{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "technora",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "aramid-fibres",
  "name": "Technora (para/meta aramid copolymer fibre)",
  "abbreviation": "Technora",
  "role": "High-strength aramid fibre for ropes, cables and rubber reinforcement",
  "category": "textiles",
  "type": "vectran",
  "summary": "Technora is a para/meta aramid copolymer fibre from Teijin Aramid. It is made by condensation polymerization of terephthaloyl chloride with p-phenylenediamine and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether. The FIBER-LINE data table for the standard modulus fibre gives a breaking tenacity of 28 g/d, a tensile modulus of 590 g/d, an elongation at break of 4.6 % and a specific gravity of 1.39. Teijin gives a tensile strength of 3.1 to 3.6 GPa, a modulus of 66 to 84 GPa, about 6x the strength of steel by weight, and continuous use up to 200 °C (392 °F). The main weakness in the sources read is poor UV resistance, and the two sources disagree on organic solvents.\n",
  "best_for": "Strength members, ropes and rubber reinforcement where UV exposure is controlled",
  "weakest_at": "Ultraviolet light: FIBER-LINE lists poor UV resistance, and Teijin says UV exposure should be minimized",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Aromatic copolyamide of p-phenylenediamine and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, made with terephthaloyl chloride; para and meta linkages",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Technora",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Page title and body: Technora brochure, Teijin Aramid"
      }
    ],
    "source": "wiki-technora",
    "where": "Composition and synthesis paragraphs of the Wikipedia Technora page; para and meta linkages per the FIBER-LINE Technora data page (Composition section)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [
      "uv",
      "extreme-cold",
      "extreme-heat"
    ],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "habitats-and-suits"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Breaking tenacity, standard modulus fibre",
      "value": 28,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/d",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "standard modulus fibre; denier not printed",
        "printed": "Breaking Tenacity 28 g/d"
      },
      "method": "Breaking tenacity printed in the FIBER-LINE data table, grams per denier, not converted",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Standard Modulus, Breaking Tenacity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, Teijin range",
      "value": 3.1,
      "value_high": 3.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Teijin brochure range; fibre form and test method not stated",
        "printed": "3.1–3.6 GPa"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Teijin brochure, mechanical properties section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, first bullet (Tensile strength of 3.1–3.6 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: Balancing strength, stability, and durability",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/balancing-strength-stability-and-durability",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, filament yarn (approximate)",
      "value": 3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "filament yarn",
        "printed": "~3.0 GPa (approximate)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as approximate in the Teijin filament yarn section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora filament yarn, High tensile strength bullet",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: What types of Technora do we offer?",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/what-types-of-technora-do-we-offer",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, stretch-broken yarn (approximate)",
      "value": 2.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "stretch-broken yarn",
        "printed": "~2.5 GPa (approximate)"
      },
      "method": "Printed as approximate in the Teijin stretch-broken yarn section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora stretch-broken yarn, Intermediate tenacity bullet",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: What types of Technora do we offer?",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/what-types-of-technora-do-we-offer",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Tensile modulus, standard modulus fibre",
      "value": 590,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/d",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "standard modulus fibre"
      },
      "method": "Tensile modulus printed in the FIBER-LINE data table, grams per denier, not converted",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Standard Modulus, Tensile Modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus range, Teijin",
      "value": 66,
      "value_high": 84,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "Teijin brochure range; fibre form and test method not stated",
        "printed": "66–84 GPa"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in the Teijin brochure, mechanical properties section",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, second bullet (Modulus 66–84 GPa)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: Balancing strength, stability, and durability",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/balancing-strength-stability-and-durability",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, standard modulus",
      "value": 4.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "standard modulus fibre"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the FIBER-LINE data table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Standard Modulus, Elongation at Break row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
