{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "steel-1070",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-and-alloy-steels",
  "name": "Carbon steel 1070",
  "abbreviation": "1070 (UNS G10700, AISI 1070, SAE 1070)",
  "role": "high-carbon spring steel",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "AISI / SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel (UNS G10700) with 0.65 to 0.75 percent carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese. Supplied annealed, it has a Brinell hardness of 192 to 212 HB and a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa. Hardened at 800 °C and tempered at 175 to 200 °C, it is used for springs, shafts and hand tools. It is brittle when fully hardened, welds poorly, and rusts in moist or salty air unless it is coated.\n",
  "best_for": "Springs, shafts and hand tools that are heat treated and kept dry or coated (tensile strength 640 to 700 MPa in the supplier range)",
  "weakest_at": "Corrosion, which is poor without a coating, brittleness once fully hardened, and poor weldability",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Iron with 0.65 to 0.75 % C, 0.60 to 0.90 % Mn, max 0.040 % P, max 0.050 % S and max 0.100 % Si (wt %)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "G10700",
        "source": "gravitycast-1070",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row G10700, Standard UNS"
      },
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "1070",
        "source": "alro-steel-guide",
        "where": "Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, row C 1070, A.I.S.I. # column"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "1070",
        "source": "alro-steel-guide",
        "where": "Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, row C 1070, S.A.E. # column"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "J403",
        "note": "chemical composition specification",
        "source": "azom-1070",
        "where": "Other Designations list, SAE J403 (1070)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A510",
        "note": "wire rod and round wire",
        "source": "gravitycast-1070",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row A 510 1070 (ASTM)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A830",
        "note": "plate and steel",
        "source": "gravitycast-1070",
        "where": "Cross Reference Table, row A 830 1070 (ASTM)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-29",
        "note": "grade 1070",
        "source": "totalmateria-1070",
        "where": "International Equivalent Materials list, row SA-29 1070 (ASME, United States)"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.1231",
        "note": "listed as equivalent to AISI 1070",
        "source": "azom-1070",
        "where": "Other Designations list, DIN 1.1231"
      },
      {
        "system": "AFNOR",
        "code": "XC 68",
        "source": "azom-1070",
        "where": "Other Designations list, AFNOR XC 68"
      },
      {
        "system": "SS",
        "code": "1770",
        "source": "azom-1070",
        "where": "Other Designations list, SS 1770"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5115",
        "source": "azom-1070",
        "where": "Other Designations list, AMS 5115"
      }
    ],
    "source": "gravitycast-1070",
    "where": "Chemical Composition block of the AISI 1070 data sheet (C 0.650 - 0.750, Mn 0.600 - 0.900, P 0.040 max, S 0.050 max, Si 0.100 max)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, AISI 1070 (range)",
      "value": 7.7,
      "value_high": 8.03,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "AISI 1070",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "7.7-8.03 g/cm3 (0.278-0.290 lb/in3)"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a materials encyclopedia property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-1070",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Encyclopedia article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, SAE/AISI 1070",
      "value": 7850,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/m3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "SAE/AISI 1070",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matmake-1070",
      "where": "Table of SAE/AISI 1070 Properties, Physical Properties, Density (metric)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)",
        "id": "UNS G10700",
        "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, cold drawn AISI 1070 (range)",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "unit_in_source": "29700-30458 ksi"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a materials encyclopedia property table under the heading cold drawn AISI 1070",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Encyclopedia article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, AISI 1070",
      "value": 11.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "treatment": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials encyclopedia thermal property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-1070",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Thermal expansion coefficient, row 0 - 100 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Encyclopedia article (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, SAE/AISI 1070",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database thermal property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matmake-1070",
      "where": "Thermal Properties, Thermal Conductivity, metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)",
        "id": "UNS G10700",
        "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, SAE/AISI 1070",
      "value": 470,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database thermal property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "matmake-1070",
      "where": "Thermal Properties, Specific Heat Capacity (Cp), metric column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)",
        "id": "UNS G10700",
        "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, AISI 1070 (supplier range)",
      "value": 640,
      "value_high": 700,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not specified in the table; the heat treatment column lists As Raw, Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and Tempering"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties block, Tensile Strength in Mpa, 640 - 700",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
        "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
        "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, cold drawn and spheroidized annealed AISI 1070",
      "value": 640,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "condition": "cold drawn, spheroidized annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "efunda-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile Strength (Mpa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070",
        "url": "https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, supplier minimum",
