{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "uhmwpe",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "polyolefins",
  "name": "Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene",
  "abbreviation": "UHMWPE",
  "role": "wear-resistant engineering plastic and high-strength fibre (Dyneema, Spectra)",
  "category": "polymers",
  "type": "polyolefins",
  "summary": "UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molar mass of about 2 to 6 million daltons. It is sold as moulded or extruded sheet and as gel-spun fibre, under trade names such as Dyneema and Spectra. A natural TIVAR 1000 sheet grade has a density of 0.930 g/cc, a tensile strength of 40.0 MPa and an elongation at break of 300 %, with a melting peak of 135 °C (ASTM D3418). Gel-spun fibre is quoted with a yield strength as high as 2.4 GPa. A 2022 study of a UHMWPE fibre barrier net found that UV ageing cut its breaking strength faster than salt spray or damp heat.\n",
  "best_for": "Low-friction, abrasion-resistant parts, and high-strength fibre at about 0.97 g/cm3",
  "weakest_at": "Heat and sunlight: a 82.2 °C long-term air limit for the sheet grade, and UV ageing that breaks polymer chains",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "(C2H4)n, ultra-high-molecular-weight polymer of ethylene, 2 to 6 million daltons",
    "cas": "9002-88-4",
    "designations": [],
    "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
    "where": "Section 3 (Composition), row Polyethylene, CAS 9002-88-4 (food-grade UHMW-PE SDS). Molar mass range from the Wikipedia UHMWPE article."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-cold",
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms",
      "radiation-shielding"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 0.93,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural (colours not included on the sheet)",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D792, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific Gravity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, UHMWPE in general (typical range)",
      "value": 0.93,
      "value_high": 0.94,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical range for UHMWPE as stated in the article; no grade or test standard printed"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Properties section, density sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, gel-spun UHMWPE fibre (Dyneema SK75)",
      "value": 0.97,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "gel-spun fibre, grade named in the article as Dyneema SK75",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source); the article says \"as low as\"",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Properties section, density sentence (fibre)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "note": "The datasheet says the material has no yield point, so this is the tensile strength."
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Tensile yield strength, UHMWPE (typical values)",
      "value": 19.3,
      "value_high": 23,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "moulded or extruded UHMWPE, typical values",
        "test": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The TIVAR 1000 datasheet gives no yield point for its grade; this range comes from the article only.",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Mechanical properties sentence (typical tensile yield strength)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, gel-spun UHMWPE fibre (as high as)",
      "value": 2.4,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "gel-spun fibre (grade not named in the article)",
        "basis": "the article reports yield strength, not tensile strength"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source); the article says \"as high as\"",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Gel spinning and fibre section, strength sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Elongation at Break",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, UHMWPE (typical range)",
      "value": 250,
      "value_high": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical range stated in the article; grade and test standard not printed"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Mechanical properties sentence (elongation at break)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 0.552,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D638, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Tensile Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_strength",
      "label": "Flexural strength, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 24.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D790, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Flexural Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flexural_modulus",
      "label": "Flexural modulus, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 0.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D790, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Flexural Modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "coefficient_of_friction",
      "label": "Dynamic coefficient of friction, TIVAR 1000 against steel",
      "value": 0.12,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "contact": "dry, against steel",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "QTM55007, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, row Coefficient of Friction, Dynamic",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, TIVAR 1000 (crystalline peak)",
      "value": 135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "crystalline peak",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D3418, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Melting Point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point onset, gel-spun UHMWPE fibre",
      "value": 127.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "fibre (grade not named in the article)",
