{ "spore": "profile", "id": "steel-1045", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "carbon-and-alloy-steels", "name": "Carbon steel 1045", "abbreviation": "1045 (UNS G10450, AISI 1045)", "role": "medium-carbon machinery steel", "category": "metals", "type": "steels-and-stainless", "summary": "AISI 1045 is a plain medium-carbon steel: iron with about 0.43 to 0.50 percent carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese. It is stronger than low-carbon steel, especially after heat treatment, and it is used for axles, shafts, gears and machine parts. It rusts in moist air and salt, so outdoor parts need a coating, and its strength depends on the processing condition.\n", "best_for": "Forged or machined axles, shafts, gears and machine parts that need more strength than low-carbon steel, and that are coated against rust", "weakest_at": "Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on whether the bar was cold drawn, hot rolled, normalised or annealed", "identity": { "formula": "Fe balance; 0.43 to 0.50 C, 0.60 to 0.90 Mn, max 0.040 P, max 0.050 S, max 0.100 Si (wt%)", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "G10450", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Cross Reference Table, row G10450 (UNS)" }, { "system": "AISI", "code": "1045", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Sheet title, Material: AISI 1045" }, { "system": "SAE", "code": "1045", "source": "icast-sae1045", "where": "Sheet title, Material: SAE 1045" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "1.0503", "note": "nearest equivalent", "source": "saarstahl-c45", "where": "Material No. field of the Saarstahl C45 sheet" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "C45", "note": "nearest equivalent", "source": "saarstahl-c45", "where": "Sheet title Saarstahl - C45" }, { "system": "JIS", "code": "S45C", "source": "totalmateria-1045", "where": "International Equivalent Materials list, row S45C (JIS, Japan, Official)" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "A29", "note": "listed for AISI 1045 by MaterialWelding", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "Material Specification standards for AISI 1045 Steel list" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "A576", "note": "listed for AISI 1045 by MaterialWelding", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "Material Specification standards for AISI 1045 Steel list" }, { "system": "ASME", "code": "SA-29", "note": "grade 1045", "source": "totalmateria-1045", "where": "International Equivalent Materials list, row SA-29 1045 (ASME)" } ], "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, AISI 1045 sheet" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "mechanisms", "structures" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 540, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "under 16 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size under 16 mm, Yield Strength row printed as Min 540, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size under 16 mm, Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 690, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "under 16 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size under 16 mm, Tensile Strength row printed as Min 690, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size under 16 mm, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 8, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "under 16 mm", "gauge": "A5", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size under 16 mm, Elongation (A5 %) row printed as Min 8, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size under 16 mm, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 510, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "16 to 38 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 16 to 38 mm, Yield Strength row printed as Min 510, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 16 to 38 mm, Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 650, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "16 to 38 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 16 to 38 mm, Tensile Strength row printed as Min 650, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 16 to 38 mm, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 8, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "16 to 38 mm", "gauge": "A5", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 16 to 38 mm, Elongation (A5 %) row printed as Min 8, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 16 to 38 mm, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 500, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "38 to 63 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 38 to 63 mm, Yield Strength row printed as Min 500, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 38 to 63 mm, Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 640, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "38 to 63 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 38 to 63 mm, Tensile Strength row printed as Min 640, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 38 to 63 mm, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 9, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "cold drawn", "size": "38 to 63 mm", "gauge": "A5", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn column, size 38 to 63 mm, Elongation (A5 %) row printed as Min 9, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Cold Drawn, size 38 to 63 mm, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 300, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "hot rolled", "size": "under 250 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, column headed Rolled (the same page lists Hot Rolled as a supply condition), size under 250 mm, Yield Strength row printed as Min 300, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Rolled column, Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 570, "value_high": 700, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "hot rolled", "size": "under 250 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "range as printed" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, column headed Rolled (the same page lists Hot Rolled as a supply condition), Tensile Strength row printed as 570-700, range as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Rolled column, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 14, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "hot rolled", "size": "under 250 mm", "gauge": "A5", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "minimum (datasheet Min)" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, column headed Rolled, size under 250 mm, Elongation (A5 %) row printed as Min 14, value as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Rolled column, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "brinell_hardness", "value": 170, "value_high": 210, "bound": "range", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "hot rolled", "size": "under 250 mm", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "range as printed" }, "method": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, column headed Rolled, Hardness (HB) row printed as 170-210, range as printed; custom name brinell_hardness", "status": "ground", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Mechanical Properties (reference) table, Rolled column, Hardness row", "source_detail": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 59000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "as rolled (hot rolled bar)", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Yield Point (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Yield Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 90000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "as rolled (hot rolled bar)", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Tensile Strength (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 26, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "as rolled (hot rolled bar)", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "gauge": "2 in", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Elongation row, percent in 2 in as printed in the table footnote", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, As