Fe 0.075 max, Pb 0.006 max, Cd 0.006 max, Sn 0.003 max, Zn balance.",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "ZA-12",
        "source": "eazall-za12",
        "where": "Page heading and alloy name in the Eazall ZA-12 page"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "ZA-27",
        "source": "eazall-za27",
        "where": "Page heading and alloy name in the Eazall ZA-27 page"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B240",
        "note": "ZA-12 ingot composition",
        "source": "eazall-za12",
        "where": "Chemical Analysis table, Ingot (ASTM B240) column"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B86",
        "note": "ZA-12 die casting composition",
        "source": "eazall-za12",
        "where": "Chemical Analysis table, Die Cast (ASTM B86) column"
      },
      {
        "system": "ISO",
        "code": "ZP27",
        "note": "ZA-27",
        "source": "icast-za27",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, ISO row"
      }
    ],
    "source": "eazall-za12",
    "where": "ZA-12 values from the Chemical Analysis table of the Eazall ZA-12 page; ZA-27 values from the Chemical Analysis table of the Eazall ZA-27 page (source eazall-za27)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "58 (400) ksi (MPa)",
        "basis": "typical value, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, UTS row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 317,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "46 (317) ksi (MPa)",
        "basis": "typical value, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 4,
      "value_high": 7,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "value": 95,
      "value_high": 115,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "Brinell",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "Brinell"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, range as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "0.218 (6.0) lb/in^3 (g/cc)"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 5.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Comparison table of ZA alloy data on the Firstmold page, ZA-12 column; conflicts with the Eazall value of 6.0 g/cc",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "firstmold-zinc",
      "where": "ZA alloy data table, density row, ZA-12 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Firstmold: zinc casting tips (ZA alloy comparison)",
        "url": "https://firstmold.com/tips/zinc/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 377,
      "value_high": 432,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "710-810 (377-432) deg F (deg C)"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, melt range in deg C as printed in parentheses",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Melt Range row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "value": 28.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Electrical Conduct row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 0.107,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU/lb/deg F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, value and unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Specific Heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "die_shrinkage",
      "value": 0.0075,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "in/in",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za12",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Die Shrinkage row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "casting_temperature",
      "value": 480,
      "value_high": 540,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-12",
        "process": "melt temperature for casting, not a melting point",
        "unit_in_source": "480-540°C"
      },
      "method": "Die casting section of the Total Materia article, stated as about 50 degC lower than ZA-27; benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Die Casting the ZA Alloys section, ZA-12 paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: The Zinc-Aluminum Die Casting Alloys",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/pt/articles/the-zinc-aluminum-die-casting-alloys",
        "year": 2006,
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 421,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "61 ksi (421 MPa)",
        "basis": "typical value, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, UTS row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 379,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "55 ksi (379 MPa)",
        "basis": "typical value, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 3,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "value": 105,
      "value_high": 125,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "Brinell",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "Brinell"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast mechanical properties table, range as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Mechanical Properties table, Hardness row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "0.181 (5.0 g/cc) lb/in^3"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, metric value in parentheses as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 375,
      "value_high": 484,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting",
        "unit_in_source": "708-903 deg F (375-484 deg C)"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, melt range in deg C as printed in parentheses",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Melt Range row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "value": 29.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%IACS",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Electrical Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 0.125,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU/lb/deg F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table, value and unit as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Specific Heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "die_shrinkage",
      "value": 0.008,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "in/in",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "typical die casting"
