{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "titanium-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "titanium-alloys",
  "name": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6242)",
  "abbreviation": "Ti-6242",
  "role": "creep-resistant near-alpha structural alloy for hot forged parts",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "titanium",
  "summary": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, also called Ti-6242 and listed under UNS R54620, is a near-alpha titanium alloy for hot forged parts. Rickard Metals prints a density of 0.164 lbs/cubic inch and a minimum yield strength of 827 MPa at 0.2% offset, based on AMS 4975. Its printed weak point is hot salt stress corrosion cracking, which the supplier says proper processing can minimize.",
  "best_for": "Hot forged parts that must resist creep, such as turbine engine discs, blades and impellers (Rickard Metals)",
  "weakest_at": "Hot salt stress corrosion cracking, which the supplier says the alloy is sometimes susceptible to; no test numbers are printed",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo: titanium with aluminium 5.5 to 6.5 %, tin 1.8 to 2.2 %, zirconium 3.6 to 4.4 % and molybdenum 1.8 to 2.2 % (Titanium Industries, Table 1)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "R54620",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Standard Specifications list, UNS column"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4975",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Standard Specifications list; also the basis of the Mechanical Properties table"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "4919",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Standard Specifications list"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.7145",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Standard Specifications list, Werkstoff 3.7145"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "3.71450",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Standard Specifications list, EN 3.71450"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "TIMETAL 6242",
        "source": "timet-plate",
        "where": "Products text: higher-performance alloys like TIMETAL 6242"
      }
    ],
    "source": "titanium-com",
    "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition. Rickard Metals prints the same ranges without units. Oxygen is printed as 0.15 % maximum by Titanium Industries and as 0.12 max by Rickard Metals; the two are not reconciled here."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, as printed by Rickard Metals",
      "value": 0.164,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "lb/in3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (UNS R54620)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "0.164 lbs/cubic inch"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a supplier product page under Additional Information, Physical Properties. The page gives no test temperature. The same number appears in the Titanium Industries table with no unit, so that copy is not recorded.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Additional Information, Physical Properties: Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo",
      "value": 3101,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (R54620)",
        "pressure": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "3101 °F"
      },
      "method": "Single value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier alloy page; no test method is stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Melting Point (°F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo",
      "value": 48.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (R54620)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "48.6 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of a supplier alloy page; no temperature is printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Physical properties table, row Thermal conductivity (BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, room temperature to 600 F",
      "value": 5.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "in/in-F x 10-6",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature_range": "room temperature to 600F (as printed: RT to 600F)",
        "unit_in_source": "5.2 microinch/inch/degree F"
      },
      "method": "Printed on a supplier product page under Additional Information, Physical Properties. The printed unit microinch/inch/degree F is written here as in/in-F x 10-6, which is the same unit.",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Titanium Industries prints a different thermal expansion figure for the same property, in 1/°F. It is not recorded here because the site unit table does not convert that unit correctly yet.",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Additional Information, Physical Properties: Coefficient of Expansion row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Titanium Industries)",
      "value": 17100,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (R54620)",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "17100 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier alloy page, under a header giving ksi; no test temperature is stated",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Rickard Metals prints 16 msi for the same property. The two suppliers do not agree, and neither value is averaged here.",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical Properties, row Modulus of Elasticity (ksi) (E)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Rickard Metals)",
      "value": 16,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "msi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "16 msi"
      },
      "method": "Printed on a supplier product page as Modulus of Elasticity: 16 msi, with no test temperature",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Titanium Industries prints 17100 ksi for the same property; see the other modulus row.",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Additional Information, Physical Properties: Modulus of Elasticity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Minimum yield strength Rp0.2, based on AMS 4975",
      "value": 827,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum tensile property, based on AMS 4975",
        "offset": "0.2%",
        "unit_in_source": "120 ksi (827 MPa)",
        "product_form": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed on a supplier product page under Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties: Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Minimum ultimate tensile strength, based on AMS 4975",
      "value": 896,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum tensile property, based on AMS 4975",
        "unit_in_source": "130 ksi (896 MPa)",
        "product_form": "not stated in the table"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed on a supplier product page under Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties: Tensile Strength",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Minimum elongation in 4D, based on AMS 4975",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum tensile property, based on AMS 4975",
        "gauge": "4D",
