{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Titanium (commercially pure, grades 1 to 4)",
  "abbreviation": "CP Ti",
  "role": "unalloyed corrosion-resistant metal for tubing and plumbing",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Commercially pure titanium is unalloyed titanium sold as ASTM grades 1 to 4, which differ in their limits on oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. ATI prints a density of 4.51 g/cm3 for each grade, and a minimum yield strength of 138 MPa for grade 1 against 483 MPa for grade 4 in bar and billet. NASA's White Sands test facility tested grade 2 rods and found that they burn in oxygen-enriched gas.\n",
  "best_for": "Corrosion-resistant tubing and plumbing where strength is secondary; grade 1 is the most ductile (ATI minimum elongation 24 %)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength in the lower grades (grade 1 has a 138 MPa minimum yield strength, ATI), and ignition in oxygen-enriched gas (NASA)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ti (unalloyed titanium, 99 to 99.5 % Ti overall). Composition maxima in weight % from the ATI tables: grade 1 Fe 0.20, O 0.18, C 0.08, N 0.03, H 0.015; grade 2 Fe 0.30, O 0.25, C 0.08, N 0.03, H 0.015; grade 3 Fe 0.30, O 0.35, C 0.08, N 0.03 to 0.05, H 0.015; grade 4 Fe 0.50, O 0.40, C 0.08, N 0.05, H 0.015; titanium balance in each grade",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50250",
        "note": "CP grade 1",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Designations block, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50400",
        "note": "CP grade 2",
        "source": "ati-cp2",
        "where": "Designations block, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50550",
        "note": "CP grade 3",
        "source": "ati-cp3",
        "where": "Designations block, title line ATI 55 CP Grade 3"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50700",
        "note": "CP grade 4",
        "source": "ati-cp4",
        "where": "Designations block, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Designations block, Bar and Billet specifications line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "ati-cp1",
    "where": "Composition tables of the ATI CP grade 1 to 4 pages (maxima, Ti balance). The 99 to 99.5 % Ti overall range is from the Orlowski de Garcia et al. paper (redalyc-cbers)."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CP grade 1",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 1 (UNS R50250)",
        "form": "all forms as printed",
        "unit_in_source": "0.163 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Density row, all forms",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CP grade 2 (bar and billet)",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 2 (UNS R50400)",
        "form": "bar and billet",
        "unit_in_source": "0.163 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 4.52 g/cm3 for plate, sheet and strip of grade 2.",
      "source": "ati-cp2",
      "where": "Density row, Bar and Billet section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CP grade 3",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 3 (UNS R50550)",
        "form": "all forms as printed",
        "unit_in_source": "0.163 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp3",
      "where": "Density row, Bar and Billet and Plate, Sheet and Strip sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, CP grade 4 (bar and billet)",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 4 (UNS R50700)",
        "form": "bar and billet",
        "unit_in_source": "0.163 lb/in3"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 4.52 g/cm3 for plate and strip and 4.51 g/cm3 for sheet of grade 4.",
      "source": "ati-cp4",
      "where": "Density row, Bar and Billet section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, CP grade 1",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 1 (UNS R50250)",
        "form": "all forms as printed",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "35 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Tensile Strength row, all forms, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, CP grade 2",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 2 (UNS R50400)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate, sheet and strip (same minimum in each)",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "50 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp2",
      "where": "Tensile Strength row, Bar and Billet and Plate sections, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, CP grade 3",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 3 (UNS R50550)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate, sheet and strip (same minimum in each)",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "65 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp3",
      "where": "Tensile Strength row, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength minimum, CP grade 4",
      "value": 550,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 4 (UNS R50700)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate, sheet and strip (same minimum in each)",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "80 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp4",
      "where": "Tensile Strength row, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2 minimum, CP grade 1",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 1 (UNS R50250)",
        "form": "bar, billet and plate",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "20 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 138 min to 310 max MPa for sheet and strip of grade 1.",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Yield Strength row, Bar, Billet, Plate section, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength minimum, CP grade 2 (bar and billet)",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 2 (UNS R50400)",