      },
      "method": "Typical die cast physical properties table as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Typical Die Cast Physical Properties table, Die Shrinkage row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
        "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "casting_temperature",
      "value": 540,
      "value_high": 590,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "process": "melt held for die casting, not a melting point",
        "unit_in_source": "540-590°C"
      },
      "method": "Die casting section of the Total Materia article, melt temperature as printed; benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Die Casting the ZA Alloys section, ZA-27 paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: The Zinc-Aluminum Die Casting Alloys",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/pt/articles/the-zinc-aluminum-die-casting-alloys",
        "year": 2006,
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 426,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "not stated on the page",
        "note_on_form": "stated only as the upper end of a range from ZA-8 to ZA-27"
      },
      "method": "Introduction of the Total Materia article, range ending at 426 MPa for ZA-27; conflicts with the Eazall typical value of 421 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Introduction, tensile strength sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: The Zinc-Aluminum Die Casting Alloys",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/pt/articles/the-zinc-aluminum-die-casting-alloys",
        "year": 2006,
        "kind": "web"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 310,
      "value_high": 441,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "casting, as-cast or aged",
        "unit_in_source": "310 - 441 Mpa"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table of the ICAST ZA-27 datasheet, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-za27",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Tensile Strength row (datasheet headed UNS Z35841)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, Zinc-Aluminum ZA-27 casting (material code UNS Z35841)",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 257,
      "value_high": 376,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "casting, as-cast or aged",
        "unit_in_source": "257 - 376 Mpa"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table of the ICAST ZA-27 datasheet, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-za27",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Yield Strength row (datasheet headed UNS Z35841)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, Zinc-Aluminum ZA-27 casting (material code UNS Z35841)",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 1,
      "value_high": 11,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "casting, as-cast or aged"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table of the ICAST ZA-27 datasheet, range as printed; wider than the Eazall range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-za27",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Elongation row (datasheet headed UNS Z35841)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, Zinc-Aluminum ZA-27 casting (material code UNS Z35841)",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "brinell_hardness",
      "value": 94,
      "value_high": 119,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "alloy": "ZA-27",
        "form": "casting, as-cast or aged"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table of the ICAST ZA-27 datasheet, range as printed (benchmark name not in property-canon.yaml)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-za27",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hardness in HB row (datasheet headed UNS Z35841)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, Zinc-Aluminum ZA-27 casting (material code UNS Z35841)",
        "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Aqueous exposure (water and aqueous solutions)",
      "headline": "ZA alloys resist corrosion less than aluminium but better than Zamac, and the pH of the water should stay close to neutral.",
      "effect": "Total Materia says the corrosion resistance of ZA alloys tends to fall between that of the Zamac alloys and aluminium, and that for aqueous exposure the pH should be kept close to neutral. No test rate or time-to-failure for bare ZA-12 or ZA-27 was found in a source we read.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement in the technical concerns section, not a measured rate",
        "alloys": "ZA alloys in general, including ZA-12 and ZA-27"
      },
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Technical Concerns section, corrosion paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Finished surfaces in salt spray",
      "headline": "Finishes protect the alloy; the salt-spray result quoted is for zinc anodizing, not for bare ZA alloy.",
      "effect": "Total Materia lists chromating, electroplating, painting and zinc anodizing as finishing options, and says zinc anodizing has withstood several thousand hours of neutral salt spray testing. The page prints the test standard as ASTM 8117, which is probably a typo for ASTM B117, and gives no bare-alloy salt-spray result.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "finish-specific result as printed; no bare-alloy test",
        "test": "neutral salt spray, standard printed as ASTM 8117"
      },
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Technical Concerns section, finishing options paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Bridesburg SDS for ZA-8, ZA-12 and ZA-27 says the product is not hazardous under the US Hazard Communication Standard, with no ingredients qualifying, but it lists burn, dust and fume hazards.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Hazard identification, Other Hazards list; regulatory information block (Hazardous Under Hazard Communication Standard line)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Molten alloy burns the skin and eyes on contact, according to the Bridesburg SDS.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Hazard identification, skin and eye contact in molten state"
