{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-11",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Commercially pure titanium with palladium, Grade 11 (UNS R52250)",
  "abbreviation": "Ti Grade 11",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Titanium Grade 11, UNS R52250, is unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added (ASTM B265). The palladium gives enhanced corrosion resistance in crevices and in reducing acids, and in chloride-containing environments (S+D Metals, Elgiloy datasheet). ASTM B265 sets its minimum tensile strength at 240 MPa and its minimum 0.2 % yield strength at 138 MPa, with 24 % minimum elongation for strip, sheet and plate. The Elgiloy strip datasheet gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3 and an elastic modulus of 112 GPa at 20 degC. Its strength is lower than Grade 2 (345 MPa minimum tensile), so it is chosen for corrosion resistance and formability rather than strength.\n",
  "best_for": "Chloride and reducing-acid chemical plant equipment, and desalination or marine service, where crevice corrosion resistance matters more than strength (S+D Metals and Elgiloy datasheets)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile, below the 345 MPa minimum of Grade 2 (ASTM B265). No Grade 11 crevice-corrosion test temperature was found in the sources read for this profile",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium, titanium the balance (ASTM B265 Grade 11)",
    "cas": "7440-32-6",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R52250",
        "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
        "where": "Titanium Grade 11 page, header line ASTM B265 | ASME SB265 | 3.7225 | UNS R52250"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7225",
        "source": "elgiloy-strip",
        "where": "Header block, W.Nr 3.7225 beside the title"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Title, designation B 265 - 08b; Table 1 Grade 11 row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
        "where": "Titanium Grade 11 page, header line ASME SB265"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Titanium Grade 11",
        "source": "elgiloy-strip",
        "where": "Product title, Titanium Grade 11"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Ti-0.15Pd",
        "source": "azom-ti11",
        "where": "Page title, Grade 11 Ti-0.15Pd (UNS R52250) Sheet; 0.15 is a nominal palladium content in the trade name, not an ASTM limit"
      }
    ],
    "source": "pubchem-ti",
    "where": "CAS of titanium from PubChem CID 23963; the palladium range is from ASTM B265-08b Table 2, Grade 11 column, and the Grade 11 definition in section 1.1.9"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "temperature": "20 degC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 4.51 g/cm3 at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, beside 0.163 lb/in3 at 70 degF.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity (E)",
      "value": 112,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "temperature": "20 degC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 112 GPa at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, beside 16.3 x 10^3 ksi at 70 degF. A supplier range of 80 to 130 GPa was seen on a gated listing and is not used.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of rigidity (G)",
      "value": 41,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "temperature": "20 degC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 41 GPa at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Rigidity (G) row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Elgiloy strip datasheet",
      "value": 21.79,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "temperature": "20 degC",
        "printed_as": "12.60 Btu-in./ft. hr.-F"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 21.79 W/m-K in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet, in the At 20oC column.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The S+D Metals page prints 16 W/m°C at 20 degC for the same grade. The two sources disagree, so both values are kept.",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 degC, S+D Metals page",
      "value": 16,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 degC",
        "unit_in_source": "W/ m°C"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 16 W/ m°C at 20°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page. The degree and kelvin intervals are equal, so the number is the same in W/(m·K).",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Elgiloy strip datasheet prints 21.79 W/m-K for the same property. The two sources disagree; see the other thermal conductivity row.",
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Physical constants and thermal properties, Thermal conductivity at 20°C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 (ASTM B265, ASME SB265, 3.7225, UNS R52250)",
        "id": "S+D Metals GmbH",
        "url": "https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of expansion, 20 to 500 degC",
      "value": 9.7,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μm/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "20 to 500 degC",
        "printed_as": "5.4 microinches/in.-oF (70 to 932 oF)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 9.7 μm/m-oC (20-500 oC) in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity",
      "value": 53.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 degC",
        "printed_as": "21 μ ohm.in"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 53.3 μ ohm.cm at 20 degC in the Physical Properties table of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point",
      "value": 1670,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "value printed for the grade on the S+D Metals page"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 1670°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Physical constants and thermal properties, Melting point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 (ASTM B265, ASME SB265, 3.7225, UNS R52250)",
        "id": "S+D Metals GmbH",
        "url": "https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus",
