{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "tzm",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "refractory-metals",
  "name": "TZM molybdenum alloy",
  "abbreviation": "TZM",
  "role": "high-temperature molybdenum alloy for furnace and hot-tool parts",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "refractory-metals",
  "summary": "TZM is a molybdenum alloy (Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr-0.02C, titanium-zirconium-molybdenum) with about 0.5 % titanium, 0.08 % zirconium and a small carbon addition that forms fine carbides. Wieland's datasheet gives a density of 10.2 g/cm3, a thermal conductivity of about 130 W/(m·K) at 20 °C and a modulus of elasticity of 300 GPa. Its reference tensile strength is 800 to 1000 MPa with a yield strength of 750 to 900 MPa, and the recrystallisation temperature is 1400 °C against 1100 °C for pure molybdenum (Plansee). The weak point is oxygen: exposed TZM loses ductility at 500 ppm of oxygen, and at 1150 °C it became brittle within 5 to 24 hours in an oxygen study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.\n",
  "best_for": "High-temperature strength in vacuum and inert furnaces: recrystallisation at 1400 °C and a reference yield strength of 750 to 900 MPa, against 1100 °C for pure molybdenum",
  "weakest_at": "Oxygen and water vapour. TZM loses ductility at 500 ppm oxygen and is embrittled within hours at 1150 °C in low-pressure oxygen (ORNL-5431), so it is kept below 825 °C in oxidising service",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Mo balance, Ti 0.5, Zr 0.08, C 0.03 (reference values, weight %); titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloy with carbide-forming carbon",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "363",
        "note": "Molybdenum Alloy 363, vacuum arc-cast TZM, plate, sheet, strip, foil and ribbon",
        "source": "astm-b386",
        "where": "Scope section 1.1.3, Molybdenum Alloy 363 vacuum arc-cast molybdenum-0.5 % titanium-0.1 % zirconium (TZM) alloy"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "364",
        "note": "Molybdenum Alloy 364, powder-metallurgy TZM, plate, sheet, strip, foil and ribbon",
        "source": "astm-b386",
        "where": "Scope section 1.1.4, Molybdenum Alloy 364 powder metallurgy molybdenum-0.5 % titanium-0.1 % zirconium (TZM) alloy"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B386",
        "note": "plate, sheet, strip, foil and ribbon; unalloyed and alloy molybdenum",
        "source": "astm-b386",
        "where": "Scope section 1.1"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "TZM",
        "note": "short name, from Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän",
        "source": "wieland-tzm",
        "where": "Header table, row Short-Name"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wieland-tzm",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table, reference values in %: Ti 0.5, Zr 0.08, C 0.03, Mo balance. The Plansee alloys page gives C as 0.01 to 0.04 %"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density of TZM",
      "value": 10.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "reference value, grade and temper not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated in the row",
        "unit_in_source": "g/cm³"
      },
      "method": "Reference value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity of TZM at 20 °C",
      "value": 130,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (293 K)",
        "qualifier": "printed as ca. 130",
        "form": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Thermal conductivity, 20 °C (293 K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion of TZM, 0 to 300 °C",
      "value": 5.3,
      "value_high": 5.7,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 300 °C (273 to 573 K)",
        "unit_in_source": "5.3 – 5.7 × 10-6 1/K"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Coefficient of thermal expansion, 0 to 300 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat of TZM",
      "value": 0.25,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(g·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated in the row",
        "unit_in_source": "0.25 J/(g·K)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Specific heat",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_conductivity",
      "label": "Electrical conductivity of TZM at 20 °C",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MS/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (293 K)",
        "qualifier": "printed as ca. 15"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical conductivity, 20 °C (293 K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistance of TZM at 20 °C",
      "value": 0.06,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω·mm²/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (293 K)",
        "qualifier": "printed as ca. 0.06"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, row Electrical resistance, 20 °C (293 K)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity of TZM at 20 °C",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C (293 K)",
        "unit_in_source": "300 kN/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Reference value printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Reference values) table, row Modulus of elasticity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_vickers",
      "label": "Hardness of TZM (Vickers)",
      "value": 200,
      "value_high": 250,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "reference value, temper not stated"
      },
      "method": "Reference range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Reference values) table, row Hardness HV",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength of TZM, reference range",
      "value": 800,
      "value_high": 1000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "reference value, temper not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "800–1.000 N/mm²",
        "note": "the datasheet says tensile strength depends on cross-section and design"
      },
      "method": "Reference range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Reference values) table, row Tensile strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength of TZM, reference range",
