{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "steel-1215",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-and-alloy-steels",
  "name": "Carbon steel 1215",
  "abbreviation": "1215 (UNS G12150, AISI 1215)",
  "role": "free-machining carbon steel",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "AISI 1215 is a free-machining carbon steel: iron with up to 0.090 percent carbon, 0.26 to 0.35 percent sulfur, 0.04 to 0.09 percent phosphorus and 0.75 to 1.05 percent manganese. The sulfur forms soft particles that break the chips, so the bar cuts fast with a bright finish, which is why it is called screw machine stock. The sources read here give strength only for cold drawn or cold finished bar, and they say it is difficult to weld.\n",
  "best_for": "Screw-machine parts such as bushings, inserts, pins, studs and couplings, where machining speed and surface finish matter more than weldability (Alro; Titanium Industries)",
  "weakest_at": "Welding and fatigue. Alro says it is difficult to weld, and Titanium Industries says it fails in parts under severe fatigue stress",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance (98.42 to 98.95 wt%, Titanium Industries); max 0.090 C; 0.75 to 1.05 Mn; 0.040 to 0.090 P; 0.26 to 0.35 S (wt%); no lead value printed on the free pages read",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "G12150"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A108 Grade 1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A29 1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A576 1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-29 1215"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5010",
        "note": "SAE 1212 or SAE 1215, cold drawn free-machining bar"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "11SMn30",
        "note": "material number 1.0715"
      }
    ],
    "source": "icast-1215",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table of the ICAST AISI 1215 data sheet. The same ranges are in Titanium Industries Table 1, Alro and Total Materia. Designations: ICAST cross-reference table and ASME SA-29 1215 sheet; AMS 5010 from Titanium Industries and the SAE AMS5010H page; EN 11SMn30 and 1.0715 from the Total Materia equivalents list (category Official)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.87,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical for steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (the sheet also gives 29000 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Modulus of Elasticity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "value": 80,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical for steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Shear Modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "bulk_modulus",
      "value": 160,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical for steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Bulk Modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical for steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Poissons Ratio row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 540,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (Tensile Strength, Ultimate)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Tensile Strength, Ultimate row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 415,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (Tensile Strength, Yield)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Tensile Strength, Yield row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "gauge": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, value as printed (Elongation at Break)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Elongation at Break row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm"
      },
      "method": "Custom name (not in property-canon). Mechanical Properties table, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Reduction of Area row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "value": 167,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "scale": "Brinell"
      },
      "method": "Custom name (not in property-canon). Mechanical Properties table, Hardness Brinell row; the sheet prints no unit, and HB is the Brinell scale",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Hardness, Brinell row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 0.472,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/g-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, value as printed (Specific Heat Capacity row)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (Specific Heat Capacity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 51.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "form": "round bar, 19 to 38 mm",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (Thermal Conductivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 11.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, CTE linear, value as printed at 20.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (CTE, linear, first row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 12.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "0 to 300 °C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, CTE linear, value as printed for the 0 to 300 °C range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (CTE, linear, second row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 13.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/m-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "0 to 500 °C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, CTE linear, value as printed for the 0 to 500 °C range",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (CTE, linear, third row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.0000174,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ohm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Electrical Properties table, value as printed (the sheet calls it typical steel)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table (Electrical Resistivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
      "value": 135,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "basis": "100% machinability for AISI 1212 steel, as printed"
      },
      "method": "Custom name (not in property-canon). Mechanical Properties table, Machinability row, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Machinability row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
        "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (Total Materia gives no form)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tm-1215",
      "where": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties (Modulus of Elasticity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Structural and constructional steels (Total Materia)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250170",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.67,
      "value_high": 7.86,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kg/dm³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (Total Materia gives no form)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tm-1215",
      "where": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Structural and constructional steels (Total Materia)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250170",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.27,
      "value_high": 0.3,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (Total Materia gives no form)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "tm-1215",
