{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "tin",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "low-melting-metals-and-solders",
  "name": "Tin",
  "abbreviation": "Sn",
  "role": "low-melting solder and coating metal",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "heavy-metals",
  "summary": "Tin is the element Sn (atomic number 50), a soft, low-melting metal used mainly in solder, tinplate, alloys and bearing metals. High-purity tin pellets (Sn 99.995 %) have a density of 7.28 g/cm3 at 20 °C, a melting point of 231.9 °C and a thermal conductivity of 66.8 W/(m·K) at 0 to 100 °C, according to a supplier page. Its specific heat is 213 J/(kg·K) at 25 °C. Its weak points are its softness (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 1.8) and the transformation of white (beta) tin to grey (alpha) tin below 13.2 °C, which the PubChem record gives as the transition point.\n",
  "best_for": "Low-melting solder and coatings: melting point 231.9 °C and 66.8 W/(m·K) thermal conductivity in high-purity pellets",
  "weakest_at": "Hardness and cold stability: Mohs hardness 1.5 to 1.8, and a transformation to grey tin at 13.2 °C that the sources read give no rate for",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Sn (element, atomic number 50); high-purity pellet grade Sn 99.995 % (4N5)",
    "cas": "7440-31-5",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "BS",
        "code": "EN 610:1996",
        "note": "ingot tin, grade designation 99.85",
        "source": "lme-tin-composition",
        "where": "Title block, BS EN 610:1996 (Grade Designation 99.85)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "goodfellow-sn",
    "where": "Properties table of the Goodfellow tin pellets page, CAS Number and Purity lines (Sn, 99.995 % 4N5)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "electronics-and-chips",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density of solid tin (WebElements)",
      "value": 7310,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "solid, polycrystalline",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reference-database physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sn",
      "where": "Physical properties, Density properties, Density of solid row (printed as 7310 kg m-3)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, white (beta) tin (PubChem)",
      "value": 7.265,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "allotrope": "white (beta)",
        "temperature": "not stated in the record"
      },
      "method": "Value listed in the density section of the PubChem record, attributed to HSDB (reference 28)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Density section, entry 7.265 (white); 5.769 (gray)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
        "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, grey (alpha) tin (PubChem)",
      "value": 5.769,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "allotrope": "grey (alpha)",
        "temperature": "25 °C"
      },
      "method": "Value listed in the density section of the PubChem record, attributed to the PAC Chemical Database, U.S. DOE (reference 39)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Density section, entry 5.769 @25 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
        "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, high-purity tin pellets (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 7.28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "pellets, Sn 99.995 %"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row (7.28 at 20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point of tin",
      "value": 231.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pure tin",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value listed in the melting point section of the PubChem record (HSDB and PAC entries) and printed in the Goodfellow supplier table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Melting Point section, entries 231.9 °C (HSDB, ICSC, PAC)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
        "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "boiling_point",
      "label": "Boiling point of tin",
      "value": 2602,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "pressure": "760 mmHg"
      },
      "method": "Value listed in the boiling point section of the PubChem record, attributed to the PAC Chemical Database, U.S. DOE (reference 39)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Other entries in the same record read 2507 °C (HSDB) and 2260 °C (ICSC); the supplier table prints 2270 °C.",
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Boiling Point section, entry 2602 °C @760 [mm Hg]",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
        "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "allotropic_transformation_temperature",
      "label": "Transformation temperature, beta tin in equilibrium with alpha tin",
      "value": 13.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "transformation": "beta (white) in equilibrium with alpha (grey)",
        "pressure": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in the melting point section of the PubChem record (HSDB, reference 28)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Melting Point section, entry Transformation temp: (beta in equilibrium with alpha) 13.2 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
        "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
        "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity of high-purity tin",
      "value": 12.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "form": "pellets, Sn 99.995 %"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table, Electrical resistivity row (12.6 at 20 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity of high-purity tin",
      "value": 66.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "form": "pellets, Sn 99.995 %"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Thermal conductivity row (66.8 @0-100 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, polycrystalline tin (WebElements)",
      "value": 66.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "polycrystalline",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reference-database physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The page also prints 515 W/(m·K) parallel to the c axis and 745 W/(m·K) perpendicular to it, for single crystals.",
      "source": "webelements-sn",
      "where": "Heat and conduction, Thermal conductivity row (66.6 polycrystalline)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity of high-purity tin",
      "value": 213,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "form": "pellets, Sn 99.995 %"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Specific heat row (213 @25 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion of high-purity tin",
      "value": 23.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "x10-6 K-1",
        "form": "pellets, Sn 99.995 %"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Coefficient of thermal expansion row (23.5 @0-100 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (WebElements)",
      "value": 22,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "unit_in_source": "10-6 K-1",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reference-database physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sn",