        "form": "bar and billet",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "40 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 275 min to 450 max MPa for plate, sheet and strip of grade 2.",
      "source": "ati-cp2",
      "where": "Yield Strength row, Bar and Billet section, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength minimum, CP grade 3 (bar and billet)",
      "value": 380,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 3 (UNS R50550)",
        "form": "bar and billet",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "55 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 380 min to 550 max MPa for plate, sheet and strip of grade 3.",
      "source": "ati-cp3",
      "where": "Yield Strength row, Bar and Billet section, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength minimum, CP grade 4 (bar and billet)",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 4 (UNS R50700)",
        "form": "bar and billet",
        "basis": "minimum",
        "unit_in_source": "70 min ksi"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same ATI page prints 483 min to 655 max MPa for plate and strip of grade 4.",
      "source": "ati-cp4",
      "where": "Yield Strength row, Bar and Billet section, MPa column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, CP grade 1",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 1 (UNS R50250)",
        "form": "all forms as printed",
        "basis": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Elongation row, all forms",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, CP grade 2",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 2 (UNS R50400)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate, sheet and strip",
        "basis": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp2",
      "where": "Elongation row, Bar and Billet and Plate, Sheet and Strip sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, CP grade 3",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 3 (UNS R50550)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate, sheet and strip",
        "basis": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp3",
      "where": "Elongation row, Bar and Plate sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation minimum, CP grade 4",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "CP grade 4 (UNS R50700)",
        "form": "bar, billet, plate and strip",
        "basis": "minimum"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a manufacturer product page (ATI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp4",
      "where": "Elongation row, Bar and Billet and Plate, Sheet and Strip sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4",
        "kind": "datasheet"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, titanium element",
      "value": 4.507,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a periodic-table data page for the element",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "periodictable-ti",
      "where": "Overview and Bulk physical properties sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Periodic Table: Titanium element data",
        "url": "https://periodictable.com/Elements/022/data.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, titanium element",
      "value": 1668,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "pressure": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a periodic-table data page for the element",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The ATI pages for the CP grades print no melting point.",
      "source": "periodictable-ti",
      "where": "Overview and Thermal properties sections",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Periodic Table: Titanium element data",
        "url": "https://periodictable.com/Elements/022/data.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, titanium element",
      "value": 21.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page",
        "unit_in_source": "W m-1 K-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a WebElements physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The periodic-table data page prints 22 W/(m K) for the same property, which rounds this figure.",
      "source": "webelements-ti",
      "where": "Heat and conduction section, Thermal conductivity",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus, titanium element",
      "value": 116,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a WebElements physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-ti",
      "where": "Elastic properties section, Young's modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus, titanium element",
      "value": 110,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a WebElements physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-ti",
      "where": "Elastic properties section, Bulk modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear (rigidity) modulus, titanium element",
      "value": 44,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a WebElements physical properties page, named rigidity modulus",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-ti",
      "where": "Elastic properties section, Rigidity modulus",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, titanium element",
      "value": 0.32,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure element titanium",
        "unit_in_source": "no units printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a WebElements physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-ti",
      "where": "Elastic properties section, Poisson's ratio",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, titanium element",
      "value": 520,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "solid phase, pure element titanium"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a periodic-table data page for the element",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "periodictable-ti",