      "where": "AISI 1215 Physical Properties (Poisson Coefficient row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1215 Structural and constructional steels (Total Materia)",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250170",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 78300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold finished (CF) bar, Alro C1215",
        "value_type": "typical; Alro says the grade may not be required to meet it"
      },
      "method": "Properties block, Tensile Strength, value as printed (78,300 PSI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alro-1215",
      "where": "C1215 Steel Bar - CF, Properties block (Tensile Strength)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1215 Cold Finish Steel Bar (Alro Steel): composition, typical properties, typical uses",
        "url": "https://www.alro.com/divsteel/metals_gridpt.aspx?gp=0010",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 60200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "psi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold finished (CF) bar, Alro C1215",
        "value_type": "typical; Alro says the grade may not be required to meet it"
      },
      "method": "Properties block, Yield Strength, value as printed (60,200 PSI)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alro-1215",
      "where": "C1215 Steel Bar - CF, Properties block (Yield Strength)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1215 Cold Finish Steel Bar (Alro Steel): composition, typical properties, typical uses",
        "url": "https://www.alro.com/divsteel/metals_gridpt.aspx?gp=0010",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold finished (CF) bar, Alro C1215",
        "value_type": "typical; Alro says the grade may not be required to meet it"
      },
      "method": "Properties block, Elongation, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alro-1215",
      "where": "C1215 Steel Bar - CF, Properties block (Elongation)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "C1215 Cold Finish Steel Bar (Alro Steel): composition, typical properties, typical uses",
        "url": "https://www.alro.com/divsteel/metals_gridpt.aspx?gp=0010",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Strong acids in contact with the steel",
      "headline": "Strong acids attack the steel and release gas",
      "effect": "Steels may release gaseous acid decomposition products, for example hydrogen and oxides of nitrogen, and metals dissolve in the acid. The supplier SDS gives this for steels in general and no corrosion rate for AISI 1215.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement for steels in the supplier SDS; no AISI 1215 test"
      },
      "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
      "where": "Section 10, Stability and reactivity"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Industrial atmosphere with chloride and sulfur dioxide (low-carbon steel in a laboratory, not AISI 1215)",
      "headline": "Rust attack is expected to rise with chloride and sulfur dioxide content",
      "effect": "Atmospheric corrosion is directly related to chloride and sulfur dioxide content, and a higher damage rate is expected as that content increases. In a laboratory wetting and drying study, corrosion rates were much less than expected at one chloride to sulfur ratio.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "material": "low-carbon steel, not AISI 1215",
        "test": "laboratory wetting and drying cycle"
      },
      "source": "rendon-2003",
      "where": "Introduction (first paragraph) and Abstract"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem, elemental manganese (metal record, not the solid steel): not classified in 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of company reports; H228 flammable solid 11.6%, H319 serious eye irritation 14.8%, H411 and H412 aquatic hazards.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H319",
          "H411",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem, elemental iron (metal record, not the solid steel): not classified in 74.1% (4458 of 6013) of all reports; H228 flammable solid 15.5%, H251 self-heating 21.2%.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228",
          "H251"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-fe",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "The supplier SDS for enhanced machinable steels, a family that includes resulfurized bar, says they are not classified as hazardous under CLP, and the label needs no signal word.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.2 (label elements) and Section 14 (transport information)"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dry grinding, machining, welding or flame cutting may give rise to irritant dust and fume (SDS for enhanced machinable steels).",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazards identification (paragraph on dust and fume)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Fatigue failure under severe fatigue stress",
        "trigger": "Parts that carry severe fatigue stress",
        "consequence": "Titanium Industries says the grade responds well to roll threading and minor bending but fails in parts subject to severe fatigue stress",
        "source": "titanium-1215",
        "where": "Product description"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Poor weldability",
        "trigger": "Welding, or case hardening",
        "consequence": "Difficult to weld and not recommended for case hardening (Alro)",
        "source": "alro-1215",
        "where": "Product description"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Lower mechanical properties for machinability",
        "trigger": "Choosing the grade for ease of machining",
        "consequence": "Mechanical properties can be sacrificed for machinability (Alro)",
        "source": "alro-1215",
        "where": "Product description"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [
      {
        "text": "When heated to high temperature the steel may give off fumes",
        "affects": "Workers near hot work",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 10, Stability and reactivity"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Keep dust and fume under control with enclosure and extraction at the source",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 8, Exposure controls"
      },
      {
        "text": "Pre-finished steel can have sharp edges and corners, so take care when handling and storing",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.3, Other hazards"
      },
      {
        "text": "Some bar is coated with a non-hazardous oil, and prolonged skin contact may cause irritation",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 2.3, Other hazards"
      },
      {
        "text": "Specify the cold drawn or cold finished condition with every strength value, because no hot-rolled value was found",
        "source": "budind-1215-cd",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table (condition printed in the title)"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Enclose the process so that dust and fume sources are prevented or minimised, and use an extraction hood and system",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 8, Exposure controls"
      },
      {