      "value": 750,
      "value_high": 900,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "reference value, temper not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "750–900 N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Reference range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Reference values) table, row Yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation of TZM, L = 5D, reference range",
      "value": 6,
      "value_high": 10,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "gauge_length": "L = 5D",
        "form": "reference value, temper not stated"
      },
      "method": "Reference range printed in a manufacturer technical datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Reference values) table, row Elongation L = 5 D",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
        "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "recrystallization_temperature",
      "label": "Temperature for 100 % recrystallisation of TZM, 90 % deformation",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "annealing_time": "1 hour",
        "deformation": "90 %",
        "definition": "temperature for 100 % recrystallisation",
        "form": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value in a table of recrystallisation temperatures printed on the Plansee molybdenum properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table gives 1100 for pure molybdenum at 90 % deformation, and TZM at 99.99 % deformation is shown as a dash",
      "source": "plansee-mo-properties",
      "where": "Table Temperature [°C] for 100% recrystallization (annealing time: 1 hour), row TZM, column Level of deformation = 90%",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum properties, recrystallisation temperature table",
        "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/Properties.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "operating_temperature",
      "label": "Recommended operating temperature range of TZM",
      "value": 700,
      "value_high": 1400,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "recommended operating temperature printed for TZM"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the Plansee molybdenum alloys page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-tzm-alloys",
      "where": "Overview of possible molybdenum alloys, Recommended operating temperature",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum alloys, overview and TZM composition",
        "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/alloys.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "oxygen_embrittlement_level",
      "label": "Oxygen content at which exposed TZM loses ductility",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "wt ppm O",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "oxidising gas (oxygen, water vapour or CO) at 825 to 1150 °C",
        "independent_of": "exposure temperature",
        "material": "TZM sheet, 0.51 mm, ORNL study"
      },
      "method": "Ductility result from tensile tests of oxygen-exposed TZM sheet, Oak Ridge National Laboratory report ORNL-5431",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-5431",
      "where": "Abstract, and Summary (Exposed TZM loses its ductility at a level of 500 ppm O)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Liu, Anderson, Inouye, Effect of Oxidizing Environment on Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum and TZM, ORNL-5431 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 1978)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub188434.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report (public domain)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Operating limit for TZM in oxidising gases",
      "value": 825,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "oxidising gases, oxygen, water vapour or CO",
        "basis": "ORNL recommendation for closed-cycle energy systems"
      },
      "method": "Recommendation printed in the conclusions of an Oak Ridge National Laboratory report",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ornl-5431",
      "where": "Summary, final paragraph: operation temperature should be kept below 825 °C if TZM must be used in certain cases",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Liu, Anderson, Inouye, Effect of Oxidizing Environment on Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum and TZM, ORNL-5431 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 1978)",
        "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub188434.pdf",
        "kind": "report",
        "license": "US government report (public domain)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Low-pressure oxygen at 1150 °C",
      "headline": "Oxygen dissolves into TZM and it loses its ductility within hours.",
      "effect": "TZM picks up oxygen at about 20 ppm/h at 1150 °C in 1.3 mPa oxygen and loses carbon, from 177 to 43 ppm after 100 hours. Tensile ductility falls in 5 to 24 hours. Oxide zones and precipitates harden the alloy and promote cleavage and grain-boundary fracture.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "1.3 mPa oxygen",
        "temperature": "1150 °C",
        "specimen": "0.51 mm TZM sheet, ORNL study composition Ti 0.51 wt%, Zr 0.054 wt%"
      },
      "source": "ornl-5431",
      "where": "Abstract; Change in Interstitial Composition, Table 2 row TZM; Conclusions"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Oxygen, water vapour or CO at 825 to 1000 °C",
      "headline": "At 1000 °C TZM is embrittled after 100 hours in oxygen or 1500 hours in CO.",
      "effect": "The ORNL study says TZM is embrittled after 100 hours exposure in 1.3 mPa oxygen at 1000 °C, or after 1500 hours in 1.3 mPa CO at 1000 °C. Below 825 °C oxygen uptake is by bulk diffusion, and the study predicts ductility below 5 % after 20,000 hours at 825 °C for 0.51 mm sheet.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "1.3 mPa",
        "temperature": "825 to 1000 °C",
        "thickness": "0.51 mm sheet, predicted case"
      },
      "source": "ornl-5431",
      "where": "Summary, paragraph on kinetics of oxygen absorption in TZM"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Molten fluoride salt (FLiBe) above 1300 °C",