      "label": "Specific gravity, standard modulus (printed as Ratio)",
      "value": 1.39,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ratio",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "standard modulus fibre; test temperature not stated"
      },
      "method": "Printed in the FIBER-LINE data table with unit Ratio; not converted to g/cm3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Standard Modulus, Specific Gravity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "moisture_absorption",
      "label": "Moisture regain, equilibrium at 55 % RH",
      "value": 2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "humidity": "55 % RH, equilibrium",
        "basis": "moisture regain as printed, not absorption"
      },
      "method": "Printed as equilibrium moisture regain in the FIBER-LINE data table, footnote *",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Moisture Regain row and footnote *",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "creep",
      "label": "Creep, upper bound",
      "value": 1.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "stress": "40 % to 58 % of ultimate tensile strength",
        "bound": "printed as < 1.5 %, so the value is an upper bound"
      },
      "method": "Upper bound printed in the FIBER-LINE data table, footnote **",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Creep row and footnote **",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hot_air_shrinkage",
      "label": "Shrinkage, upper bound",
      "value": 0.1,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "dry air",
        "temperature": "177 °C",
        "time": "30 minutes",
        "bound": "printed as < 0.1 %, so the value is an upper bound"
      },
      "method": "Upper bound printed in the FIBER-LINE data table, footnote ***",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Shrinkage row and footnote ***",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "decomposition_temperature",
      "label": "Decomposition temperature",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "atmosphere": "not stated",
        "printed": "500 °C (932 °F) per Teijin; 500 in the FIBER-LINE table"
      },
      "method": "Printed as decomposition temperature; the FIBER-LINE table gives melt point as N/A, so the fibre has no melting point",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "TECHNORA DATA table, Decomposition Temp. row (melt point row reads N/A)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
        "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Continuous use temperature, Teijin",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "use": "continuous use",
        "printed": "200 °C (392 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer statement on the Teijin product page; no test method printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-technora-product",
      "where": "Technora product page, Thermal properties text (In continuous use, it maintains strength up to 200°C (392°F))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Aramid product page: Technora",
        "id": "teijinaramid.com/en/products/technora",
        "url": "https://www.teijinaramid.com/en/products/technora/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Short-term resistance temperature, filament yarn, Teijin",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "use": "short-term resistance",
        "form": "filament yarn",
        "printed": "400 °C (752 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer statement in the Teijin filament yarn section; no test method printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora filament yarn, Thermal stability bullet",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: What types of Technora do we offer?",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/what-types-of-technora-do-we-offer",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Low-temperature limit, structural integrity, Teijin",
      "value": -200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "printed": "-200 °C (-328 °F)",
        "basis": "structural integrity retained; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "method": "Manufacturer statement in the Teijin brochure; not a measured test result",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Thermal properties, first bullet (Retains structural integrity at -200°C (-328°F))",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: Balancing strength, stability, and durability",
        "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
        "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/balancing-strength-stability-and-durability",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, article produced in Japan",
      "value": 1390,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "filament yarn and fibres (article)",
        "printed": "1390 kg/m³"
      },
      "method": "Printed in ASDS Section 9 (Physical and chemical properties); test method not printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "teijin-asds",
      "where": "ASDS Section 9, Physical and chemical properties, Density row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Teijin Aramid Article Safety Data Sheet: TECHNORA PARA-ARAMID FIBER (Produced in Japan), ASDS ID TA00102, version 1.0",
        "id": "TA00102",
        "url": "https://www.teijinaramid.com/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technora-para-Aramid-Yarn-Japan_TA00102-English_20210101.pdf",
        "year": 2021,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Teijin Aramid PDF, linked not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light (sunlight)",
      "headline": "UV resistance is poor, and no strength-loss figure is given for Technora.",