        "text": "Avoid contact with strong acids, which the SDS says dissolve metals and release gas",
        "source": "liberty-lss-sds",
        "where": "Section 10, Stability and reactivity"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Bushings, inserts, pins and couplings",
      "example": "Alro lists bushings, inserts, hydraulic hose fittings, couplings, studs and pins as typical uses for 1215, and Titanium Industries gives the same list.",
      "source": "alro-1215",
      "where": "Typical uses list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Studs",
      "example": "Studs are on the same typical-use list (Alro; Titanium Industries)",
      "source": "titanium-1215",
      "where": "Questions and answers, what is it used for"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Valve and pump parts, general engineering and automotive parts",
      "example": "ICAST says the grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries",
      "source": "icast-1215",
      "where": "Application line"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Screw machine parts",
      "example": "Budind says the rolled and drawn bar is straightened, cut to length and used in screw machine operations",
      "source": "budind-1215-cd",
      "where": "Notes line"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron and steel (United States)",
      "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). U.S. raw steel production was 82 million tons in 2025 (estimated), and net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments, and automotive 15 percent.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS refers readers to the Iron and Steel Scrap and Iron and Steel Slag chapters, which were not read",
      "substitutes": [
        "Aluminum and plastics in automotive; aluminum, concrete and wood in construction; aluminum, glass, paper and plastics in containers (USGS)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics (net import reliance, 2025e); Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Raw steel production by country (2025e)",
      "abundance": "World raw steel production was 1,900 million t in 2025 (estimated, rounded total, USGS World Production table). Shares are calculated from the printed tonnage over that total.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 51.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 3.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "World Production table (Raw steel, 2025e)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Steel mill product imports by source (2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent, other 40 percent (USGS).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Budind: AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys: AISI 1215 data sheet (composition and cross-reference table)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/AISI%201215.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASME SA-29 1215 data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASME%20SA-29%201215.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Titanium Industries: Carbon Steel AISI 1215, UNS G12150 (tables and questions)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/carbon-steels/carbon-steel-aisi-1215/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alro Steel: C1215 cold finish steel bar (composition, typical properties, typical uses)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alro.com/divsteel/metals_gridpt.aspx?gp=0010"
    },
    {
      "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1215 structural and constructional steels",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250170"
    },
    {
      "title": "Liberty Speciality Steels: Enhanced machinable steels safety data sheet (July 2018)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://libertysteelgroup.com/uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/LSS-Enhanced-Machinable-Steels-July-18.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "SAE International: AMS5010H steel bars, free machining (SAE 1212 or SAE 1215), cold drawn",
      "type": "standard",
      "url": "https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/AMS5010H"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification (REST record)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification (REST record)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No hot-rolled tensile, yield or elongation value for AISI 1215 was found in any page fetched in this run, after three searches. The strength values recorded are cold drawn (Budind) or cold finished (Alro) only.",
    "Lead: no free page prints a lead value for AISI 1215. Total Materia has a Pb row, but its value sits behind free registration, so no lead content is recorded.",
    "Titanium Industries prints 415 MPa yield and 540 MPa tensile under a Minimum column with no processing condition. They are not recorded as separate values, so no condition is mixed in.",
    "ICAST and Total Materia print a Brinell range of 110 to 255 HB across heat treatments. It is not recorded because it spans tempers.",
    "11SMnPb30 (1.0718) does not appear as an equivalent of AISI 1215 in any page fetched in this run, so it is not listed. Total Materia lists 11SMn30 (1.0715) as an Official equivalent; no source calls it the nearest equivalent, so it is not labelled that way.",
    "Hazards: the PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not the solid steel. The Liberty SDS covers enhanced machinable steels in general, not AISI 1215, and its lead passages apply to leaded grades. No AISI 1215 SDS was found.",
    "Corrosion: no corrosion rate or rating for AISI 1215 was found. The only atmospheric study read is a laboratory study of low-carbon steel (Rendon and Valencia). An MDPI paper on MnS inclusions could not be read.",
    "Machinability rating: 135 is printed by Budind with the basis AISI 1212 = 100, and by Titanium Industries without a basis. The names machinability_rating, reduction_of_area and hardness_brinell are not in property-canon and are used as custom names.",
    "Supply: the USGS iron and steel chapter read names no critical-mineral list, so critical_lists is empty. The scrap, slag and iron ore chapters were not read. World shares are calculated from the printed tonnage over the rounded 1,900 million t total.",
    "No fatigue, melting point, cryogenic, fire or high-temperature value was read for AISI 1215. Titanium Industries leaves its melting point blank, and the SAE AMS5010H page shows no property table behind its login.",
    "The Speedy Metals page timed out and the McMaster-Carr page had no product table, so neither was read. A search snippet for a Rapid-Protos guide gives composition figures that conflict with the others; that page was not fetched and is not used."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Titanium Industries calls AISI 1215 the standard screw stock. Its sulfur forms particles that break the chips (Wikipedia, Free-machining steel), so screw machines cut it fast and leave a bright finish. The sources read here give its strength only for cold drawn or cold finished bar, and they say it is hard to weld. It is chosen when machining speed and finish matter more than weldability or fatigue strength.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Bushings, inserts, pins and couplings",
        "line": "Alro and Titanium Industries both list bushings, inserts, hydraulic hose fittings, couplings, studs and pins as typical uses."
