{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-2",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Commercially pure titanium, Grade 2 (UNS R50400)",
  "abbreviation": "CP Ti Grade 2",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Commercially pure (CP) titanium Grade 2, UNS R50400, is unalloyed titanium with low limits on oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. The Smiths datasheet calls it the most frequently employed unalloyed titanium grade. ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 345 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 275 MPa, with 20 % minimum elongation for sheet and plate. The Alleima tube datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and an elastic modulus of 103 GPa in tension. Its main strength is seawater and chloride resistance, but one test found Grade 2 crevice-corroded at 80 °C in near-anaerobic seawater.\n",
  "best_for": "Seawater, brine and chloride service where corrosion resistance and formability matter more than strength (Alleima and Smiths datasheets)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength: 345 MPa minimum tensile, well below Ti-6Al-4V (see the Ti-6Al-4V profile). Crevice attack in hot seawater from about 80 °C (Pang and Blackwood 2016)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Unalloyed titanium, UNS R50400 (ASTM Grade 2): maximum limits on O, Fe, C, N and H, titanium the balance",
    "cas": "7440-32-6",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50400",
        "source": "smith-cp2",
        "where": "Material Specifications list, UNS R50400 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Titanium Grade 2",
        "source": "austral-wright",
        "where": "Product data sheet heading, Titanium Grade 2 UNS-R50400"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ti Grade 2",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Datasheet title, Alleima Ti Grade 2"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Title, designation B 265 - 08b; Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 2 column"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B348",
        "note": "bars and billets",
        "source": "smith-cp2",
        "where": "Material Specifications list, ASTM B348 Grade 2 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B338",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASTM B338 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B337",
        "note": "seamless and welded pipe",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASTM B337 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B381",
        "note": "forgings",
        "source": "austral-wright",
        "where": "ASTM Product Specifications list, B381 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B861",
        "note": "seamless pipe",
        "source": "tpc-pipe",
        "where": "Seamless pipe table, GRADE 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B862",
        "note": "welded pipe",
        "source": "tpc-pipe",
        "where": "Welded pipe table, GRADE 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B863",
        "note": "wire and rod",
        "source": "tpc-rod-wire",
        "where": "Commercially pure titanium table, GRADE 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F67",
        "note": "sheet, plate and bar",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Commercially pure titanium table, GRADE 2 row (sheet page)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB-265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Commercially pure titanium table, ASME-SB-265 Grade 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB-348",
        "note": "bars and billets",
        "source": "ti-round-bar",
        "where": "Titanium Grade 2 Round Bar line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB338",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASME SB338 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "B862",
        "note": "welded pipe",
        "source": "tpc-pipe",
        "where": "Welded pipe table, ASME B862 on GRADE 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4902",
        "note": "sheet and plate",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Commercially pure titanium table, GRADE 2 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4943",
        "note": "aerospace hydraulic tubing, annealed",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, AMS 4943 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4944",
        "note": "aerospace hydraulic tubing, cold worked and stress relieved",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, AMS 4944/4945 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4945",
        "note": "aerospace hydraulic tubing, cold worked and stress relieved",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, AMS 4944/4945 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4951",
        "note": "commercially pure weld wire",
        "source": "ti-wire",
        "where": "Titanium Grade 2 Commercially Pure Weld Wire line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "astm-b265",
    "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 2 column (ASTM B265-08b copy); CAS from PubChem CID 23963 (pubchem-ti)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (the Alleima datasheet product)",
        "condition": "not stated; alloy density"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Physical properties section of the Alleima Ti Grade 2 datasheet, which also says the density is 45 % less than ferrous alloys. The Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet also gives 4.51 g/cc.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Physical properties, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus (tension)",
      "value": 103,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "loading": "tension",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Elastic modulus section of the Alleima datasheet, tension row (15.0 x 10^6 psi and 103 GPa). The Smiths datasheet prints the same 103 GPa as a typical value.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Elastic modulus section, Tension (E) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus",