      "effect": "FIBER-LINE lists poor UV resistance as a disadvantage of Technora. The rating here is our reading of that word; the sheet gives no dose, time or strength loss.",
      "rating": "severe",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "sunlight or UV; dose and time not stated"
      },
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "Disadvantages list (Poor UV resistance); resistance chart (UV marked X)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ultraviolet light (sunlight), Teijin advice",
      "headline": "Teijin says UV exposure should be minimized to prevent surface degradation.",
      "effect": "Teijin says Technora retains mechanical integrity under high loads, but UV exposure should be minimized to prevent surface degradation. No UV test figure is printed.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "UV exposure in service; dose not stated"
      },
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, closing paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Heat exposure at 250 °C over time",
      "headline": "Technora keeps about 50 % of its strength after 54 days at 250 °C.",
      "effect": "Teijin says Technora retains approximately 50 % of its strength after 54 days at 250 °C (482 °F), so exposure above 250 °C should be limited for long-term performance.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "250 °C (482 °F)",
        "time": "54 days",
        "strength_retained": "approximately 50 %"
      },
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Thermal properties, N.B. note"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Acids (formic and hydrochloric acid)",
      "headline": "FIBER-LINE says Technora degrades in formic and hydrochloric acid.",
      "effect": "The FIBER-LINE chemical compatibility section prints: Degrades in Formic, Hydrochloric and Sodium Hydroxide acid. The heading says acid, but sodium hydroxide is an alkali; we copy the list as printed. Concentration and temperature are not stated.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "concentration and temperature not stated"
      },
      "source": "fiber-line-technora",
      "where": "Chemical compatibility, Chemical Resistance to Acid line"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Strong alkalis at high temperature or concentration",
      "headline": "Strong alkalis attack Technora at high temperature or concentration.",
      "effect": "FIBER-LINE says strong alkalis will attack Technora at high temperature or concentration. Teijin says stability against most inorganic chemicals depends on pH and exposure time.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative; no temperature or concentration figure printed"
      },
      "source": "fiber-line-technora",
      "where": "Chemical compatibility, Chemical Resistance to Alkali line"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, ethylene glycol and water)",
      "headline": "FIBER-LINE says Technora degrades moderately in carbon tetrachloride and ethylene glycol/water.",
      "effect": "The FIBER-LINE chemical compatibility section prints: Degrades moderately in Carbon Tetrachloride and Ethylene Glycol / Water. This conflicts with the Teijin statement in the next entry.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "exposure time and temperature not stated"
      },
      "source": "fiber-line-technora",
      "where": "Chemical compatibility, Chemical Resistance to Organic Solvent line"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Hydrocarbons and organic solvents, Teijin statement",
      "headline": "Teijin says Technora is resistant to hydrocarbons and organic solvents.",
      "effect": "Teijin says the closed filament morphology prevents chemical penetration, giving resistance to organic solvents and most industrial chemicals. Teijin also says material selection is essential in aggressive chemicals such as oil and gas processing. The two sources disagree; both values are shown and no test conditions are printed by either.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "manufacturer statement; no test conditions printed"
      },
      "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
      "where": "Chemical resistance section, first bullet and N.B. note"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Humid air",
      "headline": "Technora has lower moisture regain than other para-aramids.",
      "effect": "FIBER-LINE lists lower moisture regain than other para-aramids as a key feature. The equilibrium value is 2.0 % at 55 % RH (see properties). No humidity-ageing test is printed.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "humidity": "55 % RH, equilibrium regain"
      },
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "Key Features list (Lower moisture regain than other para-aramids)"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "The Teijin product page we read prints no safety data sheet or GHS hazard statement, so nothing is recorded from that page.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "teijin-technora-product",
        "where": "Technora product page, safety section (none printed)"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Teijin Article Safety Data Sheet says the product is an article, so labelling as a hazardous substance or mixture is not required, and no impairment of health has become known in its intended use.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 2 (Hazards identification) and Section 11 (regulatory information for the EU, USA, Japan and other countries)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dust from the fibre may irritate the respiratory tract, eyes and skin, per the ASDS symptoms list. Slight skin irritation was observed in isolated cases.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 4 (symptoms and effects after inhalation, skin contact and eye contact) and Section 8 (hand protection)"
