{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-7",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Commercially pure titanium, Grade 7 (UNS R52400, Ti-0.15Pd)",
  "abbreviation": "CP Ti Grade 7",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal with palladium",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Commercially pure (CP) titanium Grade 7, UNS R52400, is unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added (ASTM B265 Table 2). The palladium is the only deliberate addition; the other limits (oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen) match Grade 2. ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 345 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 275 MPa, with 20 % minimum elongation for strip, sheet and plate. The Elgiloy strip datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and an elastic modulus of 112 GPa at 20 C. Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed CP grade used where crevice attack is the concern: ATI says palladium-alloyed CP titanium typically does not suffer crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH above 1.\n",
  "best_for": "Chemical processing and hot chloride or acid service where crevice corrosion is the main concern and Grade 2 is not enough (ATI corrosion data sheet; Elgiloy datasheet)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength: 345 MPa minimum tensile, the same as Grade 2 and well below Ti-6Al-4V. Its crevice limit depends on pH and temperature, and no Grade 7 test at pH 1 or below was read in this run",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, UNS R52400 (ASTM Grade 7): maximum limits on O, Fe, C, N and H, titanium the balance",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R52400",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Titanium sheet product page, specifications list, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Titanium Grade 7",
        "source": "combmet-gr7",
        "where": "Strip datasheet heading, Titanium Grade 7"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7235",
        "source": "combmet-gr7",
        "where": "Strip datasheet heading, W.Nr 3.7235"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium",
        "source": "ati-gr7",
        "where": "Product page title, ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium UNS R52400"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Title, designation B 265 - 08b; Table 1 and Table 2, Grade 7 rows and columns"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B863",
        "note": "rod and wire",
        "source": "tpc-rod-wire",
        "where": "Titanium rod and wire rod product page, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 line, ASTM B863 entry"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB-265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Titanium sheet product page, GRADE 7 / UNS R52400 row, ASME-SB-265 Grade 7 line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "astm-b265",
    "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 7 column (ASTM B265-08b copy); palladium range from the same column"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "condition": "at 20 C (At 20oC column)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 4.51 g/cm3 in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (0.163 lb/in3 at 70 F). The ATI product page prints the same 4.51 g/cm3 for Grade 7 bar, tube, sheet and plate.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Density row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus",
      "value": 112,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "loading": "modulus of elasticity (E)",
        "condition": "at 20 C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 112 GPa at 20 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (16.3 x 10^3 ksi at 70 F).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of rigidity",
      "value": 41,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "condition": "at 20 C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 41 GPa at 20 C (modulus of rigidity, G) in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Modulus of Rigidity (G) row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity",
      "value": 21.79,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "temperature": "20 C (At 20oC column)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 21.79 W/m-K in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (12.60 Btu-in/ft hr F at 70 F). The value is recorded in the unit printed.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Thermal Conductivity row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion",
      "value": 9.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "temperature_range": "20 to 500 C",
        "unit_in_source": "μm/m-oC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 9.7 μm/m-oC over 20 to 500 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (5.4 microinches/in-F over 70 to 932 F). The unit is written as printed.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 53.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "condition": "at 20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "μ ohm.cm"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 53.3 μ ohm.cm at 20 C in the Physical Properties block of the Elgiloy strip datasheet (21 μ ohm.in at 70 F).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "as specified for Grade 7 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row, with 50 ksi printed beside 345 MPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, tensile strength min (ksi 50, MPa 345)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row, with 40 ksi printed beside 275 MPa. The same row prints a maximum of 450 MPa (65 ksi), which is not recorded here. The ATI page prints 276 MPa for bar; the ASTM value is used.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 40, MPa 275)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 7 row.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (bar, seamless tube, pipe and wire)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire (ATI product page)",
        "condition": "1300 F anneal",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 50 ksi min and 345 MPa min for the bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire product, metallurgical condition 1300 F anneal, on the ATI Grade 7 product page.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-gr7",