        "basis": "melting point onset, as stated"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source); test method not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Thermal properties sentence (melting point onset)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature in air, TIVAR 1000 (long term)",
      "value": 82.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "air",
        "duration": "long term",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "Datasheet rating, as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Maximum Service Temperature, Air",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Long-term service limit, UHMWPE fibre (article advice)",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "fibre",
        "duration": "long periods; the article says not advisable to exceed this for long periods"
      },
      "method": "Stated in a Wikipedia article (secondary source)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Thermal properties sentence (fibre, 90 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "heat_deflection_temperature",
      "label": "Heat deflection temperature, TIVAR 1000 at 1.8 MPa",
      "value": 46.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "load": "1.8 MPa (264 psi)",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D648, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Deflection Temperature at 1.8 MPa",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, TIVAR 1000 natural UHMW-PE sheet",
      "value": 0.409,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "As printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row Thermal Conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, TIVAR 1000",
      "value": 198,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "-40 to 149 °C",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM E831, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, row CTE, linear",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Water absorption, TIVAR 1000 (24 h immersion)",
      "value": 0.01,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "immersion": "24 h",
        "basis": "printed as <= 0.010 %",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D570, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Water Absorption",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_constant",
      "label": "Dielectric constant, TIVAR 1000",
      "value": 2.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1e6 Hz",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D150, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Dielectric Constant",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dielectric_strength",
      "label": "Dielectric strength, TIVAR 1000 (short term)",
      "value": 90.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kV/mm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "duration": "short term",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D149, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Dielectric Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "dissipation_factor",
      "label": "Dissipation factor, TIVAR 1000",
      "value": 0.0005,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "frequency": "1e6 Hz",
        "grade": "TIVAR 1000, natural"
      },
      "method": "ASTM D150, as printed on the datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, row Dissipation Factor",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
        "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "flash_point",
      "label": "Flash point, food-grade TIVAR VMX UHMW-PE (SDS)",
      "value": 662,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "product": "TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE (SDS for the grade; not a datasheet value for TIVAR 1000)",
        "method": "not stated on the SDS"
      },
      "method": "As printed on the SDS (printed as >662°F)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
      "where": "Physical and chemical properties table (Section 9), row Flash Point",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE safety data sheet (Boedeker copy, rev. Feb 2024)",
        "url": "https://www.boedeker.com/Portals/0/Safety%20Data%20Sheets%20SDS/MCAM/MCAM-TIVAR-VMX-FOOD-GRADE-UHMW-EN-SDS-1609-211004-feb-2024.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light and sunlight",
      "headline": "UV ageing breaks polymer chains and cut a fibre net's breaking strength faster than salt spray or damp heat.",
      "effect": "In a 2022 study of a UHMWPE fibre barrier net, the authors say UV energy activates UHMWPE molecules and causes chain breaking, and that breaking strength fell faster under UV than under salt spray or hygrothermal ageing. The UV curve is shown in a figure, and the text gives no UV retention number.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement and figure; UV irradiance, lamp type and exposure time are not stated in the text read",
        "specimen": "UHMWPE fibre barrier net, not moulded sheet"
      },
      "source": "mdpi-barrier-net",
      "where": "Results (Figure 9c, UV panel) and conclusion (1)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "UV ageing of a UHMWPE/HDPE blend (80/20)",
      "headline": "In an 80/20 HDPE/UHMWPE monofilament blend, the carbonyl and unsaturation indices after 600 h of UV were about 55 % and 40 % of those of pure HDPE.",
      "effect": "A 2026 paper aged pure HDPE and an 80/20 HDPE/UHMWPE monofilament under UVA-340 lamps (ISO 4892-3, ASTM G154) for up to 600 h. The authors report that surface cracks in the blend were significantly fewer and smaller than in pure HDPE after 600 h. This is a blend with a low UHMWPE share, so it indicates a trend and not a value for pure UHMWPE.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "80/20 wt% HDPE/UHMWPE blend, UVA-340 lamp, ISO 4892-3 and ASTM G154, 0 to 600 h"
      },
      "source": "pmc-blend-uv",
      "where": "Abstract (CI and UI ratios); Results, carbonyl and unsaturation indices (Figure 3)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Salt spray and hot humid (hygrothermal) ageing of a fibre net",