      },
      {
        "text": "In a fire the ASDS lists carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide as hazardous decomposition products.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 5, Hazardous decomposition products in case of fire"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "UV-driven surface degradation",
        "trigger": "Sunlight or other UV exposure in service",
        "consequence": "Surface degradation, per Teijin; FIBER-LINE lists poor UV resistance. Neither source gives a strength-loss figure for Technora.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
        "where": "Disadvantages list; Teijin brochure, closing paragraph of mechanical properties"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Long heat exposure above 250 °C",
        "trigger": "Sustained exposure at 250 °C (482 °F)",
        "consequence": "About 50 % of strength is retained after 54 days at 250 °C, so long-term performance falls with time at that temperature.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Thermal properties, N.B. note"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Shortened service life under prolonged extreme stress",
        "trigger": "Prolonged high loads",
        "consequence": "Teijin says prolonged extreme stress can shorten service life. No stress or time figure is printed.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Mechanical properties, paragraph after the bullet list"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep UV exposure to a minimum. Teijin says UV exposure should be minimized to prevent surface degradation.",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Mechanical properties, closing paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Limit exposure above 250 °C for long-term use. Teijin says about 50 % of strength is kept after 54 days at 250 °C.",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Thermal properties, N.B. note"
      },
      {
        "text": "Select the material with care in aggressive chemicals such as oil and gas processing. Teijin says so directly.",
        "source": "teijin-brochure-balance",
        "where": "Chemical resistance section, N.B. note"
      },
      {
        "text": "Wear safety glasses with side shields near rapidly rotating yarn processing equipment, and long-sleeved clothing, because high-speed yarn can cause abrasions and cuts.",
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 8, eye protection and skin and body protection"
      },
      {
        "text": "Store in a well-ventilated place, keep out of direct sunlight, and keep away from strong acids and strong bases, which the ASDS lists as incompatible materials.",
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 7, storage conditions and incompatible materials"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid dust formation and do not breathe dust. Sweep or shovel spills into a container for disposal.",
        "source": "teijin-asds",
        "where": "Section 6, general measures and methods for cleaning up"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "FIBER-LINE says its coatings and processing add UV-resistance to fibre products. The sheet prints no UV figure for Technora itself.",
        "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
        "where": "About FIBER-LINE text"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Ripcords, strength members, wire harness yarn and synthetic wire rope",
      "example": "FIBER-LINE lists Technora for ripcords, strength members, industrial fabric yarn, wire harness yarn, drive belt and hose reinforcement, and synthetic wire rope.",
      "source": "fiber-line-datasheet",
      "where": "FIBER-LINE Technora products list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Rubber reinforcement for automotive belts and hoses, and marine ropes",
      "example": "Teijin lists high-performance rubber reinforcement (automotive belts, hoses), marine ropes and technical fabrics for its filament yarn.",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora filament yarn, Applications line"
    },
    {
      "application": "habitats-and-suits",
      "device": "Heat-resistant protective clothing (firefighting clothing, racing suits); terrestrial, not a space application",
      "example": "Teijin lists firefighting clothing, industrial workwear and racing suits for its staple fibre, and heat-resistant protective clothing for its filament yarn.",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora staple fiber and filament yarn, Applications lines"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Short-cut fibre reinforcement in structural resins, cement and rubber compounds",
      "example": "Teijin lists structural resins, cement reinforcement and high-performance rubber compounds as uses of short-cut Technora.",
      "source": "teijin-brochure-types",
      "where": "Technora short-cut fiber, Applications line"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Technora fibre (brand owner and processors)",
      "abundance": "Not found in any source we hold.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Japan"
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not found in any source we hold.",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "teijin-asds",
      "where": "Producer row: ASDS title (TECHNORA PARA-ARAMID FIBER, Produced in Japan) and Section 1 (supplier Teijin Aramid BV). No production share is printed. Brand owner: the Wikipedia Technora page (wiki-technora) calls Technora a brand name of Teijin Aramid. The FIBER-LINE data page lists its locations in Hatfield (PA), Hickory (NC) and Leeuwarden (NL), with no country share for Technora fibre."
