{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-grade-1",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Commercially pure titanium, Grade 1 (UNS R50250)",
  "abbreviation": "CP Ti Grade 1",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant unalloyed metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Commercially pure titanium Grade 1, UNS R50250, is unalloyed titanium. ASTM B265 Table 1 sets its minimum tensile strength at 240 MPa (35 ksi) and its minimum 0.2 % offset yield strength at 138 MPa (20 ksi) for strip, sheet and plate. The ATI 30 product page gives a density of 4.51 g/cm3. Alleima describes Grade 1 as having relatively low strength and high ductility, and says it is typically used for plate heat exchangers.",
  "best_for": "Formable, corrosion-resistant parts such as plate heat exchangers and chemical-plant equipment, where ductility matters more than strength (Alleima and Smiths)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile (ASTM B265 Table 1); ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Unalloyed titanium, UNS R50250 (ASTM Grade 1): maximum limits on O, Fe, C, N and H, titanium the balance",
    "cas": "7440-32-6",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R50250",
        "source": "alleima-ti1",
        "where": "Standards list, UNS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "CP Grade 1",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Page heading, ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "ATI 30",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Page heading, ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Ti Grade 1",
        "source": "alleima-ti1",
        "where": "Datasheet title, Alleima Ti Grade 1"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B265",
        "note": "strip, sheet and plate",
        "source": "astm-b265",
        "where": "Designation line; Table 1 and Table 2, Grade 1 rows and columns"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "B348",
        "note": "bars and billets",
        "source": "smiths-cp1",
        "where": "Material Specifications list, ASTM B348 Grade 1 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "F67",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Specifications list on the ATI 30 product page, ASTM F 67"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4921",
        "source": "ati-cp1",
        "where": "Specifications list on the ATI 30 product page, AMS 4921"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4940",
        "source": "smiths-cp1",
        "where": "Material Specifications list, AMS 4940 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "TA1",
        "source": "smiths-cp1",
        "where": "Material Specifications list, BS TA1 line"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SB-265",
        "source": "tpc-sheet",
        "where": "Commercially pure titanium list, GRADE 1 CP 4 / UNS R50250 block, ASME-SB-265 Grade 1 line"
      }
    ],
    "source": "astm-b265",
    "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Grade 1 column (ASTM B265-08b copy); CAS from PubChem CID 23963 (pubchem-ti)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "thermal-control",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, bar",
      "value": 4.51,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar (the ATI 30 product page prints the same density under each product form)",
        "condition": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Density row of the ATI 30 product page, which also gives 0.163 lb/in3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)",
        "id": "ATI 30; UNS R50250",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum, bar",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 35 min (ksi) and 240 min (MPa) on the ATI 30 product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Tensile Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)",
        "id": "ATI 30; UNS R50250",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, minimum, bar",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)",
        "offset": "not printed on the product page",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 20 min (ksi) and 138 min (MPa) on the ATI 30 product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Yield Strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)",
        "id": "ATI 30; UNS R50250",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum, bar",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar (ATI 30 product page, Bar block)",
        "gauge": "not printed on the product page",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed as 24% min on the ATI 30 product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-cp1",
      "where": "Product Specifications By Form, Bar block, Elongation row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)",
        "id": "ATI 30; UNS R50250",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)",
        "condition": "as specified for Grade 1 in ASTM B265-08b Table 1",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 (Tensile Requirements) of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 35 ksi printed beside 240 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row (ksi 35, MPa 240)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 138,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 20 ksi printed beside 138 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset min (ksi 20, MPa 138)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, maximum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 310,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "maximum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Maximum in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy, with 45 ksi printed beside 310 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, yield strength 0.2 % offset max (ksi 45, MPa 310)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, minimum (strip, sheet and plate)",
      "value": 24,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "strip, sheet and plate (ASTM B265-08b product)",
        "gauge": "2 in or 50 mm",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elongation in Table 1 of the ASTM B265-08b copy",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "astm-b265",
      "where": "Table 1 Tensile Requirements, Grade 1 row, elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm min %",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
        "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
        "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
        "year": 2008,
        "kind": "standard",
        "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, typical",
      "value": 345,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum",
        "form": "not split by form in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the UTS row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, UTS row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, typical",
      "value": 221,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum",