      "headline": "Salt spray lowered breaking strength to 655 N after 60 days; hygrothermal ageing took it from 850 N to 703 N in 10 days.",
      "effect": "The same study gives printed breaking strength values for a UHMWPE fibre barrier net. In salt spray it decreased to 655 N after 60 days. In hygrothermal ageing it fell from 850 N to 703 N after 10 days and then rose slightly to 725 N after 30 days, which the authors attribute to fibres bonding into clumps. The authors state that salt spray has a more significant effect than hygrothermal ageing.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "specimen": "UHMWPE fibre barrier net, breaking strength in N (net specimen, not per fibre)",
        "exposure": "salt spray up to 60 days; hygrothermal up to 30 days; chamber settings not read"
      },
      "source": "mdpi-barrier-net",
      "where": "Results, salt spray and hygrothermal paragraphs (Figure 9a and 9b)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Long-term heat in air",
      "headline": "The sheet grade is rated to 82.2 °C long term in air and deflects at 46.7 °C under 1.8 MPa.",
      "effect": "The TIVAR 1000 datasheet gives a long-term maximum service temperature in air of 82.2 °C (180 °F), and a heat deflection temperature of 46.7 °C at 1.8 MPa (ASTM D648). The melting peak is 135 °C. The article says the fibre should not be used above 90 °C for long periods.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "datasheet rating and standard test; no ageing time or oxygen level printed"
      },
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (Maximum Service Temperature, Air; Deflection Temperature; Melting Point)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxidation and radiation processing",
      "headline": "Radiation cross-linking and heat treatment are used to improve oxidation resistance; vitamin E is also used.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia says highly cross-linked UHMWPE is made by gamma or electron-beam radiation at 50 to 105 kGy (5.0 to 10.5 Mrad) and then thermally processed to improve oxidation resistance. It also says vitamin E is used as an antioxidant. The article gives no oxidation rate, time or retained-property figure.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statements and processing doses; no ageing test"
      },
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Radiation and oxidation statements in the properties and processing sections"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Water and humidity",
      "headline": "Water absorption is 0.010 % or less after 24 h immersion.",
      "effect": "The TIVAR 1000 datasheet gives water absorption of 0.010 % or less after 24 h immersion (ASTM D570), and the same value at saturation. Wikipedia describes UHMWPE as very resistant to water and moisture. No ageing time under humid conditions is printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "24 h immersion, ASTM D570, datasheet value"
      },
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, rows Water Absorption and Water Absorption at Saturation"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chemicals (acids, alkalis, solvents, hydrocarbons)",
      "headline": "Aromatic hydrocarbons are unacceptable; strong acids and ketones or esters are limited; most other chemicals are acceptable.",
      "effect": "The TIVAR 1000 chemical resistance table rates strong acids (pH 1 to 3), ketones and esters, hot water and steam, and continuous sunlight as Limited, and aromatic hydrocarbons as Unacceptable. Weak acids, strong alkalis (pH 11 to 14), chlorinated solvents, aliphatic hydrocarbons and inorganic salt solutions are rated Acceptable. Wikipedia says UHMWPE resists acids, alkalis and many corrosive chemicals except some oxidising acids. No concentration or temperature is printed in either source.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative ratings; no concentration, temperature or time printed"
      },
      "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
      "where": "Chemical Resistance Properties table"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE SDS gives the GHS classification as None, the signal word as None and the hazard statements as None.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Section 2 (Hazard identification), GHS classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "The same SDS says dust is flammable and explosive when finely divided and suspended in air, and that dust may form explosive mixtures with air. It says to keep away from heat, sparks, flame and other ignition sources.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures and handling text on dust and ignition sources"
      },
      {
        "text": "The SDS for a pigmented white UHMWPE compound (PolyOne, 2015) classifies it as combustible dusts and as carcinogenicity Category 1A. The SDS says the mixture has not been evaluated as a whole and names no component in the text read. This applies to that formulation, not to unpigmented UHMWPE.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "avient-white-uhmwpe-sds",
        "where": "Section 2 (classification table) and the carcinogenicity section"
      },
      {
        "text": "The TIVAR VMX SDS says the product contains a component evaluated by IARC as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B). The component is not named in the text read.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Toxicological information, carcinogenicity line"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of stiffness at high temperature",
        "trigger": "Long-term use above 82.2 °C in air (datasheet rating)",
        "consequence": "The heat deflection temperature is 46.7 °C at 1.8 MPa and the melting peak is 135 °C, so the long-term rating leaves a modest margin under a continuous load.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
        "where": "Thermal Properties table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "UV chain scission in a fibre net",