      "where": "Thermal properties section, Specific heat",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Periodic Table: Titanium element data",
        "url": "https://periodictable.com/Elements/022/data.html",
        "kind": "database"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Oxidizing acids and air (passive oxide film)",
      "headline": "A thin passive oxide layer protects titanium against oxidizing acids.",
      "effect": "Wikipedia describes a thin, non-porous passivation layer that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation or corrosion, and says this layer gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids. The page gives no rate.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement in an encyclopedia article, no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-ti",
      "where": "Passivation and corrosion-resistance paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's aggregate of ECHA C&L Inventory notifications for titanium: 606 of 808 company reports say the substance does not meet GHS hazard criteria, and 202 of 808 reports give hazard statement codes. The signal word given is Danger. The record says the classification may vary with impurities, additives and other factors.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H250",
          "H251"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "GHS Classification section of the PubChem record for titanium, CID 23963"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Ignition and burning in oxygen-enriched gas",
        "trigger": "Rods of CP grade 2 ignited at the bottom and burned upward in 70 % O2 balance N2 and in 99.5+% O2 at several pressures (NASA White Sands test)",
        "consequence": "The burning rate increased as rod diameter decreased, and increased with test gas pressure and oxygen concentration. The authors ran this test to support a failure analysis.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "nasa-wstf-ti-flam",
        "where": "Abstract and Background; Test Samples section (CP titanium Grade 2, UNS R50400)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxygen and nitrogen change strength and ductility",
        "trigger": "Interstitial oxygen and nitrogen above the grade's composition limits (ATI tables)",
        "consequence": "The paper says oxygen and nitrogen exert a great extent of influence on mechanical properties, while iron and carbon have a lesser impact.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "redalyc-cbers",
        "where": "Introduction, paragraph on commercially pure titanium composition"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Specify the grade and its composition limits, because oxygen and nitrogen exert a great extent of influence on mechanical properties (Orlowski de Garcia et al.).",
        "source": "redalyc-cbers",
        "where": "Introduction, paragraph on commercially pure titanium composition"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep titanium away from oxygen-enriched gas and ignition sources. The NASA White Sands paper states that titanium and its alloys are easily ignited and burn vigorously in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.",
        "source": "nasa-wstf-ti-flam",
        "where": "Background section"
      },
      {
        "text": "For welded propulsion lines, the CBERS team worked in a clean room with controlled humidity, temperature and particulates (Orlowski de Garcia et al.).",
        "source": "redalyc-cbers",
        "where": "Materials and Methods, first paragraphs"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Propulsion distribution lines (tubing between components)",
      "example": "Grade 2 commercially pure titanium tubing was specified as the distribution lines that interconnect the components of the China-Brazil CBERS satellite propulsion system, which includes four hydrazine fuel tanks, thrusters and valves.",
      "source": "redalyc-cbers",
      "where": "Introduction, first two paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Titanium metal parts for aerospace (all titanium metal, not CP grades alone)",
      "example": "The USGS says the majority of titanium metal was used in aerospace applications in 2025, although detailed consumption data were withheld.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-titanium",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge metal (feedstock for mill products, including CP grades)",
      "abundance": "Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's crust, at 0.63 % by mass (Wikipedia).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated at 32,000 tons in 2025, and consumption data for titanium scrap in the titanium metal industry were withheld. A company in Virginia began titanium powder production from scrap in late 2024.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, nickel, specialty steels and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium where corrosion resistance is required."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-titanium",
      "where": "World Sponge Metal Production table, 2025e column (metric tons: China 260,000; Japan 53,000; Russia 25,000; Kazakhstan 16,000; Saudi Arabia 12,000; world total 370,000). Shares are country value divided by 370,000, calculated by Space Mushroom. Also the Recycling, Substitutes and Events, Trends, and Issues sections."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Titanium ore feedstock (rutile or ilmenite for the Kroll process)",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "wikipedia-ti",
      "where": "Production paragraph (Kroll process) and its feedstock sentence"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3"
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4"
    },