        "offset": "0.2 %",
        "form": "not split by form in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Printed as typical yield strength 221 MPa in the Product Description and in the 0.2% PS row of the Smiths datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Product Description; Mechanical Properties table, 0.2% PS row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation on 2 in, typical",
      "value": 37,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum",
        "gauge": "2 in",
        "form": "not split by form in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Elongation on 2 in row, typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elongation on 2 in., % row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, minimum",
      "value": 30,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not split by form in the datasheet",
        "minimum": "yes"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet. reduction_of_area is not in the canonical list, so a snake_case name is used (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Reduction of area row, Minimum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, typical",
      "value": 103,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical, not a minimum",
        "loading": "not stated in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row, Typical column, of the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus GPa row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, typical",
      "value": 120,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HV",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "typical",
        "form": "not split by form in the datasheet"
      },
      "method": "Printed as Hardness HV, typical 120, in the Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet. hardness is not in the canonical list (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness HV row, Typical column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
        "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
        "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
        "year": 2023,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus, ATI 30 (CP Grade 1)",
      "value": 888,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade_mapping": "ATI 30 row of the ATI sheet; the ATI 30 product page names ATI 30 as CP Grade 1",
        "tolerance": "± 4 °C, printed as 888°C ± 4C°"
      },
      "method": "Printed for ATI 30 in the Physical Properties section of the ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 datasheet (version 1, 2012). The Fahrenheit value 1,630°F is printed alongside. beta_transus is not in the canonical list (see gaps).",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Physical Properties, Beta Transus Temperature, ATI 30 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI CP Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 Commercially Pure Titanium: technical data sheet (version 1, 2012)",
        "id": "ATI; UNS R50250, R50400, R50550, R50700",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_cp1_cp2_cp3_cp4_tds_en1_v1.pdf",
        "year": 2012,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides",
      "headline": "Smiths says Grade 1 offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.",
      "effect": "The Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet states that the material offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides. The datasheet prints no test conditions, concentrations or temperatures.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion across the ATI commercially pure titanium range",
      "headline": "ATI describes the CP titanium range, Grades 1 to 4, as having excellent corrosion resistance. The sheet gives no Grade 1 test data.",
      "effect": "The ATI technical data sheet covering CP Grades 1 to 4 says those grades are used where high ductility, excellent corrosion resistance, moderate strength and good weldability are desired. This is a general statement for the four grades together, not a Grade 1 test.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement for four grades together; no test conditions"
      },
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Introduction"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregates GHS reports for titanium (CID 23963) and gives H228, Flammable solid, with signal word Danger under Flammable solids, Category 1. The record does not separate bulk metal from powder or swarf. Check the safety data sheet for the form you handle.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228: Flammable solid"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (CID 23963)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility from hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or carbon pickup",
        "trigger": "Improper pickling, or forging, heat treating or brazing without protection",
        "consequence": "ATI says the contamination deteriorates ductility, which adversely affects notch sensitivity and forming characteristics.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Special Precautions section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Limited formability at room temperature",
        "trigger": "Forming Grade 1 at room temperature",
        "consequence": "ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature and recommends warm forming for deep drawing and spinning. Smiths says Grade 1 gives optimum ductility and cold formability, so the two sources conflict.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Forgeability/Formability section; compare Smiths product description"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Smiths lists weldability as excellent for Grade 1.",
        "source": "smiths-cp1",
        "where": "Fabrication list, Weldability line"
      },
      {
        "text": "ATI says commercially pure titanium is easily welded if precautions prevent oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen contamination, using inert-gas shielding of the weld metal and the heated zones next to it.",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Weldability section"
      },
      {
        "text": "ATI says CP titanium can be machined using austenitic stainless steel practice, with slow speeds, heavy feeds, rigid tooling and large amounts of non-chlorinated cutting fluid.",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Machinability section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Shield welds and heated zones with inert gas, and control pickling and forging so the metal does not pick up hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen (ATI).",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Weldability and Special Precautions sections"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "thermal-control",
      "device": "Plate heat exchangers",
      "example": "Alleima says Ti Grade 1 is typically used for plate heat exchangers.",
      "source": "alleima-ti1",