        "trigger": "Sunlight or UV exposure outdoors",
        "consequence": "UV energy breaks polymer chains, and breaking strength falls faster than under salt spray or hygrothermal ageing (study on a fibre barrier net).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "mdpi-barrier-net",
        "where": "Conclusion (1); Figure 9c"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Dust explosion",
        "trigger": "Fine dust suspended in air with an ignition source",
        "consequence": "Dust may form explosive mixtures with air (SDS). The hazard applies to dust, not to granular forms of the product.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Fire-fighting measures and handling text on dust"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Brittle fracture at low temperature",
        "trigger": "Temperature below -150 °C",
        "consequence": "The article says UHMWPE fibre becomes brittle below -150 °C.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
        "where": "Thermal properties sentence"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Gel spinning needs about 20 kg of oil for each kilogram of yarn, and removing that oil takes 100 to 200 kg of hexane per kilogram of yarn (Wikipedia).",
        "affects": "Process solvent use and emissions in fibre manufacture",
        "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
        "where": "Gel spinning section"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Avoid dust formation. Ground all transfer, blending and dust-collecting equipment to prevent static sparks, and remove ignition sources from handling and processing areas where dust may be present (SDS, NFPA 484 and NFPA 654 cited).",
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Handling and storage section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use local exhaust where dust forms, and minimise inhalation of dust, vapours or mist (SDS, industrial hygiene text).",
        "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
        "where": "Exposure controls and personal protection section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Design to the datasheet long-term limit of 82.2 °C in air for the sheet grade, and to the article's advice of no long periods above 90 °C for the fibre.",
        "source": "tivar-1000-datasheet",
        "where": "Thermal Properties table, Maximum Service Temperature, Air"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Low-friction, abrasion-resistant industrial parts",
      "example": "The SDS for TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE gives its recommended use as an industrial application for abrasion and chemical resistant applications and low friction.",
      "source": "tivar-vmx-sds",
      "where": "Section 1 (Identification), recommended use"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "UHMWPE fibre barrier net for marine use",
      "example": "A 2022 study tested a UHMWPE fibre barrier net under salt spray, hygrothermal and UV ageing, then built an environmental spectrum to estimate its service life.",
      "source": "mdpi-barrier-net",
      "where": "Title, abstract and results"
    },
    {
      "application": "radiation-shielding",
      "device": "Polymer shield against galactic cosmic rays (polyethylene, not UHMWPE-specific)",
      "example": "NASA TP-3473 (1994) says that polyethylene reduces heavy-ion fluence more efficiently than PTFE and other polymers, and is more effective for thin shields. The report tests polyethylene, not UHMWPE specifically.",
      "source": "nasa-tp3473",
      "where": "Concluding remarks and the polymer shield discussion (figure 22)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Ethylene and UHMWPE resin and fibre",
      "abundance": "No abundance figure read. The feedstock is ethylene (see recipe).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "No recycling data for UHMWPE read in a fetched source.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wiki-uhmwpe",
      "where": "Trade names and manufacturers section (names only, no market shares read): UHMWPE resin from Braskem, Teijin (Endumax), Celanese and Mitsui; GUR resin from Ticona; Dyneema fibre from DSM; Spectra fibre from Honeywell (then AlliedSignal)."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE, ASTM product data sheet (Polymershapes copy)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE safety data sheet (Boedeker copy, rev. Feb 2024)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.boedeker.com/Portals/0/Safety%20Data%20Sheets%20SDS/MCAM/MCAM-TIVAR-VMX-FOOD-GRADE-UHMW-EN-SDS-1609-211004-feb-2024.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "PolyOne (Avient) white UHMWPE safety data sheet, CC10230188 (rev. 12/18/2015)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://avient.com/sites/default/files/msds/CC10230188-NORTH_AMER-E.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "Study on the Aging Behavior of an Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Barrier Net in a Marine Environment, Materials 15(16):5599",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165599",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "title": "Research on the Anti-Ultraviolet Aging Performance of Fishery HDPE/UHMWPE-Blended Monofilaments (open access, PMC12899940)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12899940/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA TP-3473, Performance Study of Galactic Cosmic Ray Shield Materials (Kim et al., 1994)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19950010497/downloads/19950010497.pdf",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions, carbon and hydrogen stand-alone pages",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=C&ascii=html",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No producer market shares or country split for UHMWPE resin or fibre were read in a fetched page; only company names come from Wikipedia. No critical-mineral list check: polyethylene is not a mineral, and no USGS or EU list entry was checked.",