      },
      {
        "text": "Burning or melting the alloy forms metallic zinc oxide fume, which is the special exposure hazard the Bridesburg SDS names.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures, special exposure hazards; Other Hazards list (fume inhalation on melting)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Molten alloy reacting with water or moisture",
        "trigger": "Water, damp material or moisture entering a molten bath",
        "consequence": "Violent to explosive reaction, per the Bridesburg SDS (in molten state, with water or moisture)",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Reactivity and stability, in molten state"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Zinc oxide fume from an overheated melt",
        "trigger": "Overheating a molten bath to or near the boiling point",
        "consequence": "Metal fume fever, a transient influenza-like illness, on inhalation in sufficient quantity (Teck zinc metal SDS; zinc metal, not the ZA alloy)",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "teck-zinc-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures, overheated molten bath paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Zinc compounds can be toxic, particularly in aquatic environments, so releases to water and soil should be prevented (Teck zinc metal SDS; zinc metal, not the ZA alloy).",
        "affects": "Waterways, drains and soil near the foundry",
        "source": "teck-zinc-sds",
        "where": "Ecological information"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Add only dry material to the metal bath (Bridesburg SDS, handling section).",
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Handling and storage, list item on dry material"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dry ingots thoroughly before adding them to a molten bath, because damp zinc can react violently with the melt (Teck zinc metal SDS).",
        "source": "teck-zinc-sds",
        "where": "Handling and storage, ingots paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wear heat-resistant gloves and suitable clothing where molten metal is involved, and respiratory protection against dust and fume (Teck zinc metal SDS).",
        "source": "teck-zinc-sds",
        "where": "Personal protection, hand and body protection"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "For a metal fire, use dry chemical, dry sand or special powder (Class D) extinguishing media, and do not use water, carbon dioxide or foam on molten metal (Bridesburg SDS).",
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures, suitable and unsuitable extinguishing media"
      },
      {
        "text": "In a metal bath fire, add metal blocks to smother it, and dilute toxic gases with a water spray (Bridesburg SDS).",
        "source": "bridesburg-za-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures, instructions"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Bearings and bushings",
      "example": "Total Materia describes gravity cast ZA-12 and ZA-27 as direct substitutes for bronze industrial bearings.",
      "source": "totalmateria-za",
      "where": "Introduction"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Wear and bearing parts",
      "example": "Eazall says ZA-27 is the lightest alloy available and has excellent bearing and wear performance.",
      "source": "eazall-za27",
      "where": "Use, application and processing text"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Weight-bearing castings",
      "example": "Firstmold recommends ZA-12 and ZA-27 where weight-bearing capacity and dimensional stability under load are of prime importance.",
      "source": "firstmold-zinc",
      "where": "Uses paragraph for ZA-12 and ZA-27"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Zinc",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 31.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "share_percent": 8.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 6.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: refined zinc produced in the United States was recovered from secondary materials at both primary and secondary smelters, including galvanizing residues and crude zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum- and magnesium-base alloys are major substitutes for zinc-base diecasting alloys."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-zinc-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (shares calculated here against the rounded world total of 13,000 thousand t); Recycling; Substitutes. No critical-list statement was found in this chapter."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Aluminium",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 60.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.6 million tons in 2025, about 56% of it from new scrap.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-aluminum-2026",
      "where": "World Smelter Production table, 2025e column (shares calculated here against the rounded world total of 74,000 thousand t); Recycling. No critical-list statement was found in this chapter."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Eazall ZA-12 alloy data page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Eazall ZA-27 alloy data page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, UNS Z35841 (ZA-27 table)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Bridesburg Foundry safety data sheet, ZA Alloys (ZA-8, ZA-12, ZA-27)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://bridesburg.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/BF-ZA-Alum-SDS-1.pdf",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "Teck zinc metal safety data sheet",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.teck.com/media/Zinc_Metal_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: zinc",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: aluminum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No UNS number is recorded. UNS Z35841 is printed on an ICAST datasheet whose title names ZA-12 while its table is headed ZA-27, so the page is internally inconsistent; no other source read in this run printed a UNS code for ZA-12 or ZA-27.",