      "where": "Product Specifications, By Form, Bar Seamless Tube Seamless Pipe Wire, Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium, product specifications by form (UNS R52400)",
        "id": "ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, minimum (bar, seamless tube, pipe and wire)",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, seamless tube, seamless pipe and wire (ATI product page)",
        "condition": "1300 F anneal",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Reduction in Area 30 % Min on the ATI Grade 7 product page for the same bar, tube and wire row. reduction_of_area is not in the canonical list, so a snake_case name is used (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-gr7",
      "where": "Product Specifications, By Form, Bar Seamless Tube Seamless Pipe Wire, Reduction in Area row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium, product specifications by form (UNS R52400)",
        "id": "ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical (annealed strip)",
      "value": 448,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "1290 F anneal",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 65 ksi (448 MPa) typ in the Typical Mechanical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, Annealed row, heat treatment 1290 F. The datasheet's minimum for the same row is 50 ksi (345 MPa), recorded above from ASTM B265.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, tensile strength typical",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Suggested maximum operating temperature",
      "value": 540,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "basis": "suggested operating condition printed by the supplier"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 1000 F (540 C) as the upper end of Suggested Operating Conditions on the Elgiloy strip datasheet. It is a supplier suggestion, not a tested service limit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Suggested minimum operating temperature",
      "value": -184,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy strip datasheet)",
        "basis": "suggested operating condition printed by the supplier"
      },
      "method": "Printed as -300 F (-184 C) as the lower end of Suggested Operating Conditions on the Elgiloy strip datasheet. It is a supplier suggestion, not a tested service limit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Near-anaerobic seawater up to 200 C, with and without CO2",
      "headline": "Grade 7 resisted stress corrosion cracking and pitting in near-anaerobic seawater up to 200 C.",
      "effect": "Pang and Blackwood tested Grades 2, 5 and 7 in near-anaerobic seawater (below 1 ppm oxygen) up to 200 C, with and without CO2. The abstract says all three grades resist stress corrosion cracking and pitting. It names crevice corrosion only for Grades 2 and 5 (at 80 C and 200 C), so no crevice temperature for Grade 7 is printed in the abstract.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "electrolyte": "seawater, near-anaerobic (below 1 ppm oxygen)",
        "temperature": "up to 200 C",
        "CO2": "tested with and without CO2"
      },
      "source": "pang-2016",
      "where": "Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Crevice corrosion in palladium-alloyed CP titanium",
      "headline": "Palladium-alloyed CP grades, including Grade 7, typically do not crevice-corrode below 250 C at pH above 1.",
      "effect": "ATI says palladium-alloyed CP titanium (grades 7, 11, 16 and 17) is more resistant to crevice corrosion than unalloyed CP grades and typically does not suffer crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH greater than 1. The same sheet says unalloyed CP grades 1 to 4 typically do not crevice-corrode below 80 C at any pH. The sheet prints no test conditions for these statements.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "below 250 C",
        "pH": "greater than 1",
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "ati-cr-tds",
      "where": "Crevice Corrosion section, page 2"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot seawater (crevice corrosion, above about 260 C)",
      "headline": "Grade 7 is named for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance above 260 C in seawater.",
      "effect": "Titanium Industries says that for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance at temperatures above 500 F (260 C), Titanium Grade 7 is viable, with Grade 12 as a lower-cost alternative. The statement is a supplier comparison; no test data are printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "above 260 C (500 F)",
        "basis": "supplier statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "titanium-industries",
      "where": "Conclusion of the seawater applications page"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Reducing and non-oxidising acids",
      "headline": "The palladium addition is described as giving Grade 7 extreme resistance to acid corrosion.",
      "effect": "The Elgiloy strip datasheet says Grade 7 is extremely resistant to corrosion, especially from acids, because of the palladium addition, and lists chemical processing among its industries. The datasheet prints no acid, concentration or temperature.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no acid, concentration or temperature printed"
      },
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, strip datasheet"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). It gives H228 (flammable solid) with signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry include P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241, P280, P302+P335+P334, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413 and P420.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS precautionary statements"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Crevice attack in hot chloride or seawater above the stated limit",
        "trigger": "Tight crevices in chloride service above about 250 C, or at pH 1 or below",
        "consequence": "Local attack inside the crevice. ATI's limit applies only above pH 1, and no Grade 7 test at pH 1 or below is printed in the sources read.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-cr-tds",
        "where": "Crevice Corrosion section, page 2"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Crevice corrosion of a related palladium-free CP grade in hot seawater",
        "trigger": "Tight crevices in near-anaerobic seawater at 80 C and above",