      "value": 913,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "condition": "not stated",
        "printed_as": "1675 F"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 1675F (913C) in the Physical properties section of the Alleima datasheet. The Celsius value is used.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Physical properties, Beta transus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "room temperature (printed RT)",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m'C (the degree sign is printed as an apostrophe)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 22 W/m'C (12.7 BTU) at RT in the Thermal Conductivity section of the Alleima datasheet. The number is the same in W/(m·K) because the degree and kelvin intervals are equal.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Physical properties, Thermal Conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "as specified for Grade 2 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 50 ksi printed beside 345 MPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, tensile strength min (ksi 50, MPa 345)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 40 ksi printed beside 275 MPa. The same row prints a maximum of 450 MPa (65 ksi), which is not recorded here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 40, MPa 275)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 2 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube, ASTM B338)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (ASTM B338 Grade 2)",
        "condition": "cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed, as supplied",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Min 50 ksi and 345 MPa in the tensile properties table for Grade 2 to ASTM B338 in the Alleima datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, ASTM B338 Grade 2 table, Min row, Ultimate Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum (seamless tube, ASTM B338)",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (ASTM B338 Grade 2)",
        "condition": "cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed, as supplied",
        "offset": "not printed in the table",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Min 40 ksi and 275 MPa in the same Alleima table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, ASTM B338 Grade 2 table, Min row, Yield strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (seamless tube, ASTM B338)",
      "value": 20,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (ASTM B338 Grade 2)",
        "gauge": "2 in",
        "condition": "cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed, as supplied",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Elongation 2 in, Min 20 % in the same Alleima table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, ASTM B338 Grade 2 table, Min row, Elongation 2 in",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, minimum",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, forgings and pipe or tube)",
        "condition": "minimum as printed; no separate condition given",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet. reduction_of_area is not in the canonical list, so a snake_case name is used (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Reduction of area row, minimum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_energy",
      "label": "Charpy V-notch impact, minimum",
      "value": 41,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet product range)",
        "test": "Charpy V-notch",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet. impact_energy is a snake_case name (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Charpy V notch impact row, minimum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, typical",
      "value": 352,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet product range)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 0.2% PS, typical 352 MPa in the Smiths datasheet. The datasheet minimum of 276 MPa is not used here; the ASTM minimum of 275 MPa is recorded instead.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% PS row, typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet product range)",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the UTS row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS row, typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, typical",
      "value": 28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet product range)",
        "gauge": "2 in",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Elongation on 2 in row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation on 2 in row, typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, typical",
      "value": 160,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "CP Grade 2 product (datasheet product range)",
        "basis": "typical"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Hardness HV, typical 160, in the Smiths CP Grade 2 datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smith-cp2",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness HV row, typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, maximum",
      "value": 92,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "condition": "supplied as cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 92 HRB max. in the Hardness section of the Alleima datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Hardness section, 92 HRB max.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater and brines, general corrosion",
      "headline": "Excellent resistance to general corrosion in seawater and brines.",
      "effect": "Alleima says CP titanium has excellent resistance to general corrosion in seawater, and lists seawater and brines among the media where it shows good corrosion resistance. The datasheet prints no test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed",