      "value": 888,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "tolerance_printed": "plus or minus 4 degC"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 888 ± 4°C in the physical constants list of the S+D Metals Grade 11 page. The tolerance is recorded in conditions and is not a range.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Physical constants and thermal properties, Beta transus temperature row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 (ASTM B265, ASME SB265, 3.7225, UNS R52250)",
        "id": "S+D Metals GmbH",
        "url": "https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Suggested upper operating temperature",
      "value": 540,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "basis": "suggested operating conditions, annealed spring-application table",
        "printed_as": "1000 F"
      },
      "method": "Printed as -300 F to 1000 F (-184 C to 540 C) under Suggested Operating Conditions in the Elgiloy strip datasheet. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column, Annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Suggested lower operating temperature",
      "value": -184,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "basis": "suggested operating conditions, annealed spring-application table",
        "printed_as": "-300 F"
      },
      "method": "Printed as -300°F to 1000°F (-184°C to 540°C) under Suggested Operating Conditions in the Elgiloy strip datasheet. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Suggested Operating Conditions column, Annealed row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "condition": "as specified for Grade 11 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 35 ksi printed beside 240 MPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, tensile strength min (ksi 35, MPa 240)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 20 ksi printed beside 138 MPa.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 20, MPa 138)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, maximum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "maximum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Maximum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 45 ksi printed beside 310 MPa. ASTM also limits Grade 11 to 275 MPa in supplementary requirement S2 when the purchaser specifies it; that limit is not recorded here.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset max (ksi 45, MPa 310)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265 product)",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 11 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical (annealed strip, spring-application table)",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip (Elgiloy datasheet product)",
        "condition": "annealed at 1290 F",
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 50 ksi (345 MPa) typ in the Typical Mechanical Properties table for spring applications, Annealed row, of the Elgiloy strip datasheet.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Spring Applications, Annealed row, Tensile Strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
        "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
        "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Crevices and chloride-containing environments",
      "headline": "Palladium gives outstanding resistance to localized crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments.",
      "effect": "S+D Metals says the 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium addition gives outstanding corrosion resistance to localized crevice corrosion, particularly in chloride-containing environments. The page prints no test conditions, so this is a supplier statement, not a measured threshold.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test temperature, chloride level or pH printed",
        "palladium": "0.12 to 0.25 %"
      },
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Areas of application and product description, Grade 11 page"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Reducing acids and chloride-containing reducing acid solutions",
      "headline": "Palladium improves resistance in reducing acids and reducing acid chloride environments.",
      "effect": "S+D Metals lists reducing acids among the media where the palladium addition gives outstanding corrosion resistance. The Elgiloy strip datasheet says the palladium gives enhanced corrosion resistance in crevices and reducing acid chloride environments. Neither source prints a concentration or temperature.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statements; no concentration or temperature printed"
      },
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Product description paragraph, Grade 11 datasheet"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Desalination and marine service",
      "headline": "Listed for desalination and marine use; no Grade 11 seawater test was read.",
      "effect": "The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists desalination and marine applications among the industries supplied. No seawater, brine or temperature limit for Grade 11 was printed in the sources read for this profile.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "list of industries supplied; no test data"
      },
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Product description, Industries supplied line"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963). It gives H228 (flammable solid) with signal word Danger, from reports for flammable solids. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf, and it is not specific to Grade 11. Check the supplier safety data sheet for the form you handle.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Precautionary statement codes listed with the titanium GHS entry include P210, P222, P231, P233, P235, P240, P241 and P280, among others.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Precautionary Statement Codes"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "No handling guidance specific to Grade 11 was found in the sources read for this profile. Welding, bending and machining notes for unalloyed titanium were not fetched for this grade.",
        "source": "elgiloy-strip",
