{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "tungsten-heavy-alloy",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "refractory-metals",
  "name": "Tungsten heavy alloy",
  "abbreviation": "WHA",
  "role": "dense radiation shield, counterweight and mass material",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "refractory-metals",
  "summary": "Tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) are liquid-phase sintered composites of 90 to 97 wt % tungsten with a nickel-iron or nickel-copper binder. Plansee sells them as Densimet (Ni-Fe, weakly ferromagnetic) and Inermet (Ni-Cu, paramagnetic). The standard grades have nominal densities of 17.0 to 18.5 g/cm3. ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4 set minimum tensile strength at 758 MPa down to 689 MPa, with a minimum yield strength of 517 MPa in every class. PubChem classifies nickel, the binder metal, as a skin sensitiser and suspected carcinogen.\n",
  "best_for": "Dense, stiff parts that must absorb X-rays and gamma rays, or sit as counterweights in a small volume (density 16.85 to 18.85 g/cc across ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4)",
  "weakest_at": "Ductility falls as tungsten rises: minimum elongation is 2 % in class 4. The binder contains nickel, a hazardous substance. No vacuum or flight result was found.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Tungsten heavy alloy: 90 to 97 wt % W with a Ni-Fe or Ni-Cu binder (Plansee range table; ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B777",
        "note": "Classes 1 to 4, 90 to 97 % W",
        "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
        "where": "Page title and mechanical properties table heading"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "AMS-T-21014",
        "note": "Plansee states compliance",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Production process section, compliance sentence"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "7725",
        "note": "rev E, Plansee states compliance",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Production process section, compliance sentence"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "D170",
        "note": "Densimet 170, Ni-Fe, 90 % W, ASTM B777 class 1",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row DENSIMET 170"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "D176",
        "note": "Densimet 176, Ni-Fe, 92.5 % W, ASTM B777 class 2",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row DENSIMET 176"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "D180",
        "note": "Densimet 180, Ni-Fe, 95 % W, ASTM B777 class 3",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row DENSIMET 180"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "D185",
        "note": "Densimet 185, Ni-Fe, 97 % W, ASTM B777 class 4",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row DENSIMET 185"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "IT170",
        "note": "Inermet 170, Ni-Cu, 90 % W, ASTM B777 class 1",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 170"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "IT176",
        "note": "Inermet 176, Ni-Cu, 92.5 % W, ASTM B777 class 2",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 176"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "IT180",
        "note": "Inermet 180, Ni-Cu, 95 % W, ASTM B777 class 3",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 180"
      }
    ],
    "source": "plansee-wmmc",
    "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, columns W (%) and Remainder; class column gives ASTM B777/07 class 1 to 4"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "radiation-shielding",
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ASTM B777 class 1 (90 % W)",
      "value": 16.85,
      "value_high": 17.25,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 1",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 90,
        "binder": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 1, column Density (g/cc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ASTM B777 class 2 (92.5 % W)",
      "value": 17.15,
      "value_high": 17.85,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 2",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 92.5,
        "binder": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 2, column Density (g/cc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ASTM B777 class 3 (95 % W)",
      "value": 17.75,
      "value_high": 18.35,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 3",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 95,
        "binder": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 3, column Density (g/cc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, ASTM B777 class 4 (97 % W)",
      "value": 18.25,
      "value_high": 18.85,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 4",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 97,
        "binder": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 4, column Density (g/cc)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Nominal density, INERMET 170 (Ni-Cu, 90 % W)",
      "value": 17,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 170 (IT170)",
        "binder": "Ni, Cu",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 90
      },
      "method": "Nominal density printed in the manufacturer range table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 170, column Nominal density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Nominal density, INERMET 176 (Ni-Cu, 92.5 % W)",
      "value": 17.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 176 (IT176)",
        "binder": "Ni, Cu",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 92.5
      },
      "method": "Nominal density printed in the manufacturer range table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 176, column Nominal density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Nominal density, INERMET 180 (Ni-Cu, 95 % W)",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 180 (IT180)",
        "binder": "Ni, Cu",
        "nominal_tungsten_percent": 95
      },