      "where": "Heat and conduction, Coefficient of linear thermal expansion row (22 × 10-6 K-1)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Young's modulus of tin (WebElements)",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "polycrystalline",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reference-database physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sn",
      "where": "Elastic properties, Young's modulus row (50 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus of tin (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 49.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "polycrystalline",
        "material_condition": "Polycrystalline"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile modulus row (49.9 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "label": "Shear (rigidity) modulus of tin (WebElements)",
      "value": 18,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "polycrystalline",
        "temperature": "not stated on the page"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on a reference-database physical properties page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "webelements-sn",
      "where": "Elastic properties, Rigidity modulus row (18 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
        "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "label": "Bulk modulus of tin (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 58.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material_condition": "Polycrystalline"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Bulk modulus row (58.2 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio of tin (Goodfellow)",
      "value": 0.357,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material_condition": "Polycrystalline"
      },
      "method": "Value printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's ratio row (0.357)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "mohs_hardness",
      "label": "Hardness, Mohs scale",
      "value": 1.5,
      "value_high": 1.8,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "material_condition": "Polycrystalline"
      },
      "method": "Range printed on the supplier product page",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "goodfellow-sn",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness - Mohs row (1.5-1.8)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
        "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
        "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Below 13.2 °C",
      "headline": "Below 13.2 °C, white (beta) tin can change to grey (alpha) tin, the form known as tin pest.",
      "effect": "PubChem gives 13.2 °C as the temperature at which beta tin is in equilibrium with alpha tin. The record gives no transformation rate, no volume change and no condition for the change. The Wikipedia article describes the change as spontaneous in cold conditions, but that page is not used for values here.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "equilibrium temperature in the record, not a rate test"
      },
      "source": "pubchem-sn",
      "where": "Melting Point section, transformation temperature entry"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Pure tin plating on electronic terminals",
      "headline": "Pure tin plating can grow tin whiskers that cause electrical failures.",
      "effect": "NASA Goddard's tin whisker pages show whiskers growing from a pure tin plated relay terminal. The page lists a 2011 symposium paper on electrical failure of an accelerator pedal position sensor caused by a tin whisker. The page gives no whisker length or growth rate.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "NASA Goddard observations and conference papers; no rate given on the page"
      },
      "source": "nasa-whisker",
      "where": "Hot Topics list and publications list on the tin whisker homepage"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem ECHA C&L aggregated notifications for the tin record: 72.9 % (695 of 953) of company reports say the substance does not meet GHS criteria. Where codes were given, H319 (24.2 %) causes serious eye irritation and H335 (23.1 %) may cause respiratory irritation. Signal word Warning. The record does not say which tin substance the notifications cover.",
        "ghs": [
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-sn",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) entries (reference 23)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem NITE-CMC notifications for the same record: H372 causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure, category 1, lung). Signal word Danger. Reported in two notifications, without a stated substance form.",
        "ghs": [
          "H372"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-sn",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, NITE-CMC entries (references 35 and 36)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Tin whisker growth on pure tin plating",
        "trigger": "Pure tin electroplate on electronic terminals and contacts",
        "consequence": "NASA Goddard cites an electrical failure of an accelerator pedal position sensor caused by a tin whisker. The page gives no whisker length or rate.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "nasa-whisker",
        "where": "Publications list, September 2011 paper title"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Tin pest, transformation to grey tin",
        "trigger": "Exposure to temperatures below 13.2 °C",
        "consequence": "The PubChem record gives the transition temperature of 13.2 °C, but no rate, volume change or time to failure.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "pubchem-sn",
        "where": "Melting Point section, transformation temperature entry"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem records eye and respiratory irritation codes (H319, H335) and an organ-damage code for repeated exposure (H372). The sources read give no handling advice beyond these codes.",
        "source": "pubchem-sn",
        "where": "GHS Classification section, ECHA and NITE-CMC entries"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "electronics-and-chips",
      "device": "Solder",
      "example": "USGS: solder took 11 % of tin use in the United States in 2025. The USGS lists epoxy resins as a substitute for tin in solder.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph (uses percentages); Substitutes paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Bearing metals and bronze and brass alloys",
      "example": "USGS: babbitt, brass and bronze, and tinning together took 7 % of tin use in the United States in 2025.",
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph (uses percentages)"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Tin (mine production)",