        "consequence": "Pang and Blackwood report this for Grade 2 at 80 C, which is why Grade 7 is chosen for hotter crevice service. This is not a Grade 7 result.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pang-2016",
        "where": "Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fire from titanium powder or swarf",
        "trigger": "Handling fine powder or swarf",
        "consequence": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Sheet, bar and tube are not classed in the sources read.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Bend test radii in ASTM B265 Table 1 for Grade 7 are 2T for thickness under 0.070 in and 2.5T for 0.070 to 0.187 in.",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 7 row, bend test columns"
      },
      {
        "text": "Elgiloy describes Grade 7 as having excellent welding and fabrication properties, with physical and mechanical properties similar to Grade 2.",
        "source": "combmet-gr7",
        "where": "Opening paragraph, strip datasheet"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Heat exchangers, condensers and chemical process piping",
      "example": "Bozo Metal lists Grade 7 seamless tubes for chemical pipelines and heat exchangers, and reactors, storage tanks, acid pipelines and scrubber components as typical chemical processing applications. The page is a supplier listing with no test data.",
      "source": "bozemetal",
      "where": "Typical Applications, Chemical Processing; Titanium Tube and Pipe entry"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Production equipment components",
      "example": "Elgiloy lists chemical processing and production equipment components among the industries it supplies Grade 7 strip to.",
      "source": "combmet-gr7",
      "where": "Opening paragraph, Industries supplied line"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products, including Grade 7)",
      "abundance": "The USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet (dated 9/30/15)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium product page (product specifications by form)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI: Corrosion-Resistant Titanium technical data sheet, version 2 (2013)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_corrosion_resistant_titanium%20_alloys_tds_en1_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Pang and Blackwood (2016): Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater, Corrosion Science 105",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (specifications list, Grade 7 row)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (specifications list, Grade 7 row)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Composition as named in the request (Ti-0.15Pd): no source read in this run prints 0.15 % palladium. ASTM B265 Table 2 gives 0.12 to 0.25 % Pd, and the Elgiloy datasheet gives a nominal palladium maximum of 0.20 %. The ASTM range is used; the 0.15 % figure is not recorded.",
    "The Elgiloy datasheet (dated 2015) prints a palladium maximum of 0.20 %, which is narrower than ASTM B265 0.12 to 0.25 %. The ASTM range is used.",
    "Strip tensile conflict: the ATI page prints 80 ksi (550 MPa) minimum for strip, which differs from the ASTM B265 Grade 7 minimum of 50 ksi (345 MPa). The ATI strip row gives no temper, so it is not recorded.",
    "Vendor conflict: Bozo Metal's Grade 7 page prints tensile at 275 MPa or more and yield at 205 MPa or more, below the ASTM B265 minimums of 345 and 275 MPa. The vendor values are not used.",
    "Yield minimum: ATI prints 276 MPa for bar, and ASTM B265 prints 275 MPa. The ASTM value is used. ASTM also prints a 450 MPa upper limit for yield, which is not recorded.",
    "Reduction of area and minimum bend radius are not in spores/property-canon.yaml; reduction_of_area uses a snake_case name. The bend radii are recorded as handling text, not as properties.",
    "Crevice behaviour below pH 1, in fluoride or in reducing acids: the Casanova et al. 2021 paper (Politecnico di Milano repository), the OSTI brine study and the UBC Grade 7 study could not be opened. Their results are not used.",
    "The Pang and Blackwood abstract gives no crevice temperature for Grade 7; it names crevice attack only for Grades 2 and 5.",
    "Melting point, specific heat, Poisson's ratio, hardness, Charpy impact and fatigue: no numeric value for Grade 7 was found in the pages fetched for this profile.",
    "Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit, cryogenic properties): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 7 numbers was fetched.",
    "Hydrogen embrittlement: no Grade 7 limit was found in the sources read.",
    "Designations not found on any page read in this run: the Smiths Grade 7 datasheet URL returned a 404 page, and the Total Materia and AZoM pages did not print a Grade 7 designation. No ISO, JIS, DIN or GB code is recorded.",
    "Supply shares are computed by the assistant from the printed USGS tonnage and the printed world total, as for Grade 2. USGS prints no shares for titanium.",
    "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile does not list them, and the EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched.",
    "Atomic weights of palladium and the other constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.",
    "Process route for Grade 7 (sponge to mill product, palladium addition) is not described in the sources fetched for this profile.",
    "Fabrication and weld data: only the Elgiloy qualitative statement and the ASTM bend radii were read. No weld-specific heat-input or post-weld treatment source for Grade 7 was found."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed version of the most common unalloyed titanium grade. It keeps Grade 2's moderate strength, ductility and weldability, and the small palladium addition gives it better crevice and acid resistance. ATI says the palladium-alloyed grades typically do not crevice-corrode below 250 C at pH above 1, against 80 C for unalloyed grades 1 to 4. It is chosen when crevice corrosion in chloride or acid service is the main concern and strength is secondary.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Chemical processing",
        "line": "Elgiloy lists chemical processing among the industries it supplies Grade 7 strip to. Bozo Metal lists reactors, storage tanks, acid pipelines and heat-exchanger tubing as typical uses. The Bozo Metal page is a supplier listing with no test data."