        "unit_in_source": "10%"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed on a supplier product page under Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties: Elongation in 4D",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Minimum reduction of area, based on AMS 4975",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "minimum tensile property, based on AMS 4975",
        "unit_in_source": "25%"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed on a supplier product page under Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties. Not a canonical property name; snake_case used, see gaps.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties (Based on AMS 4975), Minimum Tensile Properties: Reduction of Area",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Maximum elongation, gauge AL=5 x D (Titanium Industries)",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "gauge": "AL=5 x D (printed AL=5 x Ø)",
        "basis": "Maximum column of the table",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier alloy page; no test condition is printed. Different gauge from the Rickard 4D minimum.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical Properties, row Elongation (AL=5 x Ø), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Maximum yield strength range Rp 0.2 offset (Titanium Industries)",
      "value": 152,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Maximum column of the table",
        "offset": "0.2%",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier alloy page; no product form or test condition is printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical Properties, row Yield Strength Range (Rp 0.2 Offset) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Maximum tensile strength range Rm (Titanium Industries)",
      "value": 161,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Maximum column of the table",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in the mechanical properties table of a supplier alloy page; no product form or test condition is printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Table 3, Mechanical Properties, row Tensile Strength Range (Rm) (ksi), Maximum column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
        "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
        "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "beta_transus",
      "label": "Beta transus (approximate, as printed)",
      "value": 1770,
      "value_high": 1790,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "printed as approximately 1770F to 1790F with a tilde",
        "use": "reference temperature for solution annealing bar and forgings"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on a supplier product page in the Heat Treatment section. Not a canonical property name; snake_case used, see gaps.",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Heat Treatment section, first paragraph (bar and forgings)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
        "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
        "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion in service",
      "headline": "Corrosion resistance is printed as generally excellent.",
      "effect": "The supplier describes corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo as generally excellent. No corrosion rate or test data are printed on the page.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier qualitative statement; no test data",
        "form": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hot salt at elevated temperature",
      "headline": "Hot salt stress corrosion cracking is the printed weak point of this alloy.",
      "effect": "The supplier says the alloy is sometimes susceptible to hot salt stress corrosion cracking and that the risk can be minimized with proper processing. No test temperature, salt chemistry or stress level is printed.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "supplier qualitative statement",
        "test": "not stated"
      },
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's record for titanium metal (the element, not this alloy) lists the GHS hazard statement as 'Not Classified' in its ECHA C&L summary, and notes that the record may vary with impurities and form. Its DOT entry for titanium powder wetted with water lists 'UN1352' and 'Div 4.1 Flammable solid'.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "GHS Classification section; 12.1.3 DOT Hazard Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem says titanium powder 'can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame', and lists titanium as 'Pyrophoric in dust form' in its air and water reactions notes. Treat fine titanium powder and dust as a fire hazard. These statements are about the element and its powder, not the forged alloy.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "pubchem-ti",
        "where": "Physical Description; 12.8.1 Air and Water Reactions"
      },
      {
        "text": "NASA White Sands tests on commercially pure titanium Grade 2 rods found that the burning rate rose as rod diameter fell and as pressure and oxygen concentration rose. Ti-6242 was not tested in this paper.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "ntrs-ti-burn",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Hot salt stress corrosion cracking",
        "trigger": "Exposure to hot salt in service, as named by the supplier",
        "consequence": "The supplier says the alloy is sometimes susceptible; it says the risk can be minimized with proper processing. No test numbers are printed.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Oxygen enriched layer (alpha case) on forgings",
        "trigger": "Surface of forgings before use",
        "consequence": "The supplier says all alpha cases, which it describes as a hard, brittle, oxygen enriched layer, must be removed before use.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Forgings text, Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Burning in an oxygen enriched gas",
        "trigger": "Ignition of titanium in an oxygen enriched atmosphere; tested on commercially pure Grade 2 rods",
        "consequence": "NASA's tests found the burning rate rises as diameter decreases and as pressure and oxygen concentration increase. This was not measured for Ti-6242.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "ntrs-ti-burn",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Weldability is printed as moderate. The supplier recommends a filler metal for fusion welding, complete inert gas shielding, and post weld thermal processing.",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Forming is printed as difficult. For severe forming the supplier recommends forming at elevated temperatures.",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Forming section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Heat treatment as printed for bar and forgings: alpha beta solution annealed at '25F-50F below the beta transus (~1770F – 1790F) for 1 hour', then air cooled, then a precipitation heat treat at '1100 F for 8 hours'. Sheet, strip and plate follow other times and temperatures.",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Heat Treatment section"
      },
      {
        "text": "The supplier says alloy data on its page is for reference only, not for design.",
        "source": "titanium-com",
        "where": "Text below the Table 3 mechanical properties"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "The supplier says the hot salt stress corrosion cracking risk can be minimized with proper processing; the page does not say which processing.",