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, PolyOne / Avient URL)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "title": "Technora brochure: Balancing strength, stability, and durability (Teijin Aramid)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/balancing-strength-stability-and-durability"
    },
    {
      "title": "Technora brochure: What types of Technora do we offer? (Teijin Aramid)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/what-types-of-technora-do-we-offer"
    },
    {
      "title": "FIBER-LINE Technora product page (data table and chemical compatibility)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.fiber-line.com/fibers/technora/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Teijin Aramid Article Safety Data Sheet: TECHNORA PARA-ARAMID FIBER (Produced in Japan), ASDS TA00102",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.teijinaramid.com/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technora-para-Aramid-Yarn-Japan_TA00102-English_20210101.pdf",
      "year": 2021
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No flight, vacuum, atomic-oxygen or radiation result for Technora found. NASA/TM-2008-215490 (atomic oxygen erosion predictive tool, Table I) lists PPDT (Kevlar) but has no Technora row, so no space value is taken from it.",
    "Melting point is printed as N/A on the FIBER-LINE data table, so no melting point value is recorded.",
    "Limiting oxygen index: Teijin says it is high and that Technora is self-extinguishing, but no number was printed on the pages read.",
    "Thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion: Teijin says low and stable, but no number was printed on the pages read.",
    "Fatigue and abrasion resistance are described only as good; no cycle count or abrasion figure was printed.",
    "Density is now recorded from the Teijin ASDS, which prints 1390 kg/m³ for the Japan-produced article. The FIBER-LINE specific gravity of 1.39 (printed as Ratio) is kept as a separate row. specific_gravity is not a canonical benchmark name, so it is listed here as a new name.",
    "The Teijin comparison charts (steel wire, carbon fibre, UHMWPE, PPTA) are images. Their values were not read, so no ranking against those materials is made.",
    "Tensile strength for the short-cut fibre (about 3.2 to 3.5 GPa for the base fibre, per Teijin) is not recorded as a property because it is for the base fibre only.",
    "Commercial introduction year conflicts: 1987 (FIBER-LINE data page and FIBER-LINE Technora page) versus 1976 (Wikipedia Aramid page). Both are printed side by side; neither is confirmed by a Teijin source.",
    "No GHS classification for Technora was found. The Teijin ASDS says the article needs no hazard labelling, and the PubChem name lookup for Technora returned HTTP 404. No toxicology data for the fibre were found.",
    "Production sites and country shares were not found in any source read. The ASDS says the product is produced in Japan and names Teijin Aramid BV as supplier, but gives no site or share. The Wikipedia Teijin page shows a Mihara plant photo but does not say what it makes.",
    "No recycling route, critical-mineral listing or substitute was found for Technora.",
    "Trade names T-200, T220N, T221 and T240 (product types) are not listed as designations because each is a product type, not a grade of the same name. Only the trade name Technora is listed.",
    "Side effects on the surroundings were not found in any source read."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Technora is a copolyamide fibre from Teijin Aramid with a highly oriented molecular structure that combines para and meta linkages. The FIBER-LINE data page reports a breaking tenacity of 28 g/d and a specific gravity of 1.39 for the standard modulus fibre. Teijin says the fibre adds improved heat, abrasion and fatigue resistance to the advantages of standard aramids. It is chosen for ropes, cables, rubber reinforcement and protective fabrics, where strength and low creep matter more than resistance to sunlight.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Ropes, cables and strength members",
        "line": "FIBER-LINE lists Technora for ripcords, strength members, wire harness yarn and synthetic wire rope. Teijin lists marine ropes for its filament yarn."
      },
      {
        "where": "Rubber reinforcement",
        "line": "Teijin lists high-performance rubber reinforcement for automotive belts and hoses. It says the stretch-broken yarn suits turbocharger hoses and timing belts."
      },
      {
        "where": "Heat-resistant clothing (a terrestrial use)",
        "line": "Teijin lists firefighting clothing, industrial workwear and racing suits for its staple fibre, and heat-resistant protective clothing for its filament yarn. None of these is a space application in the sources we hold."