        "where": "Not stated in the strip datasheet, which describes properties only"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Heat exchangers and condensers in chemical processing",
      "example": "ASTM B265 scope as summarised by S+D Metals: highly corrosive environments in chemical processing and manufacturing, and heat exchangers, are the listed areas of application for Grade 11.",
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Areas of application for Titanium Grade 11 | ASTM B265, text block"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Piping systems, industrial pumps and valves",
      "example": "S+D Metals lists piping systems, industrial pumps and valves for highly corrosive chemical environments as areas of application for Grade 11.",
      "source": "sd-metals-ti11",
      "where": "Areas of application for Titanium Grade 11 | ASTM B265, text block"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Chlorate manufacturing and desalination equipment",
      "example": "The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists chemical processing, chlorate manufacturing, desalination and marine applications as the industries supplied with Grade 11 strip.",
      "source": "elgiloy-strip",
      "where": "Product description, Industries supplied line"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products, including Grade 11)",
      "abundance": "The USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched for this profile gives no crustal abundance or resource tonnage. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Palladium (the alloying addition, 0.12 to 0.25 %)",
      "abundance": "Not read in this run. The USGS PGM chapter gives mine production and reserves but no crustal abundance.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 44.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 36.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 7.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 3.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 140,000 kg of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kg of palladium from automobile catalytic converters in the United States. No palladium-only global total is given.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: about 25 % of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters, and up to 50 % in some applications."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-pgm-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, Palladium 2025e column (world total 190,000 kg, rounded; shares computed here); Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals: Strip Products, Titanium Grade 11 datasheet (copy on combmet.com, dated 10/30/15)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 product page (composition, physical constants, typical mechanical properties)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (February 2026)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Platinum-Group Metals (February 2026)",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Corrosion data: no Grade 11 crevice-corrosion, seawater or reducing-acid test with a temperature, concentration or time was found. Pang and Blackwood (2016), used for Grade 2, covers Grades 2, 5 and 7 only and was not fetched for Grade 11. The palladium statements above are supplier wording.",
    "Thermal conductivity conflicts: 21.79 W/m-K (Elgiloy strip datasheet) and 16 W/m°C at 20 degC (S+D Metals). Both are kept with notes; a certificate or the ASTM test method would settle it.",
    "Elastic modulus: a supplier range of 80 to 130 GPa appears on a gated listing (TotalMateria) and a value of 110 GPa on MakeItFrom, which was not readable. Neither is used.",
    "Density: the S+D Metals page prints 4,51 g/cm² (unit typo); the value is taken from the Elgiloy datasheet, which prints g/cm3.",
    "Beta transus is not in spores/property-canon.yaml and uses the snake_case name beta_transus.",
    "Specific heat, Poisson's ratio, hardness, Charpy impact, fatigue and cryogenic properties: no numeric value for Grade 11 was found in the sources read.",
    "Hazards and handling: only the PubChem titanium GHS record was read. No Grade 11 or palladium safety data sheet was read. No handling, welding, bending or machining guidance specific to Grade 11 was found, and no failure-risk entries are recorded.",
    "Standard edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 2008b edition (its header says B 265 - 08b). The current revision was not checked. ASTM B338, B348 and B861 cover Grade 11 according to search snippets, but those pages were not fetched, so no codes are recorded from them.",
    "Designations not found on a page read in this run: AMS (none for Grade 11 sheet found), JIS, GB, DIN, ISO and an EN name. The EN number 3.7225 is printed on the Elgiloy and S+D pages.",
    "Titanium sponge critical-list status and palladium critical-list status were not confirmed. The USGS titanium and PGM summaries read here do not state them.",
    "Palladium crustal abundance and recycling rate for palladium alone were not found in the USGS PGM chapter read here.",
    "Process route (sponge, melt, mill) is not described in the sources read for this profile.",
    "Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen, outgassing, thermal cycling, radiation): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 11 numbers was fetched.",
    "Atomic weights of the constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.",
    "Property names: beta_transus is not in the canonical list; see above."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Grade 11 is unalloyed titanium with a small palladium addition. It is chosen for corrosion resistance in chloride and reducing-acid service, where the palladium improves crevice resistance. Its strength is lower than Grade 2, but it keeps the good ductility, cold formability and weldability of the unalloyed grades (Elgiloy datasheet).",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Heat exchangers and chemical plant",
        "line": "S+D Metals lists highly corrosive chemical processing, piping systems, industrial pumps and valves and heat exchangers as areas of application for Grade 11 under ASTM B265."