      },
      {
        "where": "Valve, pump and automotive parts",
        "line": "ICAST says the grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries."
      },
      {
        "where": "Screw machine parts",
        "line": "Budind says the rolled and drawn bar is cut to length and used in screw machine operations."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Machining rate",
        "line": "Rated 135 where AISI 1212 steel is 100 (Budind). Titanium Industries prints a general index of 135 percent.",
        "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, cold drawn",
        "line": "Cold drawn round bar of 19 to 38 mm gives 540 MPa ultimate and 415 MPa yield, with 10 percent elongation (Budind).",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, cold finished",
        "line": "Alro's cold finished bar lists 78,300 psi tensile and 60,200 psi yield as typical values. These match the cold drawn figures.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, hot rolled",
        "line": "No hot-rolled tensile, yield or elongation value was found in the sources read, so none is given.",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus is 200 GPa for the cold drawn bar (Budind). Total Materia gives 190 to 210 GPa at 0 to 30 °C with no form stated.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Finish and threading",
        "line": "Built for automatic screw machining, with a smooth, bright finish. It responds well to roll threading and minor bending without cracking (Titanium Industries).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Set against the [steel-1018 profile](/profiles/steel-1018/), the 1215 record is built for machining. Alro says its mechanical properties can be sacrificed for machinability, and it is difficult to weld. The 1018 page has its own cold drawn and hot rolled records. Compare cold drawn with cold drawn, because the two conditions are not interchangeable, and no hot-rolled 1215 figure was found to set beside them.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength (cold drawn)",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Machinability rating",
        "benchmark": "machinability_rating",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify cold drawn or cold finished with every strength value, because no hot-rolled value was found (Budind, Alro).",
      "Keep dust and fume under control with extraction at the source (SDS, section 8).",
      "Handle pre-finished bar carefully: sharp edges and corners, and oil coatings can irritate skin on prolonged contact (SDS, section 2.3).",
      "Plan welding separately, because Alro says the grade is difficult to weld."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Screw-machine parts such as bushings, inserts, pins, studs and couplings (Alro, Titanium Industries).",
      "Valve, pump and automotive parts, which ICAST lists as intended uses."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Fatigue: Titanium Industries says the grade fails in parts under severe fatigue stress.",
      "Welding is difficult, and the grade is not recommended for case hardening (Alro).",
      "Strength data are for cold drawn or cold finished bar only; no hot-rolled figure was found.",
      "Rust: no 1215 corrosion rate was found; a laboratory study of low-carbon steel found corrosion rates well below expectation at one chloride to sulfur ratio (Rendon and Valencia)."
    ],
    "verdict": "AISI 1215 is the free-machining grade for screw-machine parts. It cuts fast with a bright finish, but it is hard to weld, and the strength figures in these sources are for cold drawn or cold finished bar only.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AISI 1215 is a re-sulphurized and re-phosphorized free-machining steel: iron with up to 0.090 percent carbon, 0.75 to 1.05 percent manganese, 0.040 to 0.090 percent phosphorus and 0.26 to 0.35 percent sulfur (ICAST, Titanium Industries, Alro, Total Materia). Free-machining steels are carbon steels with added sulfur, and the sulfur forms manganese sulfide, a soft particle that breaks the chips (Wikipedia, Free-machining steel). No lead value is printed for this grade on the free pages read.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the steel.",
          "share_note": "balance; 98.42 to 98.95 percent (Titanium Industries Table 1)",
          "source": "titanium-1215",
          "where": "Table 1, Chemical Composition"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Kept low. The Budind sheet files the grade under low carbon steel.",
          "share_note": "max 0.090 percent",
          "source": "icast-1215",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Pairs with sulfur to form the manganese sulfide chip breaker (Wikipedia, Free-machining steel).",
          "share_percent": 0.75,
          "share_high": 1.05,
          "source": "icast-1215",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "A free-machining addition, since Wikipedia lists phosphorus among the added elements. The grade is printed as rephosphorized (Budind).",
          "share_percent": 0.04,
          "share_high": 0.09,
          "source": "icast-1215",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Forms soft manganese sulfide particles that break the chips and act as a dry lubricant (Wikipedia, Free-machining steel).",
          "share_percent": 0.26,
          "share_high": 0.35,
          "source": "icast-1215",
          "where": "Chemical Composition table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lead",
          "symbol": "Pb",
          "role": "Lead is one of the free-machining additions in other grades (Wikipedia, Free-machining steel). None is recorded for 1215.",
          "share_note": "not printed for this grade on the free pages read; Total Materia shows a Pb row behind free registration",
          "source": "tm-1215",