    {
      "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Periodic Table: Titanium element data",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://periodictable.com/Elements/022/data.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for titanium, CID 23963 (GHS classification)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Titanium",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"
    },
    {
      "title": "Orlowski de Garcia et al., Advances of orbital gas tungsten arc welding for Brazilian space applications, Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, 2010",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3094/309426553009.pdf",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "title": "Stoltzfus, Jeffers and Gallus, Burning of CP Titanium (Grade 2) in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, ASTM International, 2012",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120002982",
      "year": 2012
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Melting point, thermal conductivity and elastic modulus for each CP grade were not printed on the ATI pages. The values recorded are for the pure element, from WebElements and periodictable.com.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical resistivity are printed in exponent notation on WebElements and periodictable.com, so they are left out under the exponent rule.",
    "Hardness, fatigue strength, fracture toughness and creep for the CP grades were not read in this run.",
    "Seawater and chloride corrosion rates for the CP grades were not read in this run. The titanium grade 2 profile covers the grade 2 datasheets for that environment.",
    "The titanium critical-mineral list status was not in the USGS 2026 text we read, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "PubChem's hazard percentages were not captured. The counts of 606 of 808 and 202 of 808 reports are recorded instead.",
    "Radiation, atomic oxygen and vacuum outgassing data for titanium were not looked up.",
    "Recycling rates for titanium scrap were not found. USGS withheld the consumption data.",
    "Space uses of CP grades beyond the CBERS propulsion distribution lines were not found. The USGS use text covers titanium metal in general, not CP grades alone.",
    "Composition limits are recorded in identity.formula and the recipe, not as property rows."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Commercially pure (CP) titanium is unalloyed titanium sold as four ASTM grades, numbered 1 to 4. The grades differ mainly in strength: ATI prints a minimum yield strength of 138 MPa for grade 1 bar and billet, against 483 MPa for grade 4. CP titanium suits corrosion-resistant parts where strength is not the top requirement, and grade 2 tubing was used for the propulsion distribution lines of the China-Brazil CBERS satellite.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Satellite propulsion plumbing",
        "line": "Grade 2 commercially pure titanium tubing was specified as the distribution lines that connect the components of the CBERS satellite propulsion system (Orlowski de Garcia et al., 2010)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Aerospace",
        "line": "The USGS says the majority of titanium metal in 2025 was used in aerospace applications, with the rest going to armor, chemical processing, marine hardware, medical implants and power generation. This covers titanium metal in general, not the CP grades alone."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Grade 1 bar and billet have a minimum yield strength of 138 MPa, and grade 4 bar and billet have 483 MPa minimum (ATI).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "ATI prints 4.51 g/cm3 for each CP grade; the pure element is printed at 4.507 g/cm3 (periodictable.com).",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "The pure element melts at 1668 °C (periodictable.com). The ATI pages print no melting point for the CP grades.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "The minimum elongation falls from 24 % in grade 1 to 15 % in grade 4 (ATI).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Across the four grades, a higher grade number buys strength at the cost of ductility: grade 1 has a minimum tensile strength of 240 MPa and 24 % elongation, while grade 4 has 550 MPa and 15 % (ATI). The Brazilian satellite welding paper says CP titanium welds well because it has low thermal conductivity and low linear thermal expansion. The record holds no comparison with other metals, so none is made here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Yield strength, minimum, bar and billet",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength, minimum",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Oxygen and nitrogen strongly affect the properties, so buy to the grade's composition limits (Orlowski de Garcia et al.).",
      "Keep titanium away from oxygen-enriched gas and ignition sources. The NASA paper says titanium and its alloys are easily ignited and burn vigorously in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.",
      "For welded propulsion lines, the CBERS team worked in a clean room with controlled humidity, temperature and particulates."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Corrosion-resistant tubing and plumbing where strength is not the highest requirement. The paper says CP grades serve applications where corrosion resistance and high ductility matter more than mechanical resistance.",
      "Welded parts. The paper cites good weldability from low thermal conductivity and low linear thermal expansion."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Strength climbs with the grade number: 138 MPa minimum yield for grade 1, 483 MPa for grade 4 (ATI).",
      "Titanium burns in oxygen-enriched gas. Ignition is the failure mode to design against (NASA White Sands).",