    "No EN material number or EN name was found for ZA-12 or ZA-27 in any source read in this run.",
    "Modulus of elasticity not recorded: Eazall prints 12.0 psi x 10^6 (ZA-12) and 11.3 psi x 10^6 (ZA-27) in an exponent format, which is not recorded; Total Materia and ICAST print no modulus value.",
    "No thermal conductivity value was found for ZA-12 or ZA-27 (Eazall says it does not list one; Total Materia gives none).",
    "No numeric melting or liquidus or solidus temperatures beyond the Eazall melt ranges; Total Materia gives casting temperatures only.",
    "ZA-12 die casting aluminium is printed as 10-5-11.5 on the Eazall page, a probable typo for 10.5 to 11.5; it is not recorded in the file.",
    "Sources disagree: ZA-12 density is 6.0 g/cc per Eazall and 5.6 g/cm3 per Firstmold; ZA-27 tensile strength is 421 MPa per Eazall (typical die casting), 426 MPa per Total Materia (form not stated) and 310 to 441 MPa per ICAST (casting range). All are recorded.",
    "Firstmold labels ZA-12 \"(12% Al)\", while the Eazall ingot composition is 10.8 to 11.5 %; both are recorded and not reconciled.",
    "Brinell hardness, electrical conductivity, die shrinkage and casting temperature use benchmark names that are not in property-canon.yaml, so they are snake_case or as printed and should be mapped by hand.",
    "The Eazall ZA-12 and ZA-27 pages give typical die casting values only; no minimum-property standard (ASTM B86 text) was opened in this run.",
    "No flight, space, vacuum, radiation or thermal-cycling data were found for ZA-12 or ZA-27.",
    "No fatigue, creep or long-term dimensional data at a stated temperature were found in a source read in this run; Total Materia mentions creep and growth without numbers for ZA alloys.",
    "No bare-alloy salt-spray or corrosion-rate test was found; the only salt-spray remark is for zinc anodizing, and its standard is printed as ASTM 8117.",
    "Hazard data come from a supplier SDS for the ZA alloy family (Bridesburg) and a zinc metal SDS (Teck). No SDS with composition-specific hazard data for ZA-12 or ZA-27 alone was opened.",
    "Critical-mineral list status for zinc and aluminium was not confirmed: the USGS chapters read here do not discuss critical-mineral lists, and the EU list was not checked.",
    "Supply shares are calculated from the USGS 2025e values, not printed by USGS; the zinc and aluminium world totals are rounded in the source."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "ZA-12 and ZA-27 are zinc-aluminium casting alloys chosen for bearings and wear parts. Total Materia says both gravity cast alloys are direct substitutes for bronze industrial bearings. Eazall gives typical die cast tensile strengths of 400 MPa for ZA-12 and 421 MPa for ZA-27, and says ZA-27 has excellent bearing and wear performance. The two alloys differ mainly in aluminium content, which is 10.8 to 11.5 % in the ZA-12 ingot and 25.5 to 28.0 % in the ZA-27 ingot (Eazall).",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Bearings and bushings",
        "line": "Total Materia describes gravity cast ZA-12 and ZA-27 as direct substitutes for bronze industrial bearings."
      },
      {
        "where": "Wear and bearing parts",
        "line": "Eazall says ZA-27 is the lightest alloy available and has excellent bearing and wear performance."
      },
      {
        "where": "Weight-bearing castings",
        "line": "Firstmold recommends ZA-12 and ZA-27 where weight-bearing capacity and dimensional stability under load are of prime importance."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Typical ZA-12 die casting",
        "line": "tensile strength of 400 MPa and yield strength of 317 MPa (Eazall, typical values).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Typical ZA-27 die casting",
        "line": "tensile strength of 421 MPa and yield strength of 379 MPa (Eazall). The ICAST casting range is 310 to 441 MPa.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting range",
        "line": "Melting range of 377 to 432 °C for ZA-12 and 375 to 484 °C for ZA-27 (Eazall, typical die cast).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Electrical conductivity",
        "line": "Carry electricity at 28.3 %IACS for ZA-12 and 29.7 %IACS for ZA-27 (Eazall, typical die cast).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "ZA-27 has the higher typical tensile strength, 421 MPa against 400 MPa for ZA-12, and it is the lighter alloy at 5.0 g/cc against 6.0 g/cc in the Eazall tables. ZA-12 stretches more, at 4 to 7 % elongation against 1 to 3 % for ZA-27, and it has the narrower melting range, at 377 to 432 °C against 375 to 484 °C for ZA-27. Firstmold prints a density of 5.6 g/cm3 for ZA-12, so the density of ZA-12 is not settled by the sources read here. The table compares tensile strength, density and melting range.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength (typical die casting)",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Melting range",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Add only dry material to the metal bath, and dry ingots that may hold moisture before they are added (Bridesburg and Teck SDS).",
      "Wear heat-resistant gloves and protective clothing where molten metal is involved (Teck SDS).",
      "Keep molten metal away from water: use dry chemical, dry sand or Class D powder on a metal fire (Bridesburg SDS)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Bearings and bushings, where Total Materia says ZA alloys can take the place of bronze industrial bearings.",
      "Wear parts where Eazall reports excellent bearing and wear performance for ZA-27."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Molten ZA alloy reacts violently with water or moisture, according to the Bridesburg SDS.",
      "Melting and overheating release zinc oxide fume, which can cause metal fume fever.",
      "Sources disagree on ZA-27 tensile strength (421 MPa typical die cast, 426 MPa in Total Materia, 310 to 441 MPa in ICAST), so check the test form before you design to a number."