        "source": "rickard",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance section"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Turbine engine discs, blades and impellers",
      "example": "Rickard Metals says the alloy is most commonly used in the engineering of 'aircraft and turbine engines (discs, blades, and impellers)'.",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Airframe parts and hot airframe sections",
      "example": "Titanium Industries lists sheet metal parts in afterburners and hot airframe sections among typical uses, and says the alloy is normally used in the intermediate compressor stages of turbine engines for disks, blades, seals and other airframe parts.",
      "source": "titanium-com",
      "where": "Forms, specifications and uses paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "High-performance automotive valves",
      "example": "Both Rickard Metals and Titanium Industries list high performance automotive valves among typical uses.",
      "source": "rickard",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge metal, world production",
      "abundance": "not stated in the USGS summary read for this profile",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 70.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 14.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 6.8,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 3.2,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: U.S. imports of titanium waste and scrap were an estimated 32,000 tons in 2025. A company in Virginia began commercial production of titanium powder from titanium scrap metal in late 2024.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: few materials possess titanium metal's strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance; in high-strength applications titanium competes with aluminum, composites, intermetallics, steel and superalloys."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-titanium",
      "where": "World Sponge Metal Production table, 2025e column (world total 370,000 tons; China 260,000, Japan 53,000, Russia 25,000, Kazakhstan 16,000, Saudi Arabia 12,000). Shares calculated by Space Mushroom from those tonnages. Events, Trends, and Issues; Substitutes."
    },
    {
      "subject": "Titanium sponge metal imports to the United States",
      "abundance": "U.S. net import reliance printed as 100 for 2025e, apparent consumption basis",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 73,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "share_percent": 13,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "The USGS says the United States did not produce titanium sponge metal in 2025, and its last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-titanium",
      "where": "Events, Trends, and Issues (import sources through July 2025); Import Sources (2021 to 2024); Salient Statistics, net import reliance row"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries alloy page: Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Rickard Metals: Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2) product page",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/"
    },
    {
      "title": "TIMET plate products page (lists TIMETAL 6242)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Stoltzfus, Jeffers and Gallus: Burning of CP Titanium (Grade 2) in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres (NASA NTRS 20120002982)",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120002982",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Titanium alloy (near-alpha class and examples)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Titanium (extraction, Kroll process)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No AMS 4975 or AMS 4919 specification text was opened. The AMS numbers are recorded only as the Rickard Metals page prints them; the minimum tensile values are that page's figures based on AMS 4975.",
    "Rickard Metals also prints DIN 3.7164 for this grade. It is not recorded because no page read in this run confirms that number for Ti-6242.",
    "Room temperature tensile data by product form (bar, forgings, sheet, plate) were not found. The strengths here are minimums with no product form printed, and they are not reconciled with the Titanium Industries maxima.",
    "No elevated temperature tensile, creep or stress rupture numbers for Ti-6242 were found on any page opened. The creep statements rest on supplier wording only. The planning brief's service limit of about 540 C was not confirmed by any page opened, so it is not stated.",
    "Fatigue, fracture toughness, hot salt test results, and corrosion rates in salt water or moist air were not found on any page opened.",
    "Brinell hardness (318, printed on Titanium Industries with no unit) is not recorded because its unit is not printed. Rockwell C values from Rickard Metals (HRC 39 max, typical HRC 34 to 36) are not recorded as properties because the property list has no hardness row for that scale.",
    "The Titanium Industries thermal expansion figure (printed in 1/°F) is not recorded. The site unit table does not convert that unit correctly at present, so the Rickard figure is the only one recorded.",
    "Oxygen content differs between suppliers (0.15 % maximum from Titanium Industries, 0.12 max from Rickard Metals). Both are printed; neither is reconciled.",
    "Reduction of area and beta transus are recorded under snake_case names (reduction_of_area, beta_transus) because the canonical property list has no entry for them.",
    "No flight, space environment, outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation or cryogenic data for Ti-6242 were found. The sources cover terrestrial turbine, airframe and automotive use, so no space mission use is stated.",
    "Feedstock: titanium ore and its concentrate route were not read; the USGS titanium mineral concentrates chapter was not opened. The recipe covers sponge and alloying only.",
    "The USGS summary read for this profile does not state the critical minerals status of titanium, so critical_lists is left empty.",
    "PubChem data for pure titanium (density, melting point, autoignition) describe the element, not this alloy, so none are recorded as Ti-6242 values. No Ti-6242 safety data sheet was found.",
    "Wikipedia was used only for the near-alpha class, the list of example alloys, and the Kroll process. No numbers were taken from it."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, also called Ti-6242 and listed under UNS R54620, is a near-alpha titanium alloy that suppliers sell for hot forged parts. Creep is slow deformation under steady load at high temperature, and Rickard Metals says this alloy has exceptional creep resistance. Its density is printed as 0.164 lbs/cubic inch, and its minimum yield strength is 827 MPa at 0.2% offset, based on AMS 4975. Rickard Metals says it is most commonly used for discs, blades and impellers in aircraft and turbine engines. Titanium Industries also lists airframe parts and high performance automotive valves.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Turbine engines",
        "line": "Rickard Metals says the alloy is most commonly used for discs, blades and impellers in aircraft and turbine engines."