      },
      {
        "where": "Chlorate manufacturing and desalination",
        "line": "The Elgiloy strip datasheet lists chemical processing, chlorate manufacturing, desalination and marine applications as the industries supplied with Grade 11 strip."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength 240 MPa and minimum 0.2 % yield strength 138 MPa for strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265). The maximum yield is 310 MPa. Typical annealed strip is 345 MPa tensile (Elgiloy).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "Minimum elongation 24 % at 2 in or 50 mm gauge (ASTM B265). The Elgiloy datasheet adds good ductility, cold formability and high impact toughness.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus 112 GPa at 20 degC and shear modulus 41 GPa (Elgiloy datasheet).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Palladium gives enhanced crevice corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments and in reducing acids (S+D Metals and Elgiloy datasheet). No numeric limit was found.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Temperature",
        "line": "The Elgiloy datasheet suggests operating from -184 degC to 540 degC for the strip product. This is a supplier suggestion, not a tested limit.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 11 is a lower-strength titanium with corrosion resistance added by palladium. Its minimum tensile strength is 240 MPa (ASTM B265), against a minimum of 345 MPa for the unalloyed [CP Ti Grade 2](/materials/titanium-grade-2), which has no palladium. The rows below give Grade 11 values for density, elastic modulus and yield strength.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "No handling guidance specific to Grade 11 was found in the sources read for this profile. Welding, bending and machining guidance for unalloyed titanium is in the Grade 2 profile and was not checked for Grade 11."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Chloride and reducing-acid chemical plant equipment, where crevice resistance matters (S+D Metals).",
      "Desalination and marine service (Elgiloy datasheet).",
      "Formed and welded parts where ductility matters more than strength (Elgiloy datasheet)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Lower strength than Grade 2: 240 MPa minimum tensile against 345 MPa (ASTM B265).",
      "Thermal conductivity figures disagree between two suppliers (21.79 and 16 W/m-K). Check the certificate for the product.",
      "Palladium is a small addition (0.12 to 0.25 %) but a precious metal. Mine supply is concentrated in Russia and South Africa (USGS, 2025).",
      "No numeric crevice or reducing-acid test was found for Grade 11, so the corrosion benefit is a supplier statement."
    ],
    "verdict": "Grade 11 is the palladium-bearing version of unalloyed titanium for chloride and reducing-acid service, where crevice resistance matters more than strength. It gives up some strength against Grade 2, and the palladium is the reason for its price and the main gap in the corrosion data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Unalloyed titanium with 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium added. ASTM B265 limits the grade to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Process routes are not described in the sources read for this profile.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. Gives the low density and the oxide-film corrosion resistance.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "elgiloy-strip",
          "where": "Nominal Composition table, Ti balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Palladium",
          "symbol": "Pd",
          "role": "Alloying addition. S+D Metals and the Elgiloy datasheet tie it to better crevice and reducing-acid corrosion resistance.",
          "share_high": 0.25,
          "share_note": "0.12 to 0.25 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 11 column (Palladium); section 1.1.9 (Grade 11 definition)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.18,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.18 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 11 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.2,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.20 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 11 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 11 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 11 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 11 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources read here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "The strip datasheet and the S+D Metals page carry no hazard classification for Grade 11."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports for titanium. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-26",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 16,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Written 2026-10-26 by an assistant from pages fetched in this run: ASTM B265-08b copy, Elgiloy strip datasheet (copy), S+D Metals Grade 11 page, AZoM listing, USGS MCS 2026 titanium and platinum-group metals, PubChem titanium, and Wikipedia. TotalMateria and MakeItFrom were not used for values."
  },
  "sources": {
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "elgiloy-strip": {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Strip Products: Titanium Grade 11 (copy on combmet.com)",
      "id": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Elgin IL; printed 10/30/15",
      "url": "https://www.combmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Strip-Titanium-Grade-11.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "sd-metals-ti11": {
      "title": "S+D Metals: Titanium Grade 11 (ASTM B265, ASME SB265, 3.7225, UNS R52250)",
      "id": "S+D Metals GmbH",
      "url": "https://sd-metals.bibus.com/de-en/materials/itm/Titan-Grade-11/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "azom-ti11": {
      "title": "AZoM: Grade 11 Ti-0.15Pd (UNS R52250) Sheet",
      "id": "AZoM",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/metals/titanium-alloys_grade-11-ti-0-15pd-(uns-r52250)_sheet",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier listing, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-pgm-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Platinum-Group Metals (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Platinum-Group Metals",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "wiki-ti-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "Wikipedia, Titanium alloy",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-11/"
}