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (Alleima datasheet)"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Features list; Corrosion resistance, General corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chlorides and common salt solutions, pH 3 to 12",
      "headline": "Resists most natural waters and common salt solutions, including chlorides, from pH 3 to 12.",
      "effect": "Titanium Industries says titanium alloys are usually expected to resist most natural waters and common salt solutions, including chlorides, in a pH range of 3 to 12. The statement is for titanium alloys in general, not a Grade 2 test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement for titanium alloys; no Grade 2 test conditions",
        "pH": "3 to 12"
      },
      "source": "titanium-industries",
      "where": "Titanium Performance in Seawater Applications, introduction and FAQ"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Crevice corrosion below 80 °C",
      "headline": "No crevice corrosion expected below 80 °C at any pH, even in super-chlorinated water.",
      "effect": "Alleima says CP titanium will not exhibit crevice corrosion at temperatures under 80 °C regardless of pH, even under super-chlorinated conditions, and resists crevice attack in salt solutions better than stainless steels.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "below 80 °C",
        "pH": "any",
        "chlorides": "super-chlorinated"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Crevice corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Near-anaerobic seawater at 80 °C and above",
      "headline": "Grade 2 suffers crevice corrosion at 80 °C in near-anaerobic seawater.",
      "effect": "Pang and Blackwood tested Grades 2, 5 and 7 in near-anaerobic seawater (below 1 ppm oxygen) up to 200 °C, with and without CO2. The abstract says Grade 2 suffers crevice corrosion at 80 °C and Grade 5 at 200 °C.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "electrolyte": "seawater, near-anaerobic (below 1 ppm oxygen)",
        "temperature": "up to 200 °C; crevice attack for Grade 2 at 80 °C",
        "CO2": "tested with and without CO2"
      },
      "source": "pang-2016",
      "where": "Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot chloride solutions and seawater (stress corrosion cracking)",
      "headline": "Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking; immune in seawater.",
      "effect": "Alleima says Grade 2 shows excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in hot chloride solutions and is immune to SCC in seawater. Titanium Industries says titanium does not show the same susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion as stainless steel.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statements; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Flowing seawater (erosion)",
      "headline": "Negligible erosion in flowing seawater up to 40 m/s.",
      "effect": "Alleima says titanium shows excellent resistance to erosion in flowing seawater up to 130 ft/s (40 m/s), with negligible effect. Sand has only a small effect.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "velocity": "up to 40 m/s (130 ft/s)",
        "medium": "flowing seawater"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Erosion corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Galvanic coupling",
      "headline": "Titanium is normally the cathode and can accelerate corrosion of a coupled metal.",
      "effect": "Alleima says titanium is near the noble end of the galvanic series and normally acts as the cathode. It is not itself affected by galvanic corrosion, but it can accelerate corrosion of the metal it is coupled to.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "galvanic series position; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Galvanic corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong reducing acids, fluoride solutions, pure oxygen, anhydrous chlorine",
      "headline": "Should not be used with these media.",
      "effect": "Alleima says titanium should not be used with strong reducing acids, fluoride solutions, pure oxygen or anhydrous chlorine. The datasheet prints no concentrations.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer advice; no concentrations printed"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance section, opening statement"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrogen pickup in seawater",
      "headline": "No significant hydrogen absorption in seawater unless three conditions are met together.",
      "effect": "Alleima says hydrogen absorption normally occurs only when the pH is below 3 or above 12, the temperature is above 80 °C, and a hydrogen source such as a galvanic couple or impressed current is present.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "conditional; all three conditions must be met"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Hydrogen embrittlement section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion (product description)",
      "headline": "Outstanding corrosion resistance, with strength similar to austenitic stainless steels.",
      "effect": "Austral Wright describes Grade 2 as a commercially pure titanium grade with outstanding corrosion resistance and useful strength, similar to austenitic stainless steels. The description prints no test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "product description; no test conditions"
      },
      "source": "austral-wright",
      "where": "Product description on the Titanium Grade 2 page"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). It gives H228 (flammable solid), signal word Danger, and lists Flammable solids Category 1. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the SDS for the form you handle.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Precautionary statement codes listed with the GHS entry include P210, P240, P241 and P280.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS precautionary statements"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Crevice corrosion in hot seawater from 80 °C",