      },
      {
        "where": "Airframe and hot sections",
        "line": "Titanium Industries lists sheet metal parts in afterburners and hot airframe sections among typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Automotive valves",
        "line": "Both suppliers list high performance automotive valves as a use."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "The minimum tensile strength is printed as 896 MPa, and the minimum yield strength at 0.2% offset as 827 MPa, both based on AMS 4975 (Rickard Metals).",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "827 MPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The modulus of elasticity is printed as 17100 ksi by Titanium Industries and as 16 msi by Rickard Metals. The two suppliers do not agree.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "17100 ksi and 16 msi"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "The melting point is printed as 3101 °F by Titanium Industries.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "3101 °F"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is printed as 0.164 lbs/cubic inch by Rickard Metals.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "0.164 lbs/cubic inch"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Titanium Industries says Ti-6242 can be heat treated to higher strengths in larger section sizes than Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5, and that forged material shows greater strength, ductility and a good combination of low-cycle fatigue and fatigue-crack growth resistance. No Ti-6Al-4V figure from the same source was opened for this profile, so the table rows below are each alloy's own printed values and are not a ranking. Wikipedia lists Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo among near-alpha alloys.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Minimum yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Modulus of elasticity",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the product form and heat treatment, because the supplier prints different routes for bar and forgings, sheet and strip, and plate.",
      "Remove the alpha case from forgings before use, as the supplier advises.",
      "Use filler metal and complete inert gas shielding for fusion welding, and plan post weld thermal processing.",
      "Control hot salt exposure through processing, since hot salt stress corrosion cracking is the printed weak point."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Hot forged parts where creep resistance matters, such as turbine engine discs, blades and impellers (Rickard Metals).",
      "Forged parts, where Titanium Industries says forged material shows greater strength, ductility and a good combination of low-cycle fatigue and fatigue-crack growth resistance.",
      "Larger sections that need higher strength after heat treatment than Ti-6Al-4V (Titanium Industries)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Stiffness data disagree between suppliers: 17100 ksi on one page and 16 msi on the other.",
      "Thermal expansion: Rickard Metals prints 5.2 microinch/inch/degree F from room temperature to 600F; the other supplier's figure is not recorded here.",
      "Hot salt stress corrosion cracking is the printed weak point, and no test numbers are printed for it.",
      "No flight, outgassing, atomic oxygen or radiation data for this alloy were found."