          "where": "AISI 1215 Chemical Composition table (Pb row)"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The steel family is not classified as hazardous under CLP. The real risk is dust and fume from machining and welding. The PubChem records are for the pure metals, not the solid steel.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Machining and welding",
            "line": "Dry grinding, machining, welding or flame cutting can give off irritant dust and fume (SDS for enhanced machinable steels). Use extraction (section 8)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Iron oxide fume",
            "line": "Excessive iron oxide fume over long periods may cause siderosis, a benign condition (SDS, toxicology section)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Pure metals",
            "line": "PubChem lists elemental manganese with H228, H319, H411 and H412, and elemental iron with H228 and H251, for the metals only."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Dust and fume, not a classified hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "In the environment",
        "lead": "No corrosion rate for AISI 1215 was found in the sources read. The nearest data are a supplier note on strong acids and a laboratory study of low-carbon steel.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Strong acids",
            "line": "Strong acids dissolve the steel and can release hydrogen and oxides of nitrogen (SDS, stability and reactivity section)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chloride and sulfur dioxide",
            "line": "The introduction of a laboratory study of low-carbon steel expects damage to rise with chloride and sulfur dioxide, and its wetting and drying test found corrosion rates much lower than expected at one chloride to sulfur ratio (Rendon and Valencia, 2003)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Acids and rust"
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat, welding and fabrication",
        "lead": "Hot work gives off fume, and Alro names welding as the weak point of this grade.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heating",
            "line": "When heated to high temperature the steel may give off fumes (SDS, stability and reactivity section)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Alro says the grade is difficult to weld and is not recommended for case hardening."
          },
          {
            "label": "Threading and bending",
            "line": "Titanium Industries says it responds well to roll threading and minor bending without cracking."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Hot work and welding need care"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 23,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 6,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run. Strength values are split by processing: cold drawn (Budind) and cold finished (Alro); no hot-rolled value was found. The structure follows the finished sibling profile steel-1018. Alro and Budind agree on the strength figures, but Alro marks its figures as typical."
  },
  "sources": {
    "budind-1215-cd": {
      "title": "AISI 1215 Steel, cold drawn, 19-38 mm round (datasheet printout, Budind)",
      "url": "https://budind.com/wp-content/uploads/AISI-1215-Steel.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "icast-1215": {
      "title": "AISI 1215 data sheet (ICAST Alloys LLP): chemical composition and cross-reference table",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/AISI%201215.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "icast-sa29-1215": {
      "title": "ASME SA-29 1215 data sheet (ICAST Alloys LLP)",
      "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASME%20SA-29%201215.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "titanium-1215": {
      "title": "Carbon Steel AISI 1215, UNS G12150 (Titanium Industries): tables 1 to 3 and questions",
      "url": "https://titanium.com/alloys/carbon-steels/carbon-steel-aisi-1215/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "alro-1215": {
      "title": "C1215 Cold Finish Steel Bar (Alro Steel): composition, typical properties, typical uses",
      "url": "https://www.alro.com/divsteel/metals_gridpt.aspx?gp=0010",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "tm-1215": {
      "title": "AISI 1215 Structural and constructional steels (Total Materia)",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250170",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "liberty-lss-sds": {
      "title": "Enhanced machinable steels, safety data sheet (Liberty Speciality Steels, July 2018)",
      "url": "https://libertysteelgroup.com/uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/LSS-Enhanced-Machinable-Steels-July-18.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "supplier document, linked not reproduced"
    },
    "sae-ams5010h": {
      "title": "AMS5010H: Steel bars, free machining (SAE 1212 or SAE 1215), cold drawn (SAE International)",
      "url": "https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/AMS5010H",
      "kind": "standard",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-free-machining": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Free-machining steel (article reached from Free-cutting steel)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-cutting_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-iron-steel-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Iron and Steel",
      "id": "mcs2026-iron-steel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain (USGS)"
    },
    "pubchem-mn": {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23930",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-fe": {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23925",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "rendon-2003": {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2 (Revista de Metalurgia)",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "CC BY-NC 3.0 Spain (cited)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/steel-1215/"
}