        "trigger": "Tight crevices in seawater at 80 °C and above",
        "consequence": "Local attack in the crevice; Pang and Blackwood report it for Grade 2 at 80 °C in near-anaerobic seawater",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pang-2016",
        "where": "Abstract (Corrosion Science 105, 2016)"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Use in media titanium should not be used with",
        "trigger": "Strong reducing acids, fluoride solutions, pure oxygen or anhydrous chlorine",
        "consequence": "Alleima advises against these media; no concentrations are printed",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Corrosion resistance section, opening statement"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Galvanic coupling to a less noble metal",
        "trigger": "Electrical contact with a less noble metal in an electrolyte",
        "consequence": "Titanium acts as the cathode and accelerates corrosion of the coupled metal",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Galvanic corrosion section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Galling of the tube bore and springback in bending",
        "trigger": "Bending thin-walled tube or using a tight radius without a well-lubricated mandrel",
        "consequence": "Galling of the ID surface; springback about twice that of stainless steel",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Weldability is excellent. Specified bend radius is 2.0 times thickness for sections under 0.070 in and 2.5 times thickness above that. Welded bend radius is 3.0 times thickness at minimum.",
        "source": "smith-cp2",
        "where": "Fabrication section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Welding is regularly done by TIG. Inert gas shielding must cover both OD and ID of tube, the surface must be free of grease and oil, a low heat input is used, and no post-weld heat treatment is normally performed.",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Weldability section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Bend thin-walled tube with a well-lubricated mandrel to prevent galling of the ID surface. Allow for springback about twice that of stainless steel.",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining: use low cutting speeds and high feed rates, large volumes of coolant, sharp tools, and never stop feeding while the tool is in contact with the workpiece.",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Fabrication, Machining and cutting section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Do not use with strong reducing acids, fluoride solutions, pure oxygen or anhydrous chlorine.",
        "source": "alleima-ti2",
        "where": "Corrosion resistance section, opening statement"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Seawater-cooled heat exchanger and condenser tubing",
      "example": "Alleima lists tubing for heat exchangers and coolers on oil platforms, in refineries and in chemical plants that use seawater or chlorinated seawater as coolant. It also lists heat exchangers where the process contains chlorides, sulfides, organic acids, nitric acid or wet chlorine.",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Typical applications, seawater cooling and refineries sections"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Desalination pipe and reverse-osmosis pressure vessels",
      "example": "Alleima lists tube and pipe for seawater transport, heat-exchanger tubing and pressure vessels for reverse-osmosis units in desalination plants.",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Typical applications, desalination plants section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Aerospace hydraulic tubing (AMS 4943 annealed; AMS 4944 and 4945 cold worked and stress relieved)",
      "example": "Alleima lists these aerospace hydraulic tubing specifications for its Grade 2 tubing, together with ASTM B337 and B338 for pipe and tube.",
      "source": "alleima-ti2",
      "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products)",
      "abundance": "The USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres: CP Grade 2 technical datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima: Ti Grade 2 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Pang and Blackwood (2016): Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater, Corrosion Science 105",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium pipe product page (seamless and welded pipe, specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-pipe/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: mill product, titanium round bar (specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://qqa.titanium.com/product/mill-product-titanium-round-bar",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: mill product, titanium wire (specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://qqa.titanium.com/product/mill-product-titanium-wire",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Melting point: the Alleima datasheet prints it as 3020 F with the Celsius value shown as l 660 C in the PDF text. Not 1660 as digits, so no number is recorded.",
    "Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion and Poisson's ratio: no numeric value in the datasheets fetched for this profile. Alleima says very low thermal expansion without a number.",
    "Unreachable: the Ulbrich Grade 2 datasheet returned a Cloudflare challenge, the LBL CP Titanium Grade 2 PDF returned 404, and the MakeItFrom Grade 2 page did not load. None of their values is used.",
    "Standard edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 2008b edition (its header says B 265 - 08b). The ASTM store lists a later revision; check the current edition before specifying.",
    "Composition conflict: the Smiths datasheet prints C max 0.1 and H max 0.0125 for bar, while ASTM B265-08b Table 2 gives C max 0.08 and H max 0.015. The ASTM values are used. Alleima prints nominal values only.",