      },
      {
        "where": "Seawater and hot chloride service",
        "line": "Titanium Industries says Grade 7 is viable for significantly better crevice corrosion resistance above 260 C in seawater, with Grade 12 as a lower-cost alternative."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength 345 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 275 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). Typical annealed strip tensile is 448 MPa (Elgiloy).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Minimum elongation 20 % (ASTM B265, 2 in or 50 mm gauge). Minimum reduction of area 30 % for bar, tube and wire (ATI).",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus 112 GPa at 20 C (Elgiloy).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Palladium-alloyed; typically no crevice corrosion below 250 C at pH above 1 (ATI). Crevice attack is reported for Grade 2 at 80 C in near-anaerobic seawater (Pang and Blackwood), but no Grade 7 crevice temperature is printed in that abstract.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 7 is the palladium-alloyed version of Grade 2 ([Grade 2](/materials/titanium-grade-2)). Its strength is the same as Grade 2 (345 MPa minimum tensile, 275 MPa minimum yield, ASTM B265), and its density is 4.51 g/cm3 (Elgiloy and ATI). Its elastic modulus is 112 GPa at 20 C (Elgiloy). The palladium is the reason to choose Grade 7 over Grade 2 in crevice-prone service. Both are far weaker than [Ti-6Al-4V](/materials/ti-6al-4v).",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Bending: ASTM B265 gives a bend radius of 2T for thickness under 0.070 in and 2.5T for 0.070 to 0.187 in for Grade 7.",
      "Welding and fabrication: Elgiloy describes excellent welding and fabrication properties, similar to Grade 2. No Grade 7 weld heat-input or post-weld source was read."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Crevice-prone chloride or acid service above the range where Grade 2 is safe (ATI, Titanium Industries).",
      "Forming and welding of sheet, plate and tube where ductility and weldability matter more than strength (Elgiloy, ASTM B265).",
      "Chemical process equipment: reactors, heat exchangers and acid piping (Elgiloy, Bozo Metal)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Lower strength than Ti-6Al-4V: 345 MPa minimum tensile (see the Ti-6Al-4V profile).",
      "Crevice limit is a manufacturer statement with no test conditions; the ATI limit applies only above pH 1.",
      "Crevice attack is reported for Grade 2 at 80 C in near-anaerobic seawater; no comparable Grade 7 result is printed in the abstract read.",
      "Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem)."
    ],
    "verdict": "CP titanium Grade 7 is Grade 2 with palladium added for better crevice and acid resistance. Its strength is the same modest 345 MPa minimum tensile, so it is a corrosion-service material, not a structural alloy. Pick it over Grade 2 where crevice attack in hot chloride or acid is the main risk, and verify the pH and temperature limits for the specific service.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, the only deliberate addition. ASTM B265 limits the Grade 7 composition to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Wikipedia describes Grade 7 as similar to Grade 2 with palladium added. Process routes are not described in the sources fetched for this profile.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Titanium balance row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Palladium",
          "symbol": "Pd",
          "role": "Deliberate addition. ATI and Elgiloy credit it with better crevice and acid resistance than unalloyed CP grades.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "0.12 to 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Palladium row, Grade 7 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 7 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.3,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.3 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 7 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 7 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 7 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 7 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources fetched here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "Sheet, plate, bar, tube and wire are covered by the ATI and Elgiloy product sheets, which carry no hazard classification."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 14,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: ASTM B265-08b copy, ATI Grade 7 product page, ATI corrosion-resistant titanium data sheet, Elgiloy strip datasheet, Titanium Processing Center sheet and rod pages, Titanium Industries seawater page, Pang and Blackwood abstract, PubChem, USGS MCS 2026 titanium, Bozo Metal. Casanova 2021 (Polimi), OSTI and UBC were blocked or unreachable, and the Smiths Grade 7 URL returned 404; none of their values is used."
  },
  "sources": {
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ati-gr7": {
      "title": "ATI: CP Grade 7 Titanium, product specifications by form (UNS R52400)",
      "id": "ATI CP Grade 7 Titanium",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/grade-7",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ati-cr-tds": {
      "title": "ATI: Corrosion-Resistant Titanium technical data sheet (commercially pure), version 2",
      "id": "ATI corrosion-resistant titanium TDS",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_corrosion_resistant_titanium%20_alloys_tds_en1_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2013,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "combmet-gr7": {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Titanium Grade 7 strip products datasheet",
      "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals (Combmet copy)",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-7.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tpc-sheet": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tpc-rod-wire": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "titanium-industries": {
      "title": "Titanium Performance in Seawater Applications (Titanium Industries)",
      "id": "Titanium Industries technical data",
      "url": "https://www.titanium.com/technical-references/titanium-seawater-applications",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "pang-2016": {
      "title": "Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater (Pang and Blackwood, Corrosion Science 105, 2016)",
      "id": "doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2015.12.011",
      "url": "https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "abstract page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "bozemetal": {
      "title": "BOZE Metal: Grade 7 (Ti-0.2Pd) Titanium, properties, specifications and applications",
      "id": "BOZE Metal",
      "url": "https://bozemetal.com/titanium-grades/grade-7-titanium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-7/"
}