    "Honeywell Spectra S-1000 and Dyneema SK75 datasheets were not read. The Honeywell product pages redirected to an unrelated site, and the Dyneema technical data page returned 404. Fibre tensile strength and modulus in GPa are therefore not entered (the Wikipedia article gives only yield strength).",
    "No UV dose and retained-strength number for UHMWPE sheet was read; the 2022 fibre-net study shows UV results only in a figure. PubChem hazard data could not be opened (browser check page); hazards rest on three supplier SDS documents.",
    "The 2026 UV paper tests an 80/20 HDPE/UHMWPE blend, not pure UHMWPE. Its values are reported as ratios in the abstract and are not entered as UHMWPE properties.",
    "Water absorption for the fibre form, and the moisture or humidity ageing of sheet, were not found in a readable source. The datasheet covers moulded sheet only.",
    "Atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing (TML and CVCM), and radiation ageing dose response for UHMWPE were not found in a readable source. The NASA TP-3473 report covers shielding by polyethylene, not ageing.",
    "No orbital environment (low-earth-orbit, geo, cislunar) is sourced for UHMWPE, so tags.environments is empty.",
    "Shore D hardness (about 60 to 65, Wikipedia) and notched Izod impact (above 1,070 J/m, Wikipedia) are not entered: no canonical property name fits them without a custom name, and the Izod result is a non-break value.",
    "Property name outside the canonical list: coefficient_of_friction (used as a custom name). Molar mass (2 to 6 million daltons, Wikipedia) is given in the summary and recipe only, not as a property.",
    "Designations (UNS, ASTM D4020 molding grade, ASTM F648 implant grade) were not read in a fetched page, so identity.designations is empty.",
    "The NCBI and MDPI pages blocked automated fetch (browser check, HTTP 403). The ageing paper's text was read from its full-text XML (Europe PMC, PMC9413766) instead.",
    "The Avient SDS (2015) is for a pigmented white compound. The component behind its carcinogenicity Category 1A is not named in the text read, so it is not assigned to pure UHMWPE.",
    "The TIVAR 1000 datasheet is an older ASTM sheet reposted by Polymershapes. Its values may differ from the current Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials sheet, and ISO-based sheets for other TIVAR grades use other test values."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molar mass of 2 to 6 million daltons. The long chains give it low friction, high impact resistance and high strength when gel-spun. A natural TIVAR 1000 sheet has a tensile strength of 40.0 MPa, an elongation at break of 300 % and a density of 0.930 g/cc. Gel-spun fibre (Dyneema or Spectra) is quoted with a yield strength as high as 2.4 GPa at about 0.97 g/cm3, which is the reason it is used where strength per weight matters.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Industrial wear parts",
        "line": "The SDS for TIVAR VMX gives its recommended use as abrasion and chemical resistant applications with low friction."
      },
      {
        "where": "Marine barrier net",
        "line": "A UHMWPE fibre barrier net was tested under salt spray, hygrothermal and UV ageing to build a service-life spectrum (2022)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Radiation shielding (polyethylene)",
        "line": "NASA TP-3473 finds polyethylene an efficient galactic cosmic ray shield, but it tests polyethylene, not UHMWPE."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The TIVAR 1000 natural sheet has a density of 0.930 g/cc (ASTM D792). Gel-spun fibre is quoted at 0.97 g/cm3.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.930 g/cc"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "line": "TIVAR 1000 has a tensile strength of 40.0 MPa and an elongation at break of 300 % (ASTM D638). The datasheet states there is no yield point.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "40.0 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat limit",
        "line": "The long-term service limit in air is 82.2 °C for the TIVAR 1000 sheet grade.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "82.2 °C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Within this profile, the moulded sheet grade has a tensile strength of 40.0 MPa, while the gel-spun fibre is quoted with a yield strength as high as 2.4 GPa. The ratio of about 60 is only indicative, because the two figures come from different tests (tensile strength on a datasheet, yield strength in a secondary article). The densities are close: 0.930 g/cc for the sheet and 0.97 g/cm3 for the fibre.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Long-term service limit",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Avoid dust formation, control ignition sources and ground transfer equipment (SDS).",
      "Keep long-term service in air at or below 82.2 °C for the sheet grade (datasheet).",
      "Note the grade. The TIVAR 1000 values are one natural grade; the fibre values are for an unnamed grade from a secondary source."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Low-friction wear parts: a dynamic coefficient of friction of 0.12 against steel (TIVAR 1000, dry).",
      "Low water uptake: 0.010 % or less after 24 h immersion.",
      "High strength per weight in fibre form: a yield strength as high as 2.4 GPa at about 0.97 g/cm3."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Heat: the long-term limit is 82.2 °C in air for the sheet grade, and the article advises no long periods above 90 °C for the fibre.",
      "Sunlight: UV ageing cut breaking strength faster than salt spray in a fibre net, and the datasheet rates continuous sunlight as Limited.",
      "Dust: the powder form is a combustible dust hazard, and a pigmented compound is classified as a carcinogen (Category 1A) in its SDS.",
      "Data gaps: no UV retention value, no orbital erosion or outgassing value and no fibre tensile modulus were found."
