{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-12",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Titanium grade 12, Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (UNS R53400)",
  "abbreviation": "Ti Gr 12",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant lean titanium alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Titanium Grade 12, UNS R53400, is a lean titanium alloy with 0.2 to 0.4 % molybdenum and 0.6 to 0.9 % nickel. ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 483 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 345 MPa, with 18 % minimum elongation for sheet and plate. The TIMETAL datasheet says it improves on unalloyed titanium, particularly for crevice corrosion in hot brines. The Alleima datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 103 GPa in tension, a melting point of 1660 °C and a beta transus of 890 °C.\n",
  "best_for": "Chemical process equipment and heat exchangers where corrosion resistance matters and the extra strength over unalloyed titanium is wanted (TIMETAL and Alleima datasheets)",
  "weakest_at": "Crevice attack still possible in hot brine: the TIMETAL datasheet shows an improvement over unalloyed titanium, not immunity. Its strength is well below Ti-6Al-4V.",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Titanium with 0.2 to 0.4 % molybdenum and 0.6 to 0.9 % nickel (nominal 0.3 Mo and 0.8 Ni), UNS R53400 (ASTM Grade 12)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R53400",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Standards list, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Grade 12",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Standards list, ASTM Grade 12 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "TIMETAL Grade 12",
        "source": "timet12",
        "where": "Datasheet title, TIMETAL Grade 12 (ASTM Grade 12)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Title, B 265 - 08b; Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 12 column"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B337",
        "note": "seamless and welded pipe",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASTM B337 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B338",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASTM B338 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB338",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Tubing and pipe specifications list, ASME SB338 line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "alleima-ti12",
    "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table, Mo and Ni rows; ASTM B265 Table 2 Grade 12 column"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 4.51 g/cm3 (0.163 lb/in3) in the TIMETAL datasheet, Table 2 Physical Properties. The Alleima Grade 12 datasheet prints the same 4.51 g/cm3.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 2 Physical Properties, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus (tension)",
      "value": 103,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "loading": "tension",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Tensile Modulus, Tension, 15 Msi and 103 GPa in the TIMETAL datasheet, Table 2. The Alleima datasheet prints Tension (E) 15.0 x 10^6 psi and 103 GPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 2 Physical Properties, Tensile Modulus Tension row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point",
      "value": 1660,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "printed_as": "3020 °F",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 3020 °F and 1660 °C in the Physical properties section of the Alleima Grade 12 datasheet. The Celsius value is used.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Physical properties, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus",
      "value": 890,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "printed_as": "1634 F",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 1634F, 890°C in the Physical properties section of the Alleima Grade 12 datasheet. The Celsius value is used. beta_transus is a snake_case name (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Physical properties, Beta transus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at room temperature",
      "value": 19.02,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (printed as 75 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "W/m.K"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 11 Btu/ft·h·°F and 19.02 W/m.K in Table 3 Selected Thermal Properties of the TIMETAL datasheet, 75 °F (24 °C) row, SI column.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 3 Selected Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity column, 75 °F (24 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity at room temperature",
      "value": 544,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (printed as 75 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "J/kg"
      },
      "method": "Table 3 of the TIMETAL datasheet prints 0.13 Btu/lb.°F and (544) in the SI column, which the header labels (J/kg). The unit is written J/(kg·K) as the standard unit for specific heat capacity; the datasheet prints no K.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 3 Selected Thermal Properties, Specific Heat Capacity column, 75 °F (24 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion at room temperature",
      "value": 9.54,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10^-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (printed as 75 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "10^-6/°C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 5.3 x 10^-6 /°F and (9.54 x 10^-6/°C) at 75 °F (24 °C) in Table 3 of the TIMETAL datasheet. The Celsius value is used.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 3 Selected Thermal Properties, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion column, 75 °F (24 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity at room temperature",
      "value": 52,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "24 °C (printed as 75 °F)",
        "unit_in_source": "µΩ.cm"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 52 µΩ.cm in the Electrical Resistivity column of Table 3 of the TIMETAL datasheet, 75 °F (24 °C) row.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Table 3 Selected Thermal Properties, Electrical Resistivity column, 75 °F (24 °C) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum temperature approved under the ASME Boiler Code",
      "value": 600,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "ASME Boiler Code approval statement, not a measured limit"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Grade 12 is approved by ASME Boiler Code for use up to 600°F in the introduction of the TIMETAL datasheet. It is an approval statement, not a test result.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph, second sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
        "id": "TIMET",
        "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "as specified for Grade 12 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 12 row, with 70 ksi printed beside 483 MPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 12 row, tensile strength min (ksi 70, MPa 483)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 12 row, with 50 ksi printed beside 345 MPa. No maximum is printed for Grade 12.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 12 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 50, MPa 345)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, Grade 12 row.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 12 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (seamless tube and pipe)",
      "value": 483,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (Alleima Ti Grade 12 product)",
        "condition": "cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed, as supplied",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Min 70 ksi and 483 MPa in the Mechanical properties table of the Alleima Grade 12 datasheet. The typical data row is not recorded (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, Min row, Ultimate Strength (ksi 70, MPa 483)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum (seamless tube and pipe)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (Alleima Ti Grade 12 product)",