      "value": 390,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not specified in the table"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a supplier data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "A materials database gives 495 MPa for the same grade with no condition printed (next entry). The two are not reconciled.",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties block, Yield Strength in Mpa, 390 min.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
        "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
        "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, AISI 1070",
      "value": 495,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not printed",
        "condition": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "efunda-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield Strength (Mpa) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070",
        "url": "https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation, supplier minimum",
      "value": 10,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not specified in the table"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a supplier data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties block, Elongation in %, 10 min.",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
        "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
        "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "label": "Reduction of area, supplier range",
      "value": 30,
      "value_high": 45,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not specified in the table"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties block, Reduction of Area in %, 30 - 45",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
        "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
        "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Brinell hardness, supplier range",
      "value": 192,
      "value_high": 212,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "condition": "not specified in the table"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a supplier data sheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties block, Hardness in HB, 192 - 212",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
        "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
        "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Brinell hardness, cold drawn and spheroidized annealed AISI 1070",
      "value": 192,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "25 °C",
        "condition": "cold drawn, spheroidized annealed"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a materials database property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "efunda-1070",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Hardness (HB) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070",
        "url": "https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardening_temperature",
      "label": "Hardening temperature, knife-supplier schedule",
      "value": 800,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "hold": "10 minutes",
        "quench": "PQ11 fast oil",
        "grade": "SAE 1070"
      },
      "method": "Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sdknives-1070",
      "where": "Heat treatment block, Hardening line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel, Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies",
        "url": "https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "tempering_temperature",
      "label": "Tempering temperature range, knife-supplier schedule",
      "value": 175,
      "value_high": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "SAE 1070"
      },
      "method": "Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sdknives-1070",
      "where": "Heat treatment block, Tempering line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel, Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies",
        "url": "https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "annealing_temperature",
      "label": "Annealing temperature, knife-supplier schedule",
      "value": 741,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "hold": "30 minutes, then slow cool in furnace, ash or vermiculite",
        "grade": "SAE 1070"
      },
      "method": "Heat treatment schedule printed on a knife-supplier page, not a mill or standard specification",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "sdknives-1070",
      "where": "Heat treatment block, Annealing Cycle line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel, Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies",
        "url": "https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Moist or salty air, uncoated",
      "headline": "Carbon steel rusts in moist or salty air, and a coating such as paint or varnish shields it.",
      "effect": "The Wikipedia carbon steel article says carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion, especially with high moisture and/or salt. No corrosion rate or 1070-specific rating was found in a fetched source.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "general statement for carbon steel, not measured on 1070"
      },
      "source": "wikipedia-carbon-steel",
      "where": "Properties section, corrosion paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "Metals Depot's steel safety data sheet says steel is an article that is not hazardous in its solid form, but cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous fume. The GHS table in that sheet lists carcinogenicity Category 1B, respiratory sensitizer Category 1, STOT repeated exposure Category 1, skin sensitizer Category 1, acute oral toxicity Category 4 and eye irritation Category 2B, with signal word Danger. It is a generic steel sheet, not a 1070 sheet.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "metals-depot-sds",
        "where": "Section 2 Hazards identification, classification and GHS table"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Brittle fracture after full hardening",
        "trigger": "Steel hardened and not tempered; the knife-supplier schedule hardens at 800 °C, quenches in PQ11 fast oil, then tempers at 175 to 200 °C",
        "consequence": "Quenched carbon steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes (Wikipedia). The source gives no fracture data for 1070.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wikipedia-carbon-steel",
        "where": "Heat treatment, Quenching section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Rust in moist or salty service",
        "trigger": "Uncoated steel left in humid air or in salt",
        "consequence": "Carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion. The source names paint, varnish or another protective material as the shield.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "wikipedia-carbon-steel",