      "abundance": "USGS 2025e reserves: Indonesia 1,400,000 t, China 1,200,000 t, Brazil 700,000 t, Australia 570,000 t, Russia 460,000 t (tin content, as printed).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 24.5,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 21,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 11.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 9.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "share_percent": 9.3,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: about 17,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was recycled in 2025, of which about 10,000 tons came from old scrap at 1 detinning plant and 31 secondary plants. That is 22 % of apparent consumption.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: aluminum, glass, paper, plastic or tin-free steel substitute for tin in cans and containers; epoxy resins for solder; aluminum alloys, alternative copper-base alloys and plastics for bronze; plastics for bearing metals."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 290,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from China 71,000, Indonesia 61,000, Peru 33,000, Brazil 28,000 and Congo (Kinshasa) 27,000 over the world total); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Refined tin imports to the United States",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 31,
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "share_percent": 27,
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2024
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 10,
          "year": 2024
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021–24) paragraph: refined tin shares; the year is the end of the 2021 to 2024 period as printed"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Tin production in the United States",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-tin",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use paragraph; Events, Trends, and Issues paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem compound record for tin (CID 5352426): density, melting point, boiling point, GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tin"
    },
    {
      "title": "WebElements: tin physical properties",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % Sn, properties table",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group"
    },
    {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements, tin",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Sn&all=all&ascii=html"
    },
    {
      "title": "London Metal Exchange, Special Contract Rules for Tin: BS EN 610:1996 grade 99.85",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.lme.com/-/media/Files/Physical-services/Brands/Chemical-composition/Chemical-composition-Tin.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "NASA Goddard tin whisker homepage",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://nepp.nasa.gov/whisker/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Tin (composition, group and ore)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of pure tin were not found in any fetched source, so no strength values are recorded.",
    "Specific heat, thermal conductivity and CTE rest on one supplier page (Goodfellow) for the 99.995 % pellet grade, with WebElements and PubChem as second sources only where listed.",
    "Electrical conductivity in %IACS was not printed on any fetched page; only resistivity is recorded.",
    "Brinell and Vickers hardness: WebElements prints Brinell 51 MN m-2 and no Vickers value, but the Brinell row was not entered because its test conditions are not stated on the page.",
    "Two property names are not in spores/property-canon.yaml and are used as they are: mohs_hardness and allotropic_transformation_temperature.",
    "UNS, ASTM B339 and JIS tin designations were searched but not found in any fetched source. Only the BS EN 610:1996 grade 99.85 designation (LME sheet) is listed.",
    "Critical-mineral status of tin was not found in the MCS 2026 text, and the U.S. Final 2025 critical minerals list was not opened, so the critical_lists field is empty.",
    "Tin pest rate and volume change were not found in a fetched primary source; the PubChem record gives only the 13.2 °C transition temperature.",
    "Atmospheric and seawater corrosion rates of tin were not found in a fetched source.",
    "ECHA and NITE hazard codes come from PubChem aggregated notifications. The record does not say which tin substance each notification covers, so they are recorded as reported, not as classification of the metal.",
    "Chinese, Indonesian and other mine shares are calculated from USGS 2025e values and are not printed by USGS as percentages.",
    "No outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation or UV data for tin in space were searched in this run.",
    "ITRI (International Tin Research Institute) was not reached. Matmatch and Applus pages were not used as sources."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Tin is a soft, low-melting metal. High-purity tin pellets melt at 231.9 °C, have a density of 7.28 g/cm3 at 20 °C, and conduct heat at 66.8 W/(m·K) at 0 to 100 °C. It is used in solder and tinplate, and in bearing metals with bronze and brass. The USGS puts solder at 11 % and babbitt, brass, bronze and tinning together at 7 % of U.S. tin use in 2025. Its weak points are its softness, with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 1.8, and the change to grey tin at 13.2 °C.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Solder",
        "line": "Solder took 11 % of U.S. tin use in 2025 (USGS)."
      },
      {
        "where": "Bearing metals and bronze",
        "line": "Babbitt, brass and bronze, and tinning together took 7 % of U.S. tin use in 2025 (USGS)."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Melt low",
        "line": "Tin melts at 231.9 °C, printed in the PubChem record and in the Goodfellow table.",
        "benchmark": "melting_point",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "231.9 °C melting point"
      },
      {
        "label": "Carry heat",
        "line": "High-purity tin has a thermal conductivity of 66.8 W/(m·K) at 0 to 100 °C (Goodfellow). WebElements gives 66.6 W/(m·K) for polycrystalline tin.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "66.8 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 7.28 g/cm3 at 20 °C (Goodfellow). The PubChem record gives 7.265 g/cm3 for white tin and 5.769 g/cm3 for grey tin at 25 °C.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.28 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Polycrystalline tin has a tensile modulus of 49.9 GPa (Goodfellow) and a Young's modulus of 50 GPa (WebElements).",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "49.9 GPa tensile modulus"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The sources read for tin are for different grades and conditions, and the other profiles of this site use different grades, so read the table rows as examples, not a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal conductivity",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the grade, because the pellet values (Sn 99.995 %) and the mixed-grade values differ.",
      "Keep the part above 13.2 °C if the transformation to grey tin matters.",
      "Follow the PubChem hazard codes (H319, H335, H372) when handling dust or fume."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Solder and coatings: low melting point (231.9 °C) and good heat conduction (66.8 W/(m·K)).",
      "Recyclability: about 22 % of U.S. apparent tin consumption came from recycled scrap in 2025 (USGS)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Softness: Mohs hardness 1.5 to 1.8.",
      "Cold change: white tin changes to grey tin at 13.2 °C (PubChem).",
      "Whiskers: pure tin plating can grow tin whiskers that cause electrical failures (NASA).",
      "Supply: China, Indonesia and Peru are the largest mine producers of tin in 2025e (USGS), see the supply section for the calculated shares.",
      "No tensile strength, outgassing or atomic oxygen data were found for tin in this run."