      "where": "Datasheet introduction paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Components and equipment for chemical plant and marine service",
      "example": "Smiths lists typical applications as components and equipment for architecture, medical engineering, automotive, chemical plant, pharmaceutical, brewing, food, oil and gas, pulp and paper and marine industries.",
      "source": "smiths-cp1",
      "where": "Typical Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Airframe skin, structural components and cryogenic vessels (listed for CP Grades 1 to 4 together)",
      "example": "ATI lists airframe skin and structural components, cryogenic vessels, heat exchangers, chemical processing equipment, and medical and surgical devices for its CP grades together. The sheet does not give a Grade 1 specific list.",
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Introduction, typical product forms and applications"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge (feedstock for titanium mill products)",
      "abundance": "The USGS 2026 titanium summary read for this profile gives no crustal abundance figure. It refers to a separate titanium mineral concentrates chapter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-ti-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Events, Trends, and Issues; World Sponge Metal Production table (2025 column, world total rounded 370,000)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Smiths Metal Centres: CP Grade 1 technical datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima: Ti Grade 1 datasheet (updated 2025-05-09)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-1/",
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium: ATI product page with specification list",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 commercially pure titanium technical data sheet, version 1",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_cp1_cp2_cp3_cp4_tds_en1_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification (PUG View JSON)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Melting point: the ATI sheet prints one melting range (3,000-3,040 F) for CP Grades 1 to 4 together, not for Grade 1 alone, so no value is recorded.",
    "Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and Poisson's ratio: not printed for Grade 1 in any source read for this profile.",
    "Hardness: the ATI 30 product page prints a hardness row that does not match the other grade-specific sources; that row is not used. The Smiths typical value (120 HV) is recorded instead.",
    "Oxygen maximum conflicts between sources: the ASTM B265-08b Table 2 Grade 1 column, the ATI 30 product page and the Smiths datasheet give 0.18; the Alleima datasheet gives a nominal oxygen limit of 0.12 (printed as <=0.12). Both are recorded in composition; the ASTM value is used for the record.",
    "Carbon and hydrogen conflicts: Smiths prints C max 0.1 and H max 0.015 for sheet and 0.0125 for bar, while ASTM Table 2 gives C max 0.08 and H max 0.015. The ASTM values are used. Alleima prints nominal H <= 0.01 and N <= 0.02.",
    "Formability conflict: Smiths calls Grade 1 optimum in ductility and cold formability, while ATI says CP titanium has limited formability at room temperature. Both statements are kept in failure_risks.",
    "No Grade 1 test was found for seawater, brine, crevice corrosion or stress corrosion cracking. The seawater crevice test read in this run was on a different grade and is not used here.",
    "Space and orbital data (atomic oxygen erosion, outgassing, thermal cycling in orbit, cryogenic properties): no NASA or NIST source with Grade 1 numbers was fetched.",
    "Standard edition: the ASTM B265 copy is the 08b edition. The ATI sheet is version 1 dated 2012. Check current editions before specifying.",
    "Designations not found on any page read in this run: EN 3.7025, DIN, EN name, ISO 5832-2 (ATI lists ISO 5832-2 for unalloyed titanium as a family, not Grade 1 specifically), JIS and GB.",
    "Property names: hardness, beta_transus and reduction_of_area are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and use snake_case or the plain name.",
    "Atomic weights of the constituents were not fetched, so recipe parts carry share limits only.",
    "Alleima's datasheet URL with ?show=pdf returned the HTML product page, so the Alleima values were read from that page (datasheet updated 2025-05-09). Alleima prints no density, mechanical or physical values for Grade 1.",
    "Critical-mineral lists: the USGS 2026 titanium summary fetched here does not list them, and the EU and USGS critical lists were not fetched for titanium."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Grade 1 is an unalloyed titanium grade chosen where ductility, formability and corrosion resistance matter more than strength. Alleima describes it as having relatively low strength and high ductility, and says it is typically used for plate heat exchangers. Smiths says it provides optimum ductility and cold formability with useful mechanical strength, and that it resists oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Plate heat exchangers",
        "line": "Alleima says Ti Grade 1 is typically used for plate heat exchangers. The datasheet describes the grade as having low oxygen content, relatively low strength and high ductility."
      },
      {
        "where": "Chemical plant and marine equipment",
        "line": "Smiths lists typical applications for Grade 1 that include chemical plant, pharmaceutical, food, oil and gas, and marine industries."
      },
      {
        "where": "Airframe and cryogenic parts (shared CP range)",
        "line": "ATI lists airframe skin, structural components and cryogenic vessels for its CP grades together. The ATI sheet does not give a Grade 1 specific list."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "ASTM B265 Table 1 gives a minimum tensile strength of 240 MPa (35 ksi) and a minimum 0.2 % yield strength of 138 MPa (20 ksi) for strip, sheet and plate. Smiths prints typical values of 345 MPa tensile and 221 MPa yield.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Ductility",
        "line": "The ASTM minimum elongation is 24 % in 2 in or 50 mm. Smiths prints a typical elongation of 37 % on 2 in.",
        "benchmark": "elongation",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Smiths prints a typical elastic modulus of 103 GPa, without stating the loading mode.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "The ATI 30 product page prints a density of 4.51 g/cm3.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Corrosion",
        "line": "Smiths says Grade 1 offers high corrosion resistance in oxidising, neutral and mildly reducing media, including chlorides. No Grade 1 seawater or crevice test was found.",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Grade 1 is described by Alleima as having relatively low strength and high ductility. Its ASTM B265 minimum tensile strength is 240 MPa, and the Smiths datasheet prints a typical elastic modulus of 103 GPa. The ATI 30 product page prints a density of 4.51 g/cm3. This profile does not compare Grade 1 numerically with other grades, because those grades are recorded in their own profiles. The table below sets out the three values recorded here.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Weldability is excellent (Smiths). Use inert-gas shielding of the weld metal and heated zones, and keep oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen out (ATI).",