      },
      {
        "where": "Composites and cement",
        "line": "Teijin lists structural resins, cement reinforcement and high-performance rubber compounds as uses of short-cut Technora."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "The standard modulus fibre has a breaking tenacity of 28 g/d (FIBER-LINE). Teijin gives a tensile strength of 3.1 to 3.6 GPa for the fibre and about 3.0 GPa for filament yarn.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "28 g/d"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Teijin gives a modulus of 66 to 84 GPa. The FIBER-LINE table lists a tensile modulus of 590 g/d and an elongation at break of 4.6 % for the same standard modulus fibre.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "66 to 84 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "The specific gravity is 1.39 (printed as Ratio, FIBER-LINE). Teijin says Technora is about 6x stronger than steel by weight.",
        "benchmark": "specific_gravity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1.39"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat",
        "line": "Teijin says Technora keeps its strength in continuous use up to 200 °C (392 °F). Its decomposition temperature is 500 °C (932 °F).",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "200 °C continuous"
      },
      {
        "label": "Cold",
        "line": "Teijin says Technora keeps its structural integrity at -200 °C (-328 °F). The brochure prints no test conditions.",
        "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "-200 °C"
      },
      {
        "label": "Creep and shrinkage",
        "line": "Creep is below 1.5 % at 40 % to 58 % of ultimate tensile strength (FIBER-LINE). Shrinkage in dry air at 177 °C for 30 minutes is below 0.1 %.",
        "benchmark": "creep",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "< 1.5 %"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Technora is a para-aramid with a copolymer of para and meta linkages. FIBER-LINE says its modulus is lower than that of carbon and high-modulus para-aramids, and its moisture regain is lower than that of other para-aramids. It also says UV resistance is poor. Teijin says it has higher heat, abrasion and fatigue resistance than standard aramids, and compares it with steel wire, carbon fibre and UHMWPE in charts that are images only. We could not read those chart values, so no ranking against them is made here. Where the two sources disagree, on organic solvents, both are shown in the corrosion section.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Breaking tenacity",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Continuous use temperature",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Keep UV exposure to a minimum. Technora has poor UV resistance (FIBER-LINE) and Teijin says exposure should be minimized.",
      "Limit long exposure above 250 °C. Technora keeps about 50 % of its strength after 54 days at 250 °C (Teijin).",
      "Choose the material with care in aggressive chemicals, such as oil and gas processing (Teijin).",
      "Avoid strong alkalis at high temperature or concentration (FIBER-LINE).",
      "Keep the fibre out of direct sunlight and away from strong acids and strong bases, which the Teijin ASDS lists as incompatible materials.",
      "Wear safety glasses with side shields near rapidly rotating yarn processing equipment (Teijin ASDS)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Strength members, ropes and cords. The FIBER-LINE table gives 28 g/d breaking tenacity, and Teijin gives 3.1 to 3.6 GPa tensile strength.",
      "Rubber reinforcement. Teijin lists belts, hoses and other dynamic applications.",
      "Cold and heat tolerance in the datasheet. Teijin says it keeps structural integrity at -200 °C and strength in continuous use up to 200 °C."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Poor UV resistance, which FIBER-LINE lists as a disadvantage.",
      "Lower modulus than carbon and high-modulus para-aramids (FIBER-LINE).",
      "Organic solvents: the two sources disagree. See the corrosion section for both values.",
      "No flight or space exposure data for Technora in the sources we hold."
    ],
    "verdict": "The datasheet values support Technora for ropes, cables and rubber reinforcement. Poor UV resistance is the main limit in the sources read, and no space or toxicology data were found. The Teijin ASDS gives handling and dust statements but no GHS classification.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Technora is an aromatic copolyamide. It is made by condensation polymerization of terephthaloyl chloride with a mixture of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (3,4'-ODA), per the Wikipedia Technora page. The FIBER-LINE data page says it is produced by condensation polymerization of different copolymers, and that the fibre has both para and meta linkages.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "p-Phenylenediamine (PPD)",
          "role": "One of the two diamines reacted in the polymerization (Wikipedia Technora page)."