      "method": "Nominal density printed in the manufacturer range table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Range of materials for standard products table, row INERMET 180, column Nominal density",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, ASTM B777 class 1 (minimum)",
      "value": 758,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 1",
        "basis": "minimum value; printed as 110 ksi / 758 MPa",
        "form": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 1, column Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi/MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, ASTM B777 class 2 (minimum)",
      "value": 758,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 2",
        "basis": "minimum value; printed as 110 ksi / 758 MPa",
        "form": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 2, column Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi/MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, ASTM B777 class 3 (minimum)",
      "value": 724,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 3",
        "basis": "minimum value; printed as 105 ksi / 724 MPa",
        "form": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 3, column Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi/MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, ASTM B777 class 4 (minimum)",
      "value": 689,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 4",
        "basis": "minimum value; printed as 100 ksi / 689 MPa",
        "form": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 4, column Ultimate Tensile Strength (ksi/MPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength at 0.2 % offset, all classes (minimum)",
      "value": 517,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "classes": "ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4",
        "basis": "minimum value; printed as 75 ksi / 517 MPa",
        "offset": "0.2 %"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, column Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset (ksi/MPa), all four rows",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, ASTM B777 class 1 (minimum)",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 1",
        "basis": "minimum value from the main table; see note on the nonmagnetic footnote",
        "test_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same page's nonmagnetic footnote gives 2 % minimum for classes 1 and 2, which conflicts with this main-table value of 5 %. Both are recorded as printed; check the standard before design use.",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 1, column Elongation (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, ASTM B777 class 2 (minimum)",
      "value": 5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 2",
        "basis": "minimum value from the main table",
        "test_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The nonmagnetic footnote gives 2 % minimum for class 2, against 5 % in the main table.",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 2, column Elongation (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, ASTM B777 class 3 (minimum)",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 3",
        "basis": "minimum value from the main table",
        "test_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The nonmagnetic footnote gives 1 % minimum for class 3, against 3 % in the main table.",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 3, column Elongation (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, ASTM B777 class 4 (minimum)",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 4",
        "basis": "minimum value from the main table",
        "test_length": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in the mechanical properties table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 4, column Elongation (%)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, ASTM B777 class 1 (maximum)",
      "value": 32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 1",
        "scale": "Rockwell C",
        "limit": "maximum, as printed (Rockwell 'C' max)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 1, column Hardness (Rockwell 'C' max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, ASTM B777 class 2 (maximum)",
      "value": 33,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 2",
        "scale": "Rockwell C",
        "limit": "maximum, as printed (Rockwell 'C' max)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 2, column Hardness (Rockwell 'C' max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, ASTM B777 class 3 (maximum)",
      "value": 34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 3",
        "scale": "Rockwell C",
        "limit": "maximum, as printed (Rockwell 'C' max)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 3, column Hardness (Rockwell 'C' max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, ASTM B777 class 4 (maximum)",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "class": "ASTM B777 class 4",
        "scale": "Rockwell C",
        "limit": "maximum, as printed (Rockwell 'C' max)"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the composition, density and hardness table of the supplier page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
      "where": "Composition, Density, and Hardness Properties table, row Class 4, column Hardness (Rockwell 'C' max)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, DENSIMET 170 (typical)",
      "value": 340,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "DENSIMET 170 (D170), Ni-Fe",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column D170",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, INERMET 170 (typical)",
      "value": 330,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 170 (IT170), Ni-Cu",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column IT170",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, INERMET 176 (typical)",
      "value": 350,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 176 (IT176), Ni-Cu",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column IT176",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, DENSIMET 180 (typical)",