        "condition": "cold reduced or cold reduced and annealed, as supplied",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Min 50 ksi and 345 MPa in the same Alleima table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, Min row, Yield strength (ksi 50, MPa 345)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (seamless tube and pipe)",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (Alleima Ti Grade 12 product)",
        "gauge": "2 in",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Elongation 2 in, Min 18 in the same Alleima table.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, Min row, Elongation 2 in",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
        "id": "Alleima",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
        "year": 2025,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Hot brine, crevice corrosion (compared with unalloyed Grade 2)",
      "headline": "Significant improvement over unalloyed titanium, particularly crevice corrosion in hot brines.",
      "effect": "TIMETAL says Grade 12 shows significant improvement over unalloyed titanium, particularly crevice corrosion in hot brines. Its Figure 1 plots the effect of temperature and pH on crevice corrosion of Grade 2 against Grade 12 in saturated NaCl brine. The figure has no printed rate, so no numeric limit is recorded.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement and figure title; figure values not readable as text",
        "electrolyte": "saturated NaCl brine (Figure 1)"
      },
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph; Figure 1 title"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Reducing and oxidizing environments",
      "headline": "Excellent corrosion resistance in reducing and oxidizing environments.",
      "effect": "Alleima says Grade 12 is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance in reducing and oxidizing environments, and is suitable for shell and tube heat exchangers in the chemical industries. The datasheet prints no test conditions.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Product description, first paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). Most reports say not classified (606 of 808). Of the 202 reports that give hazard codes, the ECHA notifications list H228 (flammable solid) and H250 (catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air), both under the signal word Danger. The record is for the element and does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid",
          "H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Crevice corrosion in hot brine",
        "trigger": "Tight crevices in hot brine",
        "consequence": "Reduced compared with Grade 2 but not excluded; TIMETAL shows the effect in Figure 1 without a printed rate",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "timet12",
        "where": "Introduction paragraph; Figure 1 title"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Galling of the tube bore and springback in bending",
        "trigger": "Bending thin-walled tube or using a tight radius without a well-lubricated mandrel",
        "consequence": "Galling of the ID surface; springback about twice that of stainless steel",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Fire from titanium powder or swarf",
        "trigger": "Titanium powder or swarf in the workshop",
        "consequence": "Flammable solid classification from PubChem aggregated reports (H228)",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Welding is by manual or automatic TIG. Inert gas must shield both OD and ID of tube, the surface must be free of grease and oil, a low heat input is used, and no post-weld heat treatment is normally performed.",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Weldability section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Bend with a well-lubricated mandrel on thin-walled tube to prevent galling of the ID. Allow for springback about twice that of stainless steel.",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Sheet minimum bend radius (D/T): 4 for thickness under 0.070 in and 5 for 0.070 to 0.187 in.",
        "source": "timet12",
        "where": "Table 4 Minimum Mechanical Properties, Minimum Bend Radius column"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining: low cutting speed, high feed, plenty of coolant, sharp tools, and never stop feeding while the tool is in contact.",
        "source": "alleima-ti12",
        "where": "Fabrication, Machining and cutting section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Shell and tube heat exchangers",
      "example": "Alleima says Grade 12 is suitable for shell and tube heat exchangers and is typically used within the chemical industries.",
      "source": "alleima-ti12",
      "where": "Product description, first paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "ASME Boiler Code pressure parts",
      "example": "TIMETAL says Grade 12 is approved by the ASME Boiler Code for use up to 600 °F.",
      "source": "timet12",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products)",
      "abundance": "Not printed in the USGS 2026 titanium summary read for this profile. It refers to the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter for resources.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Hardness, fatigue, Poisson's ratio, shear and bulk modulus, specific heat of the Alleima tube (not printed there), and toughness: no Grade 12 values in the sources read in this run.",
    "Alleima typical tensile data (printed as 573, 421 and 36 with no unit row in the extracted text) is not recorded: the units cannot be read with certainty.",
    "Alleima thermal conductivity table prints 18.1 W/mK at 23 °C with a comma decimal (18,1). It conflicts with the TIMETAL value of 19.02 W/(m·K) at 24 °C, so only the TIMETAL value is recorded.",
    "Oxygen: Alleima prints nominal maximum 0.18 %, ASTM B265 Table 2 prints 0.25 % maximum, and TIMETAL prints 0.25 % maximum (0.12 nominal). The ASTM value is used for the composition.",
    "Organic acid corrosion table (TIMETAL Table 5): the numbers are printed with no unit, so none are recorded.",
    "Reduction of area (TIMETAL Table 4, 25 for bar, billet and forgings): the column prints no unit, so it is not recorded.",
    "Seawater and chloride data for Grade 12: none found in the sources read. The ASTM STP 487 and Brookhaven crevice papers were found by search but not read in this run (the NRC PDF link returned an HTML page).",
    "Designations: EN, DIN, JIS, AISI and ISO codes for Grade 12 are printed on none of the pages read in this run.",
    "Edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 08b edition (its header says B 265 - 08b). The current edition should be checked before specifying.",
    "Atomic weights of molybdenum and nickel were not fetched, so the recipe parts carry share limits only.",
    "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary read for this profile does not list them, and the EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched.",
    "Crustal abundance of titanium: not printed in the USGS 2026 titanium summary read for this profile.",
    "Beta transus is a snake_case name (not in spores/property-canon.yaml). Reduction of area is left out (see above).",
    "Sources: six were read in this run. Search returned mainly aggregator pages (matmatch, mfgrobots, totalmateria, azom); their numbers were not used. The eight-source target was not reached from primary pages."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "TIMETAL describes Grade 12 as a lean titanium alloy with excellent corrosion resistance and higher strength than ASTM Grade 2. Alleima says it has excellent corrosion resistance in reducing and oxidizing environments. It is chosen where corrosion resistance matters and extra strength over unalloyed titanium is wanted.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Shell and tube heat exchangers",
        "line": "Alleima says Grade 12 is suitable for shell and tube heat exchangers and is typically used in the chemical industries."