        "where": "Properties section, corrosion paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Poor weldability",
        "trigger": "Welding high-carbon steel",
        "consequence": "High-carbon steel has extremely poor ductility and weldability (Wikipedia carbon steel article, Higher-carbon steels section).",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "wikipedia-carbon-steel",
        "where": "Higher-carbon steels section"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Heat treatment schedule from a knife supplier: anneal at 741 °C and slow cool, harden at 800 °C for 10 minutes and quench in PQ11 fast oil, temper at 175 to 200 °C.",
        "source": "sdknives-1070",
        "where": "Heat treatment block"
      },
      {
        "text": "Normally supplied annealed, according to the Wikipedia spring steel table, row 1070.",
        "source": "wikipedia-spring-steel",
        "where": "Table of common spring steel grades, Comments column, row 1070"
      },
      {
        "text": "Do not breathe dust, fume, gas, vapour or spray from cutting, grinding or welding, and use in a well-ventilated area.",
        "source": "metals-depot-sds",
        "where": "Section 4 Precautionary statements, Prevention"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": []
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Springs and shafts",
      "example": "The Wikipedia spring steel table lists 1070 as a common spring grade. The knife-supplier page reproduces the application list for SAE 1070: railroad rails, heavy machinery parts, shafts, springs and a wide variety of hand and machine tools.",
      "source": "wikipedia-spring-steel",
      "where": "Table of common spring steel grades, row 1070; sdknives product description paragraph"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Valve, pump and general engineering parts",
      "example": "Gravity Cast states that the AISI 1070 grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries.",
      "source": "gravitycast-1070",
      "where": "Header block, Application line"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Railroad and street railway rails, heavy machinery parts",
      "example": "The knife-supplier page lists railroad and street railway rails and heavy machinery parts among the uses of SAE 1070, in the same wording as the ASM Alloy Digest application list.",
      "source": "sdknives-1070",
      "where": "Product description paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Raw steel production, 2025 estimate",
      "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). World raw steel production in 2025e is 1,900 million t, rounded. Printed country values in million t: China 980, India 160, Japan 81, United States 82.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: iron and steel compete with aluminum and plastics in automotive, with aluminum, concrete and wood in construction, and with aluminum, glass, paper and plastics in containers."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "World Production table, Raw steel column, 2025e; Substitutes paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd. data sheet: AISI 1070 (chemical composition, heat treatment, mechanical properties, cross-reference table)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577"
    },
    {
      "title": "eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070"
    },
    {
      "title": "SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "AISI - 1070 - Total Materia",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250045"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alro Steel Metals Guide, Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alro.com/Resources/WebResources/AlroCom/MetalsGuideCatalog/PDFs/011-Reference.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel (Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/"
    },
    {
      "title": "Carbon steel (Wikipedia)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel"
    },
    {
      "title": "Spring steel (Wikipedia)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel"
    },
    {
      "title": "Metals Depot safety data sheet: STEEL (2018)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.metalsdepot.com/assets/files/Page-Editor-Files/MetalsDepotSDS-Steel-2018.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No corrosion rate or 1070-specific rust rating was found in a fetched source. The ASM Alloy Digest entry for SAE 1070 covers corrosion resistance but is paywalled, and the Wikipedia statement is for carbon steel in general.",
    "Yield strength: the supplier minimum is 390 MPa with no condition, and a materials database gives 495 MPa with no condition. Both are kept and not reconciled. No tempered or spring-temper strength was found in a fetched source.",
    "EN number 1.1520 and the EN name were printed only on MakeItFrom and Raykam pages, which were not fetched (MakeItFrom returned HTTP 403). No EN designation is listed.",
    "Total Materia lists DIN 1.0603 and CS 70 (BS) as Implicit equivalents, not as the same grade by a printed statement, so both were left out. The Gravity Cast cross-reference table prints no EN, JIS or W.Nr. entry.",
    "MatWeb (HTTP 403), Machining Doctor (HTTP 403) and the ASM Alloy Digest PDF (paywalled) could not be read. Total Materia physical values are locked placeholders. Electrical resistivity and conductivity were not recorded.",
    "Hot-working and forging temperatures for 1070 were not found in a readable primary source. The steel-grades page gives an implausible 1796 to 1939 °C heat-treatment value and was not used.",
    "Brinell hardness, hardening, tempering and annealing temperatures are not canonical names in spores/property-canon.yaml; short snake_case names are used. Reduction of area is also not canonical.",
    "The USGS iron and steel summary gives production in million tonnes, not shares. No country share percentages are recorded. The USGS scrap chapter and critical-mineral status were not opened.",
    "Poisson ratio (0.27 to 0.30, on AZoM and Matmake), impact energy, fatigue, and any space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, vacuum or radiation) were not found for 1070 in a fetched source, so tags.environments is empty."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AISI/SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel, about 0.7 percent carbon. Its strength comes from its carbon content and heat treatment. Supplier data give a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa and a Brinell hardness of 192 to 212 HB. Wikipedia notes that high-carbon steel is used where medium strength and low material cost matter. Its weak points are rust, brittleness once fully hardened, and poor weldability.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Springs and shafts",
        "line": "The Wikipedia spring steel table lists 1070 as a common spring grade. The knife-supplier page quotes the application list for SAE 1070: railroad rails, heavy machinery parts, shafts, springs and a wide variety of hand and machine tools."