      "value": 380,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "DENSIMET 180 (D180), Ni-Fe",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column D180",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, INERMET 180 (typical)",
      "value": 360,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "INERMET 180 (IT180), Ni-Cu",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column IT180",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, DENSIMET 185 (typical)",
      "value": 385,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "DENSIMET 185 (D185), Ni-Fe",
        "basis": "typical value"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in the mechanical properties table of the manufacturer brochure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "Properties of DENSIMET and INERMET, mechanical properties (typical values) table, row Young's modulus E [GPa], column D185",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
        "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Immersion in deionised water and in 0.6 M HCl, with electrochemical tests (Lu et al. 2018, W-Ni-Cu 90W-6Ni-4Cu and W-Ni-Fe 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe)",
      "headline": "Both alloys corroded more slowly in deionised water than in dilute hydrochloric acid, and pH strongly controlled the rate.",
      "effect": "Galvanic attack falls on the tungsten phase in the W-Ni-Cu alloy but on the binder in the W-Ni-Fe alloy. The abstract prints no corrosion current, corrosion rate or weight loss, so the rating is unknown.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "alloys": "90W-6Ni-4Cu and 95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe, as printed (the page does not state wt %)",
        "basis": "abstract page only; full text not available from the abstract view",
        "media": "DI water and 0.6MHCl solution, as printed"
      },
      "source": "rmme-corrosion-2018",
      "where": "Abstract"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's GHS summary for nickel, the binder metal, lists H317 (may cause an allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected of causing cancer) and H372 (causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure), with signal word Danger. The classification is for nickel as a substance, not for the finished alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, Hazard Statements and Signal (CID 935)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Low ductility in the high-tungsten classes",
        "trigger": "Loading past yield in class 4 (97 % W)",
        "consequence": "The minimum elongation is 2 %, so the part deforms little before it fractures. The supplier page gives minimum values only and no fracture-toughness figure.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "gsalloy-astm-b777",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties (Minimum Values) table, row Class 4, column Elongation (%)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "For turning Densimet and Inermet, the manufacturer gives cutting speed 60 to 140 m/min, feed 0.05 to 0.3 mm, depth up to 6 mm, and emulsion coolant.",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Machining of DENSIMET and INERMET, turning table"
      },
      {
        "text": "Plansee states the material is safe in terms of health and environment; the same document lists nickel-based binders, so the nickel hazard above still applies to dust and machining swarf.",
        "source": "plansee-wmmc",
        "where": "Densimet and Inermet properties list"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "radiation-shielding",
      "device": "X-ray and gamma-ray shielding parts",
      "example": "Plansee lists a high absorption capacity for X-rays and gamma rays among the properties of Densimet and Inermet.",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "DENSIMET and INERMET section, properties list"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Counterweights and ballast",
      "example": "Wikipedia lists weights, counterweights and ballast keels for yachts among the applications that require high density.",
      "source": "wikipedia-tungsten",
      "where": "Applications, Niche uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aerospace components",
      "example": "Plansee names the aerospace field among the applications for Densimet and Inermet. No spaceflight part made from these grades was found in the sources read.",
      "source": "plansee-wmmc",
      "where": "DENSIMET and INERMET section, opening paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Tungsten (tungsten content of the alloy)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 78.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "share_percent": 3.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 2.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 2.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (tungsten listed)",
          "listed": true
        },
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials list (tungsten listed as critical)",
          "listed": true
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: the estimated quantity of secondary tungsten produced and consumed in 2025 is withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Net import reliance was more than 50 % of apparent consumption in 2021 to 2025e.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: depleted uranium or lead for tungsten or tungsten alloys in applications requiring high density or the ability to shield radiation; depleted uranium alloys or hardened steel for armour-piercing projectiles."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025 column: China 67,000; Vietnam 3,000; Kazakhstan 2,400; Russia 2,000; world total 85,000 t. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom against the 85,000 t total. Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (binder metal)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [
        {
          "list": "USGS 2025 List of Critical Minerals (nickel listed)",
          "listed": true
        },
        {
          "list": "EU critical raw materials list: nickel is listed as strategic, not critical",
          "listed": false
        }