      "Oxygen and nitrogen have a great influence on mechanical properties, so the composition limits matter (Orlowski de Garcia et al.)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Commercially pure titanium is the choice when corrosion resistance and ductility matter more than strength. Grade 1 is the most ductile and grade 4 the strongest, as ATI's minimum values show.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Commercially pure titanium is the element titanium, with small, limited amounts of oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. Titanium metal is made by the Kroll process, which reduces titanium tetrachloride with magnesium (Wikipedia).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Main metal, which makes up the balance of each grade",
          "share_note": "balance",
          "source": "ati-cp1",
          "where": "Composition table, Ti row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity; the paper says oxygen and nitrogen have a great effect on mechanical properties",
          "share_note": "maximum, by grade (see identity formula)",
          "source": "ati-cp4",
          "where": "Composition table, O row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a lesser effect on mechanical properties than oxygen",
          "share_note": "maximum, by grade (see identity formula)",
          "source": "ati-cp1",
          "where": "Composition table, Fe row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity; the composition table prints 0.08 max in all four grades",
          "share_note": "maximum",
          "source": "ati-cp1",
          "where": "Composition table, C row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity, limited by grade and form",
          "share_note": "maximum, by grade (see identity formula)",
          "source": "ati-cp3",
          "where": "Composition table, N row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity",
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 in all four grades",
          "source": "ati-cp1",
          "where": "Composition table, H row"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The GHS record for elemental titanium is mostly 'not classified', but some company notifications carry hazard codes.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Classification",
            "line": "PubChem records 606 of 808 company reports as not meeting GHS hazard criteria, and 202 of 808 reports with hazard statement codes (ECHA C&L Inventory aggregate)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hazard codes",
            "line": "The codes given are H228 flammable solid, H250 catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air, and H251 self-heating, with signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Impurities",
            "line": "PubChem says the classification may vary with impurities, additives and other factors."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Mostly not classified"
      },
      {
        "title": "Ignition and burning",
        "lead": "NASA's White Sands test facility measured how CP grade 2 rods burn in oxygen-enriched gas (Stoltzfus et al., 2012).",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Test gas",
            "line": "Rods were ignited at the bottom and burned upward in 70 % O2 balance N2 and in 99.5+% O2 at several pressures."
          },
          {
            "label": "Diameter",
            "line": "The burning rate increased as diameter decreased, and it increased with test gas pressure and oxygen concentration."
          }
        ],
        "level": 3,
        "verdict": "Burns in oxygen-enriched gas"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 0,
    "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the cited pages. Values were copied from the fetched pages; see gaps for what was not found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ati-cp1": {
      "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "ati-cp2": {
      "title": "ATI CP Grade 2 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp2",
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "ati-cp3": {
      "title": "ATI 55, CP Grade 3 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp3",
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "ati-cp4": {
      "title": "ATI 70, CP Grade 4 Titanium product page (ATI Materials)",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp4",
      "kind": "datasheet"
    },
    "webelements-ti": {
      "title": "WebElements: Titanium physical properties",
      "url": "https://www.webelements.com/titanium/physics.html",
      "kind": "database"
    },
    "periodictable-ti": {
      "title": "Periodic Table: Titanium element data",
      "url": "https://periodictable.com/Elements/022/data.html",
      "kind": "database"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-titanium": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for titanium, CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963",
      "kind": "database"
    },
    "wikipedia-ti": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Titanium",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "redalyc-cbers": {
      "title": "Orlowski de Garcia et al., Advances of orbital gas tungsten arc welding for Brazilian space applications - experimental setup, Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management 2(2), 2010",
      "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3094/309426553009.pdf",
      "year": 2010,
      "kind": "paper"
    },
    "nasa-wstf-ti-flam": {
      "title": "Stoltzfus, Jeffers and Gallus, Burning of CP Titanium (Grade 2) in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, Journal of ASTM International (NASA JSC-CN-25709)",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120002982",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "paper"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium/"
}