      "headline": "TZM resists molten fluoride salts above 1300 °C with little measurable corrosion.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia reports that TZM resists molten fluoride salts above 1,300 °C and lasted 1100 hours with so little corrosion that it was difficult to measure, in a test with FLiBe salt and its vapour.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "salt": "FLiBe and salt vapour",
        "duration": "1100 hours",
        "temperature": "above 1300 °C"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-mo",
      "where": "Alloys section, TZM paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates ECHA C&L notifications for molybdenum (EC 231-107-2, 1523 company reports). H228 flammable solid is given for 30 % of notifications that gave codes, H361 suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child for 29.5 %, and H225 for 11.6 %. Signal word Danger. 57.4 % of reports do not meet GHS criteria. The notifications are for the element and are not specific to a solid alloy part.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H361",
          "H225"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mo",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA C&L Inventory, Source 1"
      },
      {
        "text": "A second notifier, NITE-CMC (FY2015 revised classification), lists H315 skin irritation, H319 serious eye irritation and H335 respiratory irritation for molybdenum, with signal word Warning. A FY2006 entry lists H335 only.",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mo",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, NITE-CMC entries (references 52 and 53)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Oxygen embrittlement",
        "trigger": "Exposure to oxygen, water vapour or CO at 825 to 1150 °C",
        "consequence": "Exposed TZM loses its ductility at 500 ppm oxygen, and in the ORNL study it lost ductility in 5 to 24 hours at 1150 °C in 1.3 mPa oxygen. The study concludes it is generally not suitable for closed-cycle energy systems.",
        "severity": "critical",
        "source": "ornl-5431",
        "where": "Abstract; Summary"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Recrystallisation of cold-worked structure",
        "trigger": "Annealing or service above about 1400 °C after 90 % deformation (1 hour)",
        "consequence": "The recrystallised structure replaces the deformed one. Plansee gives 1400 °C for TZM and 1100 for pure molybdenum in the same table; the page gives no strength figure for the change.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "plansee-mo-properties",
        "where": "Table Temperature [°C] for 100% recrystallization, rows TZM and Mo (pure)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "Molybdenum is dense at 10.2 g/cm3 (Wieland reference value for TZM), so mass is a concern in lightweight hardware. Wieland's datasheet lists TZM for trays, sinter boats, heating elements and hot-runner tips, all of them furnace or mould parts rather than structures.",
        "affects": "Mass of hot-zone hardware",
        "source": "wieland-tzm",
        "where": "Physical Properties table, row Density; Applications list"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep TZM below 825 °C in oxidising gases, since the ORNL study finds oxygen embrittlement follows exposure in oxygen, water vapour or CO.",
        "source": "ornl-5431",
        "where": "Summary, final paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wieland notes that tensile strength depends on cross-section and design, so reference strengths are not a guarantee for a given part.",
        "source": "wieland-tzm",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table, footnote text"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Vacuum furnace heating elements, trays in continuous heating furnaces, sinter boats",
      "example": "Wieland lists TZM for vacuum furnace heating elements, trays in continuous heating furnaces and sinter boats, with hot-runner tips in plastic injection nozzles.",
      "source": "wieland-tzm",
      "where": "Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Forging tools",
      "example": "Plansee gives typical uses as forging tools and rotating anodes in X-ray tubes, and says TZM is stronger than pure molybdenum.",
      "source": "plansee-tzm-alloys",
      "where": "Overview of possible molybdenum alloys, typical uses"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Rocket nozzles and engine valve bodies",
      "example": "Wikipedia lists torpedo engine valve bodies, rocket nozzles and gas pipelines among TZM uses, and radiation shields in nuclear applications.",
      "source": "wikipedia-mo",
      "where": "Alloys section, TZM paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum (mine production, molybdenum content, 2025 estimate)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 % of the apparent supply. There is no separate recovery process for secondary molybdenum from its alloys.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons. Potential substitutes in refractory materials for high-temperature electric furnaces are graphite, tantalum and tungsten."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-mo",
      "where": "Mine production table, 2025e, world total (rounded) 260,000 t; shares are calculated from China 97,000, Chile 42,000, Peru 39,000 and United States 40,000 t. Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs; Events, Trends, and Issues"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Wieland Duro TZM technical datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum alloys (TZM composition and overview)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/alloys.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum properties (recrystallisation temperature table)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/Properties.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B386/B386M, Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, Foil, and Ribbon (catalogue page)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://catalogue.normdocs.ru/catalog/com.normdocs.astm.card.b386.b386m-25/Standard-ASTM-B386-B386M-25"