      ],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments; low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels can substitute for some austenitic grades."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column: Indonesia 2,600,000; Philippines 270,000; Russia 200,000; Canada 140,000; New Caledonia 140,000; world total 3,900,000 t. Shares calculated by Space Mushroom. Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Plansee, DENSIMET and INERMET tungsten heavy alloys, and other tungsten-based composites brochure (W-MMC, 09-2021)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal (class table)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tungsten",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Lu, Liu and Xiang, Corrosion Performance of W-Ni-Cu and W-Ni-Fe Alloys, Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 47(6)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://rmme.ijournals.cn/rmmeen/article/abstract/20171182",
      "year": 2018
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion for Densimet and Inermet are printed only as charts in the Plansee brochure (images), so no value was read and none is recorded.",
    "Electrical conductivity or resistivity for the W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Cu grades: not printed as text on any page read.",
    "Binder ratio (Ni to Fe, or Ni to Cu) for each grade: not printed on any page read. Search snippets gave 7:3 and 8:2, but these were not read on a fetched page, so they are not recorded.",
    "ASTM B777 class to binder mapping is taken from the Plansee brochure table (class 1 = 90 % W, class 2 = 92.5 %, class 3 = 95 %, class 4 = 97 %), not from the standard text. The full ASTM B777 document was not read.",
    "Salt water and salt mist corrosion: Batten et al. 1988 (INIS record) returned HTTP 402 and could not be read, so no value is recorded.",
    "Oxidation in hot air, outgassing, atomic-oxygen erosion and any vacuum or thermal-cycling result for WHA: none found in a readable source.",
    "No spaceflight use of a tungsten heavy alloy was found in the sources read. Radiation shielding and counterweight uses are general, not space-specific.",
    "Failure risks beyond low ductility (fracture toughness, low-temperature brittleness, fatigue): not found for the Ni-Fe and Ni-Cu classes in a readable source.",
    "Crustal abundance of tungsten and nickel: not found in the sources checked, so abundance is not recorded.",
    "Elastic modulus for the D176/W column of the Plansee table is ambiguous (the column header prints D176/W) and was left out.",
    "Plansee DENAL (defence grades, 91 to 92 % W with cobalt in some grades) and DENSIMET 188 (98.5 % W) are outside the 90 to 97 % W scope and are not profiled here. DENSIMET D2M (Ni-Mo-Fe binder) is not an ASTM B777 Ni-Fe or Ni-Cu grade and is not listed.",
    "Torrey Hills high-density data page: the table is garbled in extraction, and the column alignment could not be confirmed, so it is not used.",
    "Hazard data cover nickel only (PubChem). No tungsten-heavy-alloy SDS or dust-exposure limit was read in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Tungsten heavy alloys combine very high density with usable strength and ductility, because a tough nickel-based binder holds the tungsten grains together. The density (16.85 to 18.85 g/cc across ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4) comes close to pure tungsten, but the alloy machines and forms far more easily. The Ni-Fe and Ni-Cu families differ in magnetism and in the binder's corrosion behaviour, which is why both are sold.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Radiation shielding",
        "line": "Plansee lists a high absorption capacity for X-rays and gamma rays. Wikipedia names radiation shielding among the aerospace and automotive uses of tungsten alloys."
      },
      {
        "where": "Counterweights and ballast",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists weights, counterweights and ballast keels for yachts among the uses that need high density."
      },
      {
        "where": "Aerospace",
        "line": "Plansee names the aerospace field among the uses for Densimet and Inermet. No spaceflight part made from these grades was found."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "ASTM B777 class ranges run from 16.85 to 17.25 g/cc (class 1, 90 % W) to 18.25 to 18.85 g/cc (class 4, 97 % W).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "16.85 to 18.85 g/cc"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength is 758 MPa in classes 1 and 2, 724 MPa in class 3 and 689 MPa in class 4. Minimum yield strength is 517 MPa in every class.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "689 to 758 MPa minimum"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Plansee's typical Young's modulus runs from 330 GPa (Inermet 170) to 385 GPa (Densimet 185).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "330 to 385 GPa typical"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Within the ASTM B777 classes, density, hardness and stiffness rise with tungsten content, while elongation falls. Class 1 gives the most ductility (5 % minimum) and class 4 the most density (up to 18.85 g/cc). The Ni-Cu grades are paramagnetic, while the Ni-Fe grades are weakly ferromagnetic.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elongation",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Name the class and binder (Ni-Fe or Ni-Cu) when ordering, because density, strength and magnetism differ between them.",
      "Keep dust and swarf down during machining, and use emulsion coolant as the manufacturer specifies.",
      "Treat nickel-bearing dust as a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen until a supplier SDS for the grade is read."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Radiation shielding: Plansee lists high X-ray and gamma absorption for Densimet and Inermet.",
      "Counterweights and ballast: 16.85 to 18.85 g/cc gives high mass in a small volume."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Nickel in the binder: PubChem lists H317, H351 and H372 for nickel.",
      "Ductility at the top of the range: minimum elongation is 2 % in class 4.",
      "Corrosion data are qualitative. The abstract gives no rate for either the Ni-Fe or the Ni-Cu alloy in acid or water."