    ],
    "verdict": "Tin is a soft, low-melting metal, with a melting point of 231.9 °C and thermal conductivity of 66.8 W/(m·K) in high-purity pellets. It is used in solder, tinplate and bearing metals. Its weak points are its softness, its change to grey tin below 13.2 °C, and whisker growth from pure plating. The profile lacks tensile, outgassing and space-exposure data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Tin is a single element (Sn, atomic number 50, group 14). Wikipedia says it is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide SnO2. The USGS summary gives the production statistics but not the smelting route, so the process is stated only at this level.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Tin",
          "symbol": "Sn",
          "role": "The whole material. NIST gives the standard atomic weight as 118.710(7).",
          "atoms": 1,
          "atomic_weight": 118.71
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The GHS codes in PubChem come from company notifications, and the record does not say which tin substance they cover.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Tin as recorded in PubChem",
            "line": "Of 953 company reports to the European chemicals agency, 695 say tin does not meet GHS criteria. Where codes were given, H319 (eye irritation) and H335 (respiratory irritation) appear, with signal word Warning. A Japanese NITE notification gives H372 (organ damage from repeated exposure) with signal word Danger."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Mixed notifications"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are whiskers grown from pure tin plating and the cold transformation of white tin.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Tin whiskers",
            "line": "NASA Goddard shows whiskers growing from pure tin plating and cites an electrical failure of a sensor caused by a whisker. The page gives no growth rate."
          },
          {
            "label": "Tin pest",
            "line": "PubChem gives 13.2 °C as the temperature at which white tin and grey tin are in equilibrium. No rate or volume change is given in the record."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Cold storage",
            "line": "Keep tin above 13.2 °C if the transformation to grey tin matters for the part. The record gives the temperature, not a rate."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hazard codes",
            "line": "PubChem lists eye and respiratory irritation codes. The sources read give no further handling advice."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 19,
    "unreachable": 2,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDF named in each entry (USGS text extracted from the PDF; PubChem values from its JSON record). Unreachable: NIOSH pocket guide (access denied), Matmatch EN 610 grade page (download failed). Caveats: PubChem density and melting values carry no test conditions; the GHS notifications do not say which tin substance they cover; the Goodfellow pellet values are for 99.995 % Sn; the USGS mine shares are calculated; no UNS code was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "usgs-mcs2026-tin": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Tin (U.S. Geological Survey)",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026, prepared by Chad A. Friedline",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-sn": {
      "title": "PubChem compound record: Tin (CID 5352426), including HSDB, ICSC, PAC Chemical Database and ECHA/NITE-CMC GHS entries",
      "id": "CID 5352426; PubChem REST pug_view JSON",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352426/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem (NCBI), public domain; sections attributed to HSDB, ICSC, PAC and ECHA"
    },
    "webelements-sn": {
      "title": "WebElements: Tin - 50 Sn, physical properties (Mark Winter, University of Sheffield)",
      "url": "https://www.webelements.com/tin/physics.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "WebElements, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "goodfellow-sn": {
      "title": "Goodfellow tin pellets, 99.995 % (4N5), Sn, product properties",
      "id": "CAS 7440-31-5; Goodfellow product page, Properties table",
      "url": "https://www.goodfellow.com/eu/tin-pellets-group",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "nist-sn-weights": {
      "title": "NIST Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements, tin (Sn)",
      "id": "standard atomic weight 118.710(7)",
      "url": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Sn&all=all&ascii=html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "US government data"
    },
    "lme-tin-composition": {
      "title": "London Metal Exchange, Special Contract Rules for Tin, quality ingot tin, BS EN 610:1996 grade 99.85",
      "id": "BS EN 610:1996 (Grade Designation 99.85)",
      "url": "https://www.lme.com/-/media/Files/Physical-services/Brands/Chemical-composition/Chemical-composition-Tin.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "LME published contract rules, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "nasa-whisker": {
      "title": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Tin Whisker (and Other Metal Whisker) Homepage",
      "url": "https://nepp.nasa.gov/whisker/",
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "NASA public web page"
    },
    "wikipedia-tin": {
      "title": "Tin, Wikipedia (composition, group 14 and cassiterite ore)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0, linked not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/tin/"
}