      },
      {
        "where": "Valve and pump parts",
        "line": "Gravity Cast says the grade is intended for valve, pump, general engineering, automotive and other industries."
      },
      {
        "where": "Rails and heavy machinery",
        "line": "The knife-supplier page lists railroad and street railway rails and heavy machinery parts among the uses of SAE 1070."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry load",
        "line": "The supplier range is 640 to 700 MPa tensile strength, with yield at least 390 MPa. A materials database gives 495 MPa yield for the same grade with no condition printed.",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "640 to 700 MPa tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hardness",
        "line": "Brinell hardness is 192 to 212 HB in the supplier range, and 192 HB at 25 °C in the cold drawn, spheroidized annealed condition.",
        "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "192 to 212 HB"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The elastic modulus of cold drawn AISI 1070 is 190 to 210 GPa, according to the AZoM property table.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "190 to 210 GPa"
      },
      {
        "label": "Weight",
        "line": "Density is 7.7 to 8.03 g/cm3 in the AZoM table, and 7850 kg/m3 in the Matmake table.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "7.7 to 8.03 g/cm3"
      },
      {
        "label": "Heat conduction",
        "line": "Matmake gives a thermal conductivity of 50 W/(m·K), with no temperature stated.",
        "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "50 W/(m·K)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Expansion",
        "line": "The coefficient of thermal expansion is 11.8 10-6/°C over 0 to 100 °C, according to the AZoM thermal table.",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "11.8 10-6/°C"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Among the plain carbon steels, 1070 is the high-carbon grade with a 0.65 to 0.75 percent carbon range, which is what lets it harden for springs. The sources in this profile do not give a side-by-side number from another grade, so the table rows below read the 1070 values only, and any comparison with a different carbon steel needs that grade's own profile.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Elastic modulus",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the heat treatment condition, because the strength and hardness values differ between annealed, cold drawn and hardened material.",
      "Coat or oil uncoated steel that will be kept in moist or salty air.",
      "Do not breathe the fume or dust made by cutting, grinding or welding, and ventilate the work area."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs and shafts, after heat treatment: the grade is listed for springs and shafts by a knife supplier and a spring steel table.",
      "Low-cost plain steel parts for valves, pumps and general engineering, per the Gravity Cast application line.",
      "Tools and rails that need strength and wear resistance, per the knife-supplier application list."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Rust: carbon steel rusts in moist or salty air, and no 1070-specific corrosion rate was found.",
      "Brittleness: fully hardened steel is brittle, and the tempering range from one supplier is 175 to 200 °C.",
      "Welding: high-carbon steel has poor weldability (Wikipedia).",
      "Yield strength differs between sources (390 MPa supplier minimum, 495 MPa database value)."
    ],
    "verdict": "AISI/SAE 1070 is a plain high-carbon steel with a tensile strength of 640 to 700 MPa and a hardness of 192 to 212 HB in the supplier range. It works as a spring and shaft steel once heat treated, but it rusts without a coating, is brittle when fully hardened, and welds poorly. No space-environment data or 1070-specific corrosion rate was found in the sources.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Plain carbon steel of iron with 0.65 to 0.75 % carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 % manganese, with maximum phosphorus 0.040 %, sulphur 0.050 % and silicon 0.100 % (Gravity Cast, Alro). It is supplied as bar, wire rod, plate, strip, sheet or tube (Gravity Cast product list). Process steps beyond these product forms were not found in a fetched source.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Matrix of the steel",
          "share_note": "balance of the composition (Gravity Cast: Iron, Fe, balance)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Lets the steel harden and strengthen by heat treatment (Wikipedia carbon steel article)",
          "share_percent": 0.65,
          "share_high": 0.75
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Specified alloying element; no role stated in the fetched sources",
          "share_percent": 0.6,
          "share_high": 0.9
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity limit",
          "share_high": 0.04,
          "share_note": "maximum"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity limit",
          "share_high": 0.05,
          "share_note": "maximum"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Impurity limit",
          "share_high": 0.1,
          "share_note": "maximum (Gravity Cast)"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The solid steel is not classed as hazardous. The hazards come from fume and dust made when it is cut, ground, melted or welded.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid steel",
            "line": "Metals Depot's steel safety data sheet calls steel an article that is not hazardous in its solid form."