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B387-18, Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire (catalogue page, superseded)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://catalogue.normdocs.ru/catalog/com.normdocs.astm.card.b387-18/Standard-ASTM-B387-18"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Molybdenum (alloys section)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"
    },
    {
      "title": "Liu, Anderson, Inouye, Effect of Oxidizing Environment on Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum and TZM, ORNL-5431 (1978)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub188434.pdf",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS Classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Molybdenum"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No melting point, boiling point figure for TZM itself was found in a fetched source. Pure-molybdenum figures seen in search snippets were not used.",
    "The Plansee TZM product data sheet (PSE-030-PDS-018) was linked but returned compressed PDF text, so its values were not read. Wieland's datasheet is the only fetched datasheet with strength and physical values.",
    "No UNS number (R03620 is not printed in any fetched source), no W.Nr. or EN material number, and no DIN or JIS code for TZM was found in a fetched source.",
    "The Samaterials TZM datasheet returned a titanium pipe PDF, and the Admat TZM page returned HTTP 403, so neither was used.",
    "Strength figures from Wieland are reference values with no temper, form or temperature stated. The ORNL tensile table is for a specific 0.51 mm sheet and was not entered, to avoid mixing conditions.",
    "No strength curve values at 1200 °C or in stress-relieved versus recrystallised condition could be read; Wieland plots them only as graphs.",
    "No critical-mineral list entry for molybdenum was found in the USGS 2026 summary, so the critical_lists field is empty.",
    "The 2025 Chinese export control on molybdenum powders is named in the USGS summary, but no tonnage effect is recorded.",
    "The PubChem GHS entries are for the element molybdenum, not for TZM parts. The two notifiers disagree on the hazard classes.",
    "No radiation effect, outgassing, atomic-oxygen or cold-welding data for TZM was found in a fetched source, so the space-environment section is empty.",
    "The Wang et al. 2024 Materials Letters paper on rolled TZM sheet recrystallisation was seen only in a search result and was not opened.",
    "Electrical resistance temperature coefficient (ca. 0.0046 per K, Wieland) is not entered because its temperature range is not stated."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "TZM is a molybdenum alloy with about 0.5 % titanium and 0.08 % zirconium. It is chosen for high-temperature work in vacuum or inert gas, where it keeps more strength than pure molybdenum. Plansee says it has a recrystallisation temperature of 1400 °C, against 1100 for pure molybdenum, and Wieland gives a reference yield strength of 750 to 900 MPa. Oxygen is the weak point: the ORNL study found it loses ductility at 500 ppm oxygen.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Furnace parts",
        "line": "Wieland lists vacuum furnace heating elements, trays in continuous furnaces, sinter boats and hot-runner tips for plastic injection nozzles."
      },
      {
        "where": "Forging and tools",
        "line": "Plansee lists forging tools and rotating anodes in X-ray tubes as typical uses of TZM."
      },
      {
        "where": "Military and nuclear hardware",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists torpedo engine valve bodies, rocket nozzles and radiation shields in nuclear applications."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "Thermal conductivity is about 130 W/(m·K) at 20 °C (Wieland, printed as ca. 130).",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "130 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hold strength when hot",
        "line": "Plansee gives 1400 °C as the temperature for 100 % recrystallisation after 90 % deformation and one hour, which is above the 1100 for pure molybdenum.",
        "benchmark": "recrystallization_temperature",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1400 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 10.2 g/cm3 in the Wieland datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "10.2 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The modulus of elasticity at 20 °C is 300 GPa.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "300 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Reference yield strength is 750 to 900 MPa and reference tensile strength 800 to 1000 MPa, with 6 to 10 % elongation at L = 5D.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "750 to 900 MPa yield"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Plansee states TZM is stronger than pure molybdenum and recrystallises at 1400 °C against 1100 for pure molybdenum. No pure-molybdenum density was taken from a fetched page for this profile, so the density row shows TZM only. The rows show these as examples, since the sources use different grades and conditions.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Recrystallisation temperature",
        "benchmark": "recrystallization_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep TZM below 825 °C when oxygen, water vapour or CO is present.",
      "Specify the form and temper, because Wieland's strength values are reference ranges with no temper stated.",
      "Use the Plansee and Wieland ranges as a starting point, and test the actual part."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "High-temperature furnace and hot-tool parts in vacuum or inert gas: recrystallisation at 1400 °C.",
      "Heat flow: about 130 W/(m·K) at 20 °C.",
      "Stiffness: 300 GPa modulus with a 750 to 900 MPa reference yield strength."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Oxygen: TZM loses ductility at 500 ppm oxygen and was embrittled within 5 to 24 hours at 1150 °C in the ORNL study.",
      "Oxidising gas: keep below 825 °C if the part must be used in oxygen, water vapour or CO.",
      "Supply: China, Chile, Peru and the United States produced most of the 260,000 t of molybdenum mined in 2025, and China imposed powder export controls in February 2025.",
      "Some values, including the melting point, are missing for TZM itself."