    "ASTM B348 (bar): the Smiths datasheet lists B348 Grade 2, but the bar tensile table was not fetched. Bar strengths are not recorded separately.",
    "Yield maximum: ASTM prints 450 MPa as the upper limit of the yield range; it is not recorded. The Smiths datasheet minimum of 276 MPa conflicts with ASTM 275 MPa, and the ASTM value is used.",
    "Crevice temperature conflict: Alleima says no crevice attack below 80 °C, Pang and Blackwood report attack at 80 °C in near-anaerobic seawater, and the Austral Wright page fetched for this profile prints no crevice temperature.",
    "Seawater temperature limit for general corrosion, and any chloride data for Grade 2 in open-access papers: no open-access journal article beyond the Pang and Blackwood abstract was fetched.",
    "Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit, cryogenic properties): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 2 numbers was fetched.",
    "Hydrogen embrittlement and galling: only qualitative statements from Alleima; no numeric limits were fetched. Fatigue endurance limit: Alleima says fatigue is unchanged in seawater but prints no number.",
    "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched here does not list them. The EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched.",
    "Atomic weights of the constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.",
    "Medical implant use: Wikipedia says CP titanium has been used for orthopaedic and dental implants, but the medical application is not in the allowed application list and is not recorded as a use.",
    "Property names: reduction_of_area, impact_energy and beta_transus are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and use snake_case names.",
    "Product forms: the Smiths datasheet covers bar, wire, strip, sheet, plate, foil, extrusions, forgings and pipe, but its values are not split by form.",
    "Designations not found: EN 3.7035 (W.Nr.), DIN, EN name, ISO (5832-2), JIS (TP340, class 2), GB (TA2) and AMS 4941 are printed on none of the pages read in this run. Not reached: ATI product URLs return the homepage; Carpenter alloy finder is JavaScript only; asm.matweb.com returned nothing and the asminternational.org homepage prints no grade; Online Metals, Metals Depot and MatWeb show a Cloudflare challenge; TIMET product pages print no grade. Not recorded: the Smiths BS TA 2 to 5 range, AIR 9182 T-40, AWS A5.16 ERTi-2 and the MIL-T-9046 and AMS-T-9046 CP-3 class codes."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Grade 2 is the most frequently employed unalloyed titanium grade (Smiths). It combines moderate strength with good ductility, formability and excellent weldability, and it resists seawater and chloride environments (Alleima). It is chosen when corrosion resistance and formability matter more than strength.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Seawater cooling and heat exchangers",
        "line": "Alleima lists tubing for heat exchangers and coolers that use seawater or chlorinated seawater as coolant, on oil platforms, in refineries and in chemical plants."
      },
      {
        "where": "Desalination",
        "line": "Alleima lists tube and pipe for seawater transport, heat-exchanger tubing and pressure vessels for reverse-osmosis units."
      },
      {
        "where": "Aerospace hydraulic tubing",
        "line": "Alleima lists AMS 4943 (annealed) and AMS 4944 and 4945 (cold worked and stress relieved) for hydraulic tubing in this grade."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength 345 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 275 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). Typical values in the Smiths datasheet are 483 MPa tensile and 352 MPa yield.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Minimum elongation 20 % (ASTM B265, 2 in or 50 mm gauge). Typical 28 % in the Smiths datasheet.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus 103 GPa in tension, roughly one-half that of steel alloys (Alleima).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Resists seawater, brines and chlorides (Alleima and Titanium Industries). Crevice attack is not expected below 80 °C (Alleima).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 2 is the lower-strength titanium. The stronger alloy is [Ti-6Al-4V](/materials/ti-6al-4v). Grade 2 has a minimum tensile strength of 345 MPa and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 275 MPa (ASTM B265). Its elastic modulus of 103 GPa is roughly half that of steel alloys, and its density of 4.51 g/cm3 is 45 % less than ferrous alloys (Alleima).",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Welding: TIG is the usual method. Shield both OD and ID of tube with inert gas, keep the surface free of grease and oil, use a low heat input, and no post-weld heat treatment is normally needed (Alleima).",
      "Bending: use a well-lubricated mandrel on thin-walled tube and allow for springback about twice that of stainless steel (Alleima). Bend radius is 2.0 times thickness below 0.070 in and 2.5 times above (Smiths).",
      "Machining: low cutting speed, high feed, plenty of coolant, sharp tools, and never stop feeding while the tool is in contact (Alleima)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Seawater cooling tubing and heat exchangers, where chloride resistance is needed (Alleima).",
      "Forming and welding of sheet, plate and tube where ductility and weldability matter more than strength (Smiths).",
      "Desalination pipe and reverse-osmosis pressure vessels (Alleima)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Crevice attack in chloride: none expected below 80 °C, but Grade 2 crevice-corroded at 80 °C in near-anaerobic seawater (Alleima; Pang and Blackwood).",
      "Lower strength than Ti-6Al-4V: 345 MPa minimum tensile (see the Ti-6Al-4V profile).",
      "Do not use with strong reducing acids, fluoride solutions, pure oxygen or anhydrous chlorine (Alleima).",
      "Springback is about twice that of stainless steel in bending (Alleima).",
      "Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem)."