      "Bending and forming: ATI notes limited formability at room temperature, and Smiths reports good cold formability. Test a sample first.",
      "Machining: use slow speeds, heavy feeds, rigid tooling and non-chlorinated coolant (ATI)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Plate heat exchangers, where Alleima says the grade is typically used.",
      "Forming and welding of sheet and plate where ductility matters more than strength (Smiths and ATI).",
      "Chemical plant and marine equipment, where corrosion resistance matters (Smiths)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Low strength: 240 MPa minimum tensile (ASTM B265), with typical 345 MPa tensile (Smiths).",
      "Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen pickup lowers ductility and notch resistance (ATI).",
      "Powder and swarf are a flammable-solid fire hazard (PubChem).",
      "No Grade 1 seawater or crevice test was found in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "Grade 1 is the unalloyed titanium choice where ductility and formability come before strength. ASTM B265 sets a 240 MPa minimum tensile strength, and Alleima points it at plate heat exchangers.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Unalloyed titanium with no deliberate alloying additions. ASTM B265 Table 2 limits the Grade 1 composition to maximum oxygen, iron, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, with titanium as the balance. Process routes are not described in the sources fetched for this profile.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal. ASTM B265 gives titanium as the balance after the listed maxima.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Titanium balance row, Grade 1 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Oxygen",
          "symbol": "O",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit. The Alleima datasheet prints a lower nominal limit (see gaps).",
          "share_high": 0.18,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.18 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Oxygen max, Grade 1 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.2,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.2 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Iron max, Grade 1 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.08,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.08 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Carbon max, Grade 1 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.03,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.03 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Nitrogen max, Grade 1 column"
        },
        {
          "name": "Hydrogen",
          "symbol": "H",
          "role": "Interstitial impurity with a maximum limit.",
          "share_high": 0.015,
          "share_note": "maximum 0.015 %",
          "source": "astm-b265",
          "where": "Table 2 Chemical Requirements, Hydrogen max, Grade 1 column"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid metal is not hazard-classed in the sources fetched here. PubChem gives titanium a flammable-solid classification (H228), which applies to powder and swarf.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid metal",
            "line": "Sheet, plate, bar and tube are covered by the Smiths and Alleima datasheets, which carry no hazard classification."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and swarf",
            "line": "PubChem gives H228 (flammable solid) from aggregated reports. Treat powder and swarf as a fire hazard."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Solid: no class. Powder and swarf: flammable"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 15,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Written 2026-11-01 by an assistant from pages read in this run: ATI 30 product page, ATI CP Grade 1 to 4 technical data sheet, Alleima Ti Grade 1 page, Smiths CP Grade 1 datasheet, ASTM B265-08b copy, USGS MCS 2026 titanium and PubChem CID 23963. Conflicts in oxygen, carbon and formability are stated in gaps."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ati-cp1": {
      "title": "ATI 30, CP Grade 1 Titanium (ATI product page, product specifications by form)",
      "id": "ATI 30; UNS R50250",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-cp1",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "ati-tds": {
      "title": "ATI CP Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 Commercially Pure Titanium: technical data sheet (version 1, 2012)",
      "id": "ATI; UNS R50250, R50400, R50550, R50700",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/titanium/commerciallypure/ati_cp1_cp2_cp3_cp4_tds_en1_v1.pdf",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-ti1": {
      "title": "Alleima Ti Grade 1 datasheet (seamless tube and pipe page, updated 2025-05-09)",
      "id": "Alleima; UNS R50250",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/alleima-ti-grade-1/",
      "year": 2025,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "smiths-cp1": {
      "title": "CP Grade 1 Technical Datasheet (Smiths Metal Centres)",
      "id": "Smiths Metal Centres; UNS R50250; ASTM B348 Grade 1; BS TA1; AMS 4940",
      "url": "https://www.smithmetal.com/pdf/titanium/cp-grade-1.pdf",
      "year": 2023,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "astm-b265": {
      "title": "ASTM B265-08b: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate (copy hosted by GS Alloy)",
      "id": "ASTM B265-08b",
      "url": "https://gsalloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ASTM-B265.pdf",
      "year": 2008,
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "standard copy, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-ti-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium (USGS, February 2026)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, Titanium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US Government work, public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem: Titanium (CID 23963), GHS classification and identifiers",
      "id": "PubChem CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23963/JSON",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem, public"
    },
    "tpc-sheet": {
      "title": "Titanium Processing Center: titanium sheet product page (commercially pure titanium specifications list)",
      "id": "Titanium Processing Center",
      "url": "https://www.titaniumprocessingcenter.com/products/titanium-sheet/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "supplier web page, cited not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-grade-1/"
}