    ],
    "verdict": "ZA-12 and ZA-27 are casting alloys with typical die cast figures from Eazall and bearing uses described in the sources read here. Their main hazards come when the alloy is melted, and the sources disagree on several values.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "ZA-12 and ZA-27 are zinc-base alloys. Zinc is the balance. Aluminium is the main alloying element, at 10.8 to 11.5 % in the ZA-12 ingot and 25.5 to 28.0 % in the ZA-27 ingot (Eazall, ASTM B240 composition). Copper and magnesium are added in small amounts. Eazall says ZA-12 can be gravity cast or die cast, and that ZA-27 must be cast in a cold chamber machine.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Zinc",
          "symbol": "Zn",
          "role": "The base metal. It forms the matrix that carries the other alloying elements."
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Sets the alloy family. Firstmold labels ZA-12 \"(12% Al)\", which does not match the Eazall ingot range, and both figures are recorded."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Adds strength. Eazall prints a higher copper range for ZA-27 than for ZA-12."
        },
        {
          "name": "Magnesium",
          "symbol": "Mg",
          "role": "A small addition. The Eazall tables give its limits, not its function."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The Bridesburg SDS says no ingredient qualifies as hazardous under the US Hazard Communication Standard. The risks come when the alloy is melted, burned or cast.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The solid alloy",
            "line": "Dust from cutting or grinding is a respiratory hazard, and the SDS says so in its other-hazards list."
          },
          {
            "label": "Molten metal",
            "line": "Molten alloy burns the skin and eyes on contact. Eyes should be rinsed immediately with plenty of water (Bridesburg SDS)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fume",
            "line": "Melting or burning forms zinc oxide fume. Overheating a molten bath can cause metal fume fever, a transient influenza-like illness (Teck SDS, zinc metal)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not hazardous as shipped; molten metal burns and fumes"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the melt meets water",
        "lead": "Water or damp material in a molten bath is the main hazard the sources name. The Bridesburg SDS calls the reaction violent to explosive.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Damp ingots",
            "line": "Ingots that may hold moisture must be thoroughly dried before they go into the bath (Teck SDS, zinc metal)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fire response",
            "line": "Use dry chemical, dry sand or Class D powder on a metal fire. Do not use water, carbon dioxide or foam on molten metal."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Violent reaction when molten, with water or moisture"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "lead": "The SDS practice for molten metal is dry feed, heat-resistant gloves and protective clothing.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Feed",
            "line": "Add only dry material to the metal bath (Bridesburg SDS)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Protection",
            "line": "Where molten metal is involved, wear heat-resistant gloves and suitable protective clothing (Teck SDS)."
          }
        ],
        "verdict": "Dry the charge and wear hot-metal protection"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 26,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 0,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from pages read in that run. Values are typical or range figures as printed, and conflicts are recorded side by side."
  },
  "sources": {
    "eazall-za12": {
      "title": "Eazall: ZA-12 zinc aluminium alloy data",
      "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za12",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "eazall-za27": {
      "title": "Eazall: ZA-27 zinc aluminium alloy data",
      "url": "https://www.eazall.com/za27",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "totalmateria-za": {
      "title": "Total Materia: The Zinc-Aluminum Die Casting Alloys",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/pt/articles/the-zinc-aluminum-die-casting-alloys",
      "year": 2006,
      "kind": "web"
    },
    "firstmold-zinc": {
      "title": "Firstmold: zinc casting tips (ZA alloy comparison)",
      "url": "https://firstmold.com/tips/zinc/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web"
    },
    "icast-za27": {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys datasheet, Zinc-Aluminum ZA-27 casting (material code UNS Z35841)",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/UNS%20Z35841.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "bridesburg-za-sds": {
      "title": "Bridesburg Foundry safety data sheet, ZA Alloys (ZA-8, ZA-12, ZA-27)",
      "url": "https://bridesburg.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/BF-ZA-Alum-SDS-1.pdf",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "teck-zinc-sds": {
      "title": "Teck: Zinc Metal safety data sheet",
      "url": "https://www.teck.com/media/Zinc_Metal_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "usgs-zinc-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Zinc",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report"
    },
    "usgs-aluminum-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/zinc-aluminium-za-12-za-27/"
}