    ],
    "verdict": "CP titanium Grade 2 is the corrosion-resistant, formable titanium grade for seawater and chloride service. Its strength is modest, with a 345 MPa minimum tensile strength, so it is not a structural alloy like Ti-6Al-4V. Its limits are crevice attack in hot seawater and the media it should not be used in.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Unalloyed titanium with no deliberate alloying additions. ASTM B265 limits the grade 2 composition to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Wikipedia lists Grade 2 as the standard-oxygen unalloyed grade. Process routes are not described in the sources fetched for this profile.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "smith-cp2",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table, Ti balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 2 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.3,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.30 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 2 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 2 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 2 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 2 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources fetched here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "Sheet, plate, bar and tube are covered by the Smiths and Alleima datasheets, which carry no hazard classification."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 17,
    "unreachable": 3,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-24 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: Smiths and Alleima datasheets, ASTM B265-08b copy, USGS MCS 2026 titanium, PubChem, the Pang and Blackwood abstract, Titanium Industries, Wikipedia and Austral Wright. Ulbrich, LBL and MakeItFrom were not readable and are not used."
  },
  "sources": {
    "smith-cp2": {
      "title": "CP Grade 2 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
      "id": "Smiths Metal Centres",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-2.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-ti2": {
      "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 2 tube and pipe, seamless: datasheet (updated 2024-01-11)",
      "id": "Alleima",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/contentassets/a495aa0b17a443d395a07671faa5fc30/datasheet-alleima-ti-grade-2-en-v2024-01-11-1032-version-1.pdf/download",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "pang-2016": {
      "title": "Corrosion of titanium alloys in high temperature near anaerobic seawater (Pang and Blackwood, Corrosion Science 105, 2016)",
      "id": "Pang and Blackwood, Corrosion Science 2016",
      "url": "https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/corrosion-titanium-alloys-high-temperature-near-anaerobic-seawater",
      "year": 2016,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "abstract page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "titanium-industries": {
      "title": "Titanium Performance in Seawater Applications (Titanium Industries)",
      "id": "Titanium Industries technical data",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/technical-references/titanium-seawater-applications",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-ti-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    },
    "austral-wright": {
      "title": "Titanium Grade 2 (Austral Wright Metals product page)",
      "id": "Austral Wright Metals",
      "url": "https://www.australwright.com.au/technical-data/alloys/high-performance-alloys/titanium-alloy-grade-2/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tpc-sheet": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tpc-pipe": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium pipe product page (seamless and welded pipe, specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-pipe/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "tpc-rod-wire": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium rod and wire rod product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-rod-wire-rod/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ti-round-bar": {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: mill product, titanium round bar (specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Industries",
      "url": "https://qqa.titanium.com/product/mill-product-titanium-round-bar",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ti-wire": {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: mill product, titanium wire (specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Industries",
      "url": "https://qqa.titanium.com/product/mill-product-titanium-wire",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-2/"
}