    ],
    "verdict": "Tungsten heavy alloy is the dense, machinable choice when mass in a small volume and X-ray or gamma absorption matter more than low density. Its ductility falls as the tungsten fraction rises, and its nickel binder brings a hazard that a supplier SDS must cover. No spaceflight or vacuum data were found.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Tungsten heavy alloy is made by pressing mixed metal powders and liquid-phase sintering them (Plansee brochure). Grades are named by tungsten content and binder: 90 to 97 wt % tungsten with a nickel-iron (Densimet) or nickel-copper (Inermet) binder. ASTM B777 classes 1 to 4 run from 90 % to 97 % tungsten.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Tungsten",
          "symbol": "W",
          "role": "The dense skeleton. It supplies most of the density and the X-ray and gamma absorption."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "The binder that wets and joins the tungsten grains in the liquid-phase sinter, giving ductility."
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Binder partner to nickel in the weakly ferromagnetic Densimet grades."
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Binder partner to nickel in the paramagnetic Inermet grades."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "Dust and machining swarf are the main exposure. The binder carries the hazard: PubChem classifies nickel as a sensitiser and suspected carcinogen.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "PubChem's GHS summary for nickel lists H317 (allergic skin reaction), H351 (suspected cancer) and H372 (organ damage from repeated exposure), signal word Danger. It applies to nickel as a substance, so the alloy's own hazard depends on how much nickel reaches the surface or dust."
          },
          {
            "label": "Dust and swarf",
            "line": "Machining makes dust and swarf. The manufacturer gives turning parameters and emulsion coolant, but no dust-exposure limit was read."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Contains nickel, which PubChem classifies as hazardous"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "No failure data for the Ni-Fe or Ni-Cu classes were found in a readable source.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Ductility",
            "line": "Minimum elongation falls from 5 % in class 1 to 2 % in class 4, so the highest-tungsten grades deform least before fracture."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Machining",
            "line": "Turn with positive-geometry inserts at 60 to 140 m/min, feed 0.05 to 0.3 mm, with emulsion coolant (Plansee machining table)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Storage",
            "line": "No storage requirement was found in the sources read."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 26,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages named in each entry. Unreachable: Batten et al. 1988 (INIS record, HTTP 402) and the Plansee property charts (images only). Caveats: the ASTM B777 elongation in the main table conflicts with the nonmagnetic footnote on the same supplier page; ASTM values are minimums while the Plansee values are typical; the binder mapping to ASTM classes comes from the brochure table; the corrosion source gives no numbers."
  },
  "sources": {
    "gsalloy-astm-b777": {
      "title": "GS Alloy, ASTM B777 Tungsten Base High-Density Metal",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/product/astm-b777-tungsten-high-density-metal/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "plansee-wmmc": {
      "title": "Plansee, W-MMC brochure: DENSIMET, INERMET, DENAL, WCu and SPARKAL tungsten-based composites (09-2021)",
      "url": "https://cdn.plansee-group.com/is/content/planseemedia/plansee/downloads/werkstoffe/W_MMC_Broschuere_Plansee_09-2021.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "manufacturer brochure, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wikipedia-tungsten": {
      "title": "Tungsten, Wikipedia (includes the former Tungsten alloy article)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record, Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-tungsten": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Tungsten",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Nickel",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "usgs-crit2025": {
      "title": "About the 2025 List of Critical Minerals (USGS, final list of 60 minerals)",
      "id": "Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals, November 2025",
      "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/science/about-2025-list-critical-minerals",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "ec-crm": {
      "title": "Critical raw materials, European Commission (critical and strategic raw materials)",
      "url": "https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw-materials_en",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "European Commission web page"
    },
    "rmme-corrosion-2018": {
      "title": "Corrosion Performance of W-Ni-Cu and W-Ni-Fe Alloys, Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 47(6), 1708-1715",
      "url": "https://rmme.ijournals.cn/rmmeen/article/abstract/20171182",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "journal abstract page, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/tungsten-heavy-alloy/"
}