      },
      {
        "where": "ASME pressure parts",
        "line": "TIMETAL says Grade 12 is approved by the ASME Boiler Code for use up to 600 °F."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength 483 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 345 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). The same minimums are printed for seamless tube by Alleima.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Minimum elongation 18 % for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265) and for seamless tube (Alleima).",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus 103 GPa in tension (TIMETAL and Alleima).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Improved crevice resistance in hot brine over unalloyed titanium (TIMETAL). Excellent resistance in reducing and oxidizing environments (Alleima).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 12 is an alloyed grade with higher strength than unalloyed Grade 2 and Grade 7 (TIMETAL), and it keeps the low density of titanium at 4.51 g/cm3. Its tensile modulus is 103 GPa, roughly half that of steel alloys (Alleima).",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Welding: manual or automatic TIG. Shield both OD and ID of tube with inert gas, keep the surface free of grease and oil, use a low heat input, and no post-weld heat treatment is normally needed (Alleima).",
      "Bending: use a well-lubricated mandrel on thin-walled tube and allow for springback about twice that of stainless steel (Alleima). TIMETAL prints a minimum bend radius (D/T) of 4 for sheet under 0.070 in thick and 5 for 0.070 to 0.187 in.",
      "Machining: low cutting speed, high feed, plenty of coolant, sharp tools, and never stop feeding while the tool is in contact (Alleima)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Chemical process heat exchangers and shell and tube equipment (Alleima).",
      "Pressure parts up to 600 °F under the ASME Boiler Code (TIMETAL).",
      "Hot brine and chloride service where unalloyed titanium is too weak or too prone to crevice attack (TIMETAL)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Crevice attack in hot brine is improved, not excluded: TIMETAL shows the effect in Figure 1 without a printed rate.",
      "Lower strength than Ti-6Al-4V: the minimum tensile strength here is 483 MPa.",
      "Springback is about twice that of stainless steel in bending (Alleima).",
      "Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Grade 12 is a corrosion-resistant titanium alloy with a higher minimum strength than unalloyed grades and improved crevice resistance in hot brine. It is not a structural alloy like Ti-6Al-4V, and the sources read here give no rate data for seawater or other chlorides.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Unalloyed titanium with molybdenum and nickel added at low levels: 0.2 to 0.4 % Mo and 0.6 to 0.9 % Ni in ASTM B265 Table 2, Grade 12 column. Impurity limits are placed on O, Fe, C, N and H, with titanium the balance. Wikipedia describes the grade as containing 0.3 % molybdenum and 0.8 % nickel. Process routes are not described in the sources read.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Titanium balance row"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Alloying addition. Its specific role is not stated in the sources read.",
          "share_high": 0.4,
          "share_note": "0.2 to 0.4 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Molybdenum row, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Alloying addition. Its specific role is not stated in the sources read.",
          "share_high": 0.9,
          "share_note": "0.6 to 0.9 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nickel row, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.3,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.30 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 12 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 12 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources read here. PubChem gives titanium H228 (flammable solid) and H250 (pyrophoric) from aggregated reports, which apply to powder and swarf.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "Sheet, plate, bar and tube are covered by the TIMETAL and Alleima datasheets, which carry no hazard classification."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228 and H250 for the element from ECHA notifications (202 of 808 company reports give hazard codes). Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 15,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages read in this run: ASTM B265-08b copy (Tables 1 and 2), TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (Tables 1 to 4), Alleima Ti Grade 12 datasheet, USGS MCS 2026 titanium, PubChem CID 23963. Wikipedia used for the composition note only. The NRC Brookhaven PDF was not readable."
  },
  "sources": {
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "timet12": {
      "title": "TIMETAL Grade 12 datasheet (TIMET)",
      "id": "TIMET",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/documents/datasheets/cp-grades/timetal-grade-12.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-ti12": {
      "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 12, seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
      "id": "Alleima",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-12",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "wiki-ti-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-12/"
}