        },
        {
          "name": "3,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether (3,4'-ODA)",
          "role": "The second diamine. It supplies the meta linkage, which gives the copolymer both para and meta linkages (FIBER-LINE)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Terephthaloyl chloride",
          "role": "The acid chloride the diamine mixture reacts with (Wikipedia Technora page)."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The Teijin Article Safety Data Sheet says Technora is an article that needs no hazard labelling. It records dust irritation and the fire decomposition products. No GHS classification or toxicology data for the fibre were found.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "The fibre",
            "line": "Teijin says Technora is self-extinguishing and has a high limiting oxygen index. No number is printed for the index."
          },
          {
            "label": "Gaps",
            "line": "Toxicology data for the fibre were not found, so the hazard picture is incomplete."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Article, so no GHS hazard labelling"
      },
      {
        "title": "If the fibre is heated",
        "lead": "These are manufacturer statements and datasheet limits, not incident data.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Continuous use",
            "line": "Teijin says Technora keeps its strength in continuous use up to 200 °C (392 °F), and resists short-term exposure up to 400 °C (752 °F) for filament yarn."
          },
          {
            "label": "Long exposure",
            "line": "Technora keeps about 50 % of its strength after 54 days at 250 °C (482 °F), so Teijin advises limiting exposure above 250 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Decomposition",
            "line": "Teijin says Technora has no melting point and decomposes at 500 °C (932 °F). The FIBER-LINE table prints 500 °C and gives melt point as N/A."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Sunlight",
            "line": "Technora has poor UV resistance (FIBER-LINE). Teijin says UV exposure should be minimized to prevent surface degradation."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chemicals",
            "line": "Choose the material with care in aggressive chemicals, such as oil and gas processing (Teijin). Strong alkalis attack it at high temperature or concentration (FIBER-LINE)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cold",
            "line": "Teijin says Technora keeps its structural integrity at -200 °C (-328 °F). The brochure prints no test conditions."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-11-01",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 16,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 2,
    "note": "Drafted on 2026-11-01 by an AI assistant from pages read in this run: 16 values, each read from a fetched page (the density row and the hazard and handling entries come from the Teijin ASDS, read in a later pass); the sources disagree on the introduction year and on organic solvents, and both sides are shown."
  },
  "sources": {
    "fiber-line-datasheet": {
      "title": "FIBER-LINE TECHNORA data page (PDF, Avient / PolyOne URL)",
      "id": "fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
      "url": "https://reflex.polyone.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/fl.a4.datasheet-technora.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "FIBER-LINE data page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "fiber-line-technora": {
      "title": "FIBER-LINE Technora product page (data table, chemical compatibility, history)",
      "id": "fiber-line.com/fibers/technora",
      "url": "https://www.fiber-line.com/fibers/technora/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "FIBER-LINE web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "teijin-brochure-balance": {
      "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: Balancing strength, stability, and durability",
      "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
      "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/balancing-strength-stability-and-durability",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "teijin-brochure-types": {
      "title": "Teijin Technora brochure: What types of Technora do we offer?",
      "id": "Teijin Aramid, Technora brochure",
      "url": "https://product.teijinaramid.com/technora-brochure/what-types-of-technora-do-we-offer",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "teijin-technora-product": {
      "title": "Teijin Aramid product page: Technora",
      "id": "teijinaramid.com/en/products/technora",
      "url": "https://www.teijinaramid.com/en/products/technora/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Teijin Aramid web page, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "teijin-asds": {
      "title": "Teijin Aramid Article Safety Data Sheet: TECHNORA PARA-ARAMID FIBER (Produced in Japan), ASDS ID TA00102, version 1.0",
      "id": "TA00102",
      "url": "https://www.teijinaramid.com/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technora-para-Aramid-Yarn-Japan_TA00102-English_20210101.pdf",
      "year": 2021,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Teijin Aramid PDF, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-aramid": {
      "title": "Aramid (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramid",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramid",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)"
    },
    "wiki-technora": {
      "title": "Technora (Wikipedia)",
      "id": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technora",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technora",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (Wikipedia)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/technora/"
}