    ],
    "verdict": "UHMWPE is a light, tough, low-friction polymer, and the article says its fibre has a strength-to-weight about 40 % higher than aramid. The sheet grade is limited by heat (82.2 °C long term in air) and by sunlight. The sources do not give a UV or orbital ageing number, so a space application needs its own test data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "UHMWPE has the same repeat unit as polyethylene, -CH2-CH2-, formula (C2H4)n (Wikipedia). It is made with very active coordination catalysts (metallocene or Ziegler-Natta) at high ethylene pressure, which gives chains of about 100,000 to 250,000 monomer units, against 700 to 1,800 for HDPE (Wikipedia). Fibre is gel-spun from a solution of about 5 % UHMWPE in an oil.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Ethylene",
          "symbol": "C2H4",
          "role": "Only monomer. The grade (sheet or fibre) depends on the catalyst, pressure and processing route, not the chemistry.",
          "share_note": "Single monomer, polymerised to the -CH2-CH2- repeat unit. Molar mass 2 to 6 million daltons."
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Backbone element of the -CH2-CH2- repeat unit.",
          "share_percent": 85.6,
          "share_note": "atomic_weight [12.0096, 12.0116] (NIST). Share computed by Space Mushroom from C2H4 (28.05 g/mol)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Side groups of the repeat unit.",
          "share_percent": 14.4,
          "share_note": "atomic_weight [1.00784, 1.00811] (NIST). Share computed from C2H4."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The pure polymer SDS (TIVAR VMX) classifies it as not hazardous, but the powder form is a dust hazard. A pigmented compound is classified differently.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The polymer",
            "line": "The food-grade TIVAR VMX SDS gives no GHS classification, signal word or hazard statements."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust",
            "line": "Fine dust suspended in air can form an explosive mixture. The SDS says to avoid dust formation and to ground transfer equipment."
          },
          {
            "label": "Pigmented compound",
            "line": "A 2015 SDS for a white UHMWPE compound classifies it for combustible dust and carcinogenicity (Category 1A). The component is not named in the text read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Not classified as hazardous in the pure polymer SDS"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the part fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in the sources are heat, sunlight and dust.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat",
            "line": "The sheet grade is rated to 82.2 °C long term in air, with a melting peak at 135 °C and a heat deflection of 46.7 °C at 1.8 MPa."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sunlight",
            "line": "In a fibre net, UV breaks polymer chains faster than salt spray or hygrothermal ageing breaks them."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cold",
            "line": "The article says the fibre becomes brittle below -150 °C."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Unreachable as readable text: the Honeywell Spectra and Dyneema product pages, PubChem (browser check page), and the MDPI page (HTTP 403, read via Europe PMC instead). Caveats: the TIVAR 1000 values come from an older ASTM sheet; the fibre values come from a secondary article (Wikipedia); the UV evidence is qualitative or from an HDPE/UHMWPE blend; the hazards rest on supplier SDS documents; the polymer shield evidence is for polyethylene in general."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wiki-uhmwpe": {
      "title": "Wikipedia, Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (molar mass, density, mechanical, thermal, production, gel spinning, chemical and oxidation statements)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA (Wikipedia)"
    },
    "tivar-1000-datasheet": {
      "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR 1000 UHMW-PE (ASTM product data sheet, Polymershapes copy)",
      "url": "https://www.polymershapes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Material_Data_TIVAR_1000_UHMW-PE.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "tivar-vmx-sds": {
      "title": "Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, TIVAR VMX food-grade UHMW-PE safety data sheet (Boedeker copy, rev. Feb 2024)",
      "url": "https://www.boedeker.com/Portals/0/Safety%20Data%20Sheets%20SDS/MCAM/MCAM-TIVAR-VMX-FOOD-GRADE-UHMW-EN-SDS-1609-211004-feb-2024.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "avient-white-uhmwpe-sds": {
      "title": "PolyOne (Avient), White UHMWPE safety data sheet, CC10230188 (rev. 12/18/2015)",
      "url": "https://avient.com/sites/default/files/msds/CC10230188-NORTH_AMER-E.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "mdpi-barrier-net": {
      "title": "Study on the Aging Behavior of an Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Barrier Net in a Marine Environment, Materials 2022, 15(16), 5599",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165599",
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY (MDPI, open access)"
    },
    "pmc-blend-uv": {
      "title": "Research on the Anti-Ultraviolet Aging Performance of Fishery HDPE/UHMWPE-Blended Monofilaments (2026)",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12899940/",
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "Open access (PMC)"
    },
    "nasa-tp3473": {
      "title": "NASA Technical Paper 3473, Performance Study of Galactic Cosmic Ray Shield Materials (Kim, Wilson, Thibeault, Nealy, Badavi, Kiefer, November 1994)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19950010497/downloads/19950010497.pdf",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public document"
    },
    "nist-atomic-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for carbon and hydrogen (standard atomic weight intervals)",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=C&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Public domain (NIST)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/uhmwpe/"
}