    ],
    "verdict": "TZM is a molybdenum alloy with about 0.5 % titanium and 0.08 % zirconium, chosen for strength and high recrystallisation temperature at high temperature. Wieland gives a reference density of 10.2 g/cm3, a thermal conductivity of about 130 W/(m·K) and a yield strength of 750 to 900 MPa. Its main weakness is oxygen, which embrittles it at 500 ppm and within hours at 1150 °C. This profile lacks a TZM melting point, a UNS number and any space-environment test data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "TZM is a molybdenum-base alloy. Plansee gives 0.5 % titanium, 0.08 % zirconium and 0.01 to 0.04 % carbon, which forms fine carbides. ASTM B386 names two forms with 0.5 % titanium and 0.1 % zirconium: Alloy 363, vacuum arc-cast, and Alloy 364, powder metallurgy. Wikipedia gives roughly 99 % molybdenum, 0.5 % titanium, 0.08 % zirconium and some carbon.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy, with a body-centred cubic structure.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Forms fine carbides and oxide zones; the oxygen study shows titanium and zirconium react with oxygen.",
          "share_percent": 0.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Zirconium",
          "symbol": "Zr",
          "role": "Forms carbides with carbon, and reacts with oxygen in service.",
          "share_percent": 0.08
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Forms fine carbides that raise strength and recrystallisation temperature (Plansee).",
          "share_percent": 0.01,
          "share_high": 0.04
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard notifications for molybdenum disagree, and none of the opened sources describes a health effect of a TZM part.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Molybdenum as a substance",
            "line": "Notifications to the European chemicals agency for molybdenum give H228 flammable solid for 30 % of codes and H361 for 29.5 %, but 57.4 % of reports do not meet the criteria. The NITE-CMC entries list only irritation, H315, H319 and H335."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed notifications"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure route in the sources is oxygen, not mechanical overload.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Oxygen",
            "line": "At 1150 °C in 1.3 mPa oxygen, TZM lost ductility in 5 to 24 hours in the ORNL study, and exposed TZM loses ductility at 500 ppm oxygen."
          },
          {
            "label": "Recrystallisation",
            "line": "Plansee gives 1400 °C as the temperature for full recrystallisation of TZM after 90 % deformation, against 1100 for pure molybdenum."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Oxidising gas",
            "line": "Keep TZM below 825 °C in oxygen, water vapour or CO, the ORNL recommendation."
          },
          {
            "label": "Specify the datasheet values",
            "line": "Wieland's strengths are reference ranges with no temper stated, so test the real part."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 15,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages named in each entry. Unreachable: the Plansee TZM datasheet PDF (compressed text), the Admat TZM page (HTTP 403) and the PubChem GHS page (browser check, read through the JSON view). Caveats: the Wieland strength values are reference ranges with no temper stated; the recrystallisation and operating range come from Plansee's web pages; the 825 °C limit and the oxygen figures come from a 1978 ORNL study on a specific 0.51 mm sheet; the supply shares are calculated from the USGS production table."
  },
  "sources": {
    "wieland-tzm": {
      "title": "TZM Technical Datasheet, Wieland Duro GmbH (Short-Name TZM, Titan-Zirkon-Molybdän)",
      "url": "https://www.wieland.com/da/content/download/12678/file/TZM_EX_EN.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, general information only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "plansee-tzm-alloys": {
      "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum alloys, overview and TZM composition",
      "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/alloys.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "plansee-mo-properties": {
      "title": "Plansee: Molybdenum properties, recrystallisation temperature table",
      "url": "https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/molybdenum/Properties.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Manufacturer web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "astm-b386": {
      "title": "ASTM B386/B386M-25, Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, Foil, and Ribbon",
      "url": "https://catalogue.normdocs.ru/catalog/com.normdocs.astm.card.b386.b386m-25/Standard-ASTM-B386-B386M-25",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "Standards catalogue page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "astm-b387": {
      "title": "ASTM B387-18, Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire (superseded by B387/B387M-23)",
      "url": "https://catalogue.normdocs.ru/catalog/com.normdocs.astm.card.b387-18/Standard-ASTM-B387-18",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "Standards catalogue page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-mo": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Molybdenum, alloys section",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "ornl-5431": {
      "title": "Liu, Anderson, Inouye, Effect of Oxidizing Environment on Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum and TZM, ORNL-5431 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 1978)",
      "url": "https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub188434.pdf",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government report (public domain)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-mo": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-mo": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS Classification",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Molybdenum",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; ECHA and NITE-CMC notifications"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/tzm/"
}