          },
          {
            "label": "Cutting and welding",
            "line": "The same sheet gives GHS classes for the fume: carcinogenicity Category 1B, respiratory sensitizer Category 1 and skin sensitizer Category 1. It is a generic steel sheet, not a 1070 sheet."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Fume and dust hazard"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "These are failure routes found in the sources. None is a measured 1070 test result.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Brittle when hardened",
            "line": "Quenched carbon steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes (Wikipedia). Tempering at 175 to 200 °C is the schedule a knife supplier quotes."
          },
          {
            "label": "Rust",
            "line": "Carbon steel is susceptible to rust, especially in moist or salty air. Paint, varnish or another coating shields it."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Supply condition",
            "line": "The Wikipedia spring steel table says 1070 is normally supplied annealed. The annealed supplier range is 192 to 212 HB."
          },
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "A knife supplier anneals at 741 °C, hardens at 800 °C for 10 minutes, quenches in PQ11 fast oil and tempers at 175 to 200 °C. This is not a mill specification."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 17,
    "unreachable": 4,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: MatWeb (HTTP 403), MakeItFrom (HTTP 403), Machining Doctor (HTTP 403), ASM Alloy Digest (paywalled). Caveats: supplier and database strength values disagree (390 and 495 MPa yield); heat treatment temperatures come from one knife-supplier page; the corrosion statement is for carbon steel in general; the DIN and AFNOR equivalents are as printed on AZoM; the hazard text is from a generic steel SDS."
  },
  "sources": {
    "gravitycast-1070": {
      "title": "Gravity Cast Pvt. Ltd., data sheet: Material AISI 1070 (Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Compositions For Forging To Hot-Rolled Steel and Bar)",
      "id": "UNS G10700, SAE 1070, ASTM A 510, A 713, A 830 (cross-reference table)",
      "url": "https://gravitycastindia.com/images/resources/ferrouspdf/AISI%201070.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer data sheet, indicative values only (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "azom-1070": {
      "title": "AISI 1070 Carbon Steel (UNS G10700), AZoM",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6577",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Encyclopedia article (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "efunda-1070": {
      "title": "eFunda: Properties of Carbon Steel AISI 1070",
      "url": "https://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1070&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI+1070",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "matmake-1070": {
      "title": "SAE/AISI 1070 Carbon Steel: Composition and Properties (Matmake)",
      "id": "UNS G10700",
      "url": "https://matmake.com/materials-data/steel-1070-properties.html",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Materials database (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "totalmateria-1070": {
      "title": "AISI - 1070 - Total Materia",
      "id": "SAE J403 (2014) composition; equivalents table",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250045",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "Materials database, locked values (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "alro-steel-guide": {
      "title": "Alro Steel Metals Guide, Combined AISI and SAE Standard Steel List, page 11-6",
      "url": "https://www.alro.com/Resources/WebResources/AlroCom/MetalsGuideCatalog/PDFs/011-Reference.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Distributor reference guide (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "sdknives-1070": {
      "title": "SAE 1070 High Carbon Steel, Stefan Diedericks Knives and Supplies",
      "url": "https://www.sdknives.co.za/product/sae-1070-high-carbon-steel/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-carbon-steel": {
      "title": "Carbon steel, Wikipedia",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wikipedia-spring-steel": {
      "title": "Spring steel, Wikipedia (table of common spring steel grades)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "metals-depot-sds": {
      "title": "Metals Depot safety data sheet: STEEL (2018)",
      "url": "https://www.metalsdepot.com/assets/files/Page-Editor-Files/MetalsDepotSDS-Steel-2018.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-iron-steel-2026": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel (USGS)",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "Public domain (USGS)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/steel-1070/"
}