    ],
    "verdict": "Ti-6242 is a creep-resistant near-alpha titanium alloy for hot forged parts, with a printed minimum yield strength of 827 MPa. Its named weak points are hot salt stress corrosion cracking and the need for careful forging and welding. This profile holds no space flight data for it.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is titanium alloyed with aluminium, tin, zirconium and molybdenum, in the near-alpha class (Wikipedia). Titanium metal is extracted by reducing titanium tetrachloride with molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere, the Kroll process, which gives a porous titanium sponge (Wikipedia). Rickard Metals prints the product forms it supplies, including bar, forgings, sheet, plate, extrusion, billet and ingot, and gives the heat treatment routes for each form.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Titanium",
          "symbol": "Ti",
          "role": "Base metal; the balance of the alloy",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest), as the composition table implies",
          "source": "titanium-com",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition, row Ti"
        },
        {
          "name": "Aluminium",
          "symbol": "Al",
          "role": "Alpha stabilizer (Wikipedia)",
          "share_percent": 5.5,
          "share_high": 6.5,
          "source": "titanium-com",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition, row Al"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tin",
          "symbol": "Sn",
          "role": "Alloying addition named in the composition table",
          "share_percent": 1.8,
          "share_high": 2.2,
          "source": "titanium-com",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition, row Sn"
        },
        {
          "name": "Zirconium",
          "symbol": "Zr",
          "role": "Alloying addition named in the composition table",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "share_high": 4.4,
          "source": "titanium-com",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition, row Zr"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Beta stabilizer (Wikipedia names molybdenum as a beta stabilizer in near-alpha alloys)",
          "share_percent": 1.8,
          "share_high": 2.2,
          "source": "titanium-com",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition, row Mo"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The sources describe the metal as not classified under GHS, and describe fire risk for titanium powder and dust. None of these statements is a test of the forged alloy.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Metal as supplied",
            "line": "PubChem lists the GHS hazard statement for titanium metal as Not Classified in its ECHA summary. That is for the element, not this alloy."
          },
          {
            "label": "Powder and dust",
            "line": "PubChem says titanium powder can be easily ignited and burns with an intense flame, and that it is pyrophoric in dust form."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Fine powder burns; alloy not GHS-classed"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These are failure routes the sources describe. Most are qualitative supplier statements, not test results for this alloy.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Hot salt",
            "line": "The supplier says the alloy is sometimes susceptible to hot salt stress corrosion cracking, and that proper processing can minimize the risk. No test numbers are printed."
          },
          {
            "label": "Oxygen enriched gas",
            "line": "NASA tests on commercially pure Grade 2 titanium rods found that burning speeds up as rod diameter falls and as pressure and oxygen concentration rise. Ti-6242 was not tested in that paper."
          },
          {
            "label": "Forging surface",
            "line": "The supplier says the hard, brittle, oxygen enriched layer on forgings must be removed before use."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Hot salt cracking is the named weak point"
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "The supplier prints a bar and forgings route: solution annealing at '25F-50F below the beta transus', then a precipitation heat treat at '1100 F for 8 hours'."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding and forming",
            "line": "Welding is printed as moderate, with filler metal and inert gas shielding. Forming is printed as difficult, and the supplier recommends elevated temperature forming for severe shapes."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 14,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-11-01 from the supplier pages named in each row (raw page text confirmed for both supplier pages; USGS text extracted from the PDF; PubChem read in the browser). Caveats: the minimum strengths are one supplier's figures based on AMS 4975 with no product form printed; the two modulus values disagree; the two thermal expansion figures disagree and only one is recorded; the reduction of area and beta transus rows use snake_case names."
  },
  "sources": {
    "titanium-com": {
      "title": "Titanium 6Al-2SN-4ZR-2MO (R54620), Titanium Industries alloy page",
      "id": "UNS R54620 (printed in the page title)",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/titanium-and-titanium-alloys/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page; alloy data stated as for reference only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "rickard": {
      "title": "Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy (Ti 6-2-4-2), Rickard Metals product page",
      "id": "UNS R54620; AMS 4919, AMS 4975, AMS 4976, AMS 4979, AMS T 9047",
      "url": "https://rickardmetals.com/product/ti-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo-titanium-alloy/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "timet-plate": {
      "title": "TIMET plate products page",
      "url": "https://www.timet.com/products/plate.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-titanium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Titanium and Titanium Dioxide",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, February 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-ti": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Titanium (CID 23963), including ECHA C&L and DOT entries",
      "id": "CID 23963",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "public domain (NCBI); sections attributed to ECHA, CAMEO, CRC and others"
    },
    "ntrs-ti-burn": {
      "title": "Burning of CP Titanium (Grade 2) in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, Stoltzfus, Jeffers and Gallus, NASA White Sands Test Facility (JSC-CN-25709)",
      "id": "NTRS 20120002982",
      "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120002982",
      "year": 2012,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "public domain (NASA)"
    },
    "wikipedia-titanium-alloy": {
      "title": "Titanium alloy, Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-titanium": {
      "title": "Titanium, Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/titanium-6al-2sn-4zr-2mo/"
}