Rolled column, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 58000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "normalized", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Yield Point (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Yield Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 87000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "normalized", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Tensile Strength (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 28, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "normalized", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "gauge": "2 in", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Elongation row, percent in 2 in as printed in the table footnote", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Normalized column, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "value": 48000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "annealed", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Yield Point (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Yield Point row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "value": 80000, "bound": "exact", "unit": "psi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "annealed", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Tensile Strength (PSI) row, value as printed in psi", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "value": 30, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "annealed", "product": "bar (page section C1045 Bar Products)", "gauge": "2 in", "temperature": "not stated", "basis": "typical, representative tests" }, "method": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Elongation row, percent in 2 in as printed in the table footnote", "status": "ground", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Mechanical Properties table, Annealed column, Elongation row", "source_detail": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "value": 190, "value_high": 210, "bound": "range", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "processing": "not stated", "temperature": "not stated on the extracted page", "basis": "range as printed" }, "method": "AISI 1045 Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row, range printed as 190 to 210 with unit GPa; the temperature tab for this value is not identified in the extracted text", "status": "ground", "source": "totalmateria-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity row", "source_detail": { "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1045 Structural and constructional steels", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250033", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Moist air, with or without salt", "headline": "Carbon steel rusts in moist air, and salt makes it worse", "effect": "Per Wikipedia, carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion, especially in environments with high moisture levels and/or salt. It can be shielded from corrosion by coating it with paint, varnish or other protective material. No corrosion rate for AISI 1045 was found.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "humidity": "high moisture", "salt": "adds to the attack" }, "source": "wiki-carbon-steel", "where": "Corrosion paragraph" }, { "environment": "Seawater and salt spray", "headline": "Salt makes iron rust faster", "effect": "Per Wikipedia, if salt is present, for example in seawater or salt spray, iron tends to rust more quickly, as a result of chemical reactions.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "exposure": "seawater or salt spray" }, "source": "wiki-rust", "where": "Rust article, paragraph on salt" }, { "environment": "Moisture in air (rust as iron oxide)", "headline": "Rust is an iron oxide that forms from iron, oxygen and water or air moisture", "effect": "Per Wikipedia, rust is a usually reddish-brown iron oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Surface rust is flaky and gives no passivational protection to the iron underneath.", "rating": "unknown", "conditions": { "humidity": "water or air moisture" }, "source": "wiki-rust", "where": "Lead paragraph and surface rust paragraph" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental manganese, signal word Danger: H372 causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H228 (11.6%) flammable solid. PubChem notes that the element does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of reports. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.", "ghs": [ "H372", "H228" ], "source": "pubchem-mn", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification" }, { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental iron, signal word Danger: H228 (15.5%) flammable solid. PubChem notes that the element does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 74.1% (4458 of 6013) of reports. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.", "ghs": [ "H228" ], "source": "pubchem-fe", "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Atmospheric rust on uncoated surfaces", "trigger": "Moist air, or salt in seawater or salt spray", "consequence": "Rust forms and is faster with salt; surface rust is flaky and gives no passivational protection to the iron underneath (Wikipedia, Rust)", "source": "wiki-rust", "where": "Lead paragraph, salt paragraph and surface rust paragraph" }, { "mode": "Cracking during welding", "trigger": "High carbon content with no preheat", "consequence": "Cracks in the weld zone unless the part is preheated to about 200 to 300 °C (MaterialWelding)", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Welding section" }, { "mode": "Brittleness after quench hardening", "trigger": "Heating to about 850 °C, then rapid quenching in water or oil", "consequence": "Hardness and tensile strength rise, but malleability falls and fractures become much more likely (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)", "source": "wiki-carbon-steel", "where": "Heat treatment paragraph" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Stress relieve cold-drawn bar at not less than 288 °C after drawing (Total Materia)", "source": "totalmateria-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Heat Treatments" }, { "text": "Recommended heat treatment, voestalpine: normalise at 850 °C and air cool; anneal at 680 to 710 °C and cool slowly in a controlled furnace; harden at 800 to 830 °C and water quench; temper at 150 to 200 °C and air cool", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Heat Treatment (recommended) table" }, { "text": "Total Materia gives hardening at 815 to 845 °C with a quench in water or caustic", "source": "totalmateria-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Heat Treatments" }, { "text": "Preheat to about 200 to 300 °C before welding to avoid cracking; post-weld heat treatment at 550 to 660 °C, kept below the tempering temperature of quenched and tempered parts (MaterialWelding)", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Welding section" }, { "text": "Machine in the normalised condition, which MaterialWelding prefers; annealed machining is also possible", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Machining section" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Coat it with paint, varnish or another protective material (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)", "source": "wiki-carbon-steel", "where": "Corrosion paragraph" }, { "text": "Use a stainless alloy with chromium where corrosion resistance is essential (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)", "source": "wiki-carbon-steel", "where": "Corrosion paragraph" }, { "text": "Keep parts dry and out of salt spray, because salt makes rust faster (Wikipedia, Rust)", "source": "wiki-rust", "where": "Salt paragraph" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Axles, clutch members and shafts", "example": "Heavy forgings in the normalised condition are suitable for automotive and general engineering, such as axles, clutch members and shafts (voestalpine)", "source": "voestalpine-1045", "where": "Description paragraph" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Gears, pinions and stud bolts", "example": "Metal Supermarkets lists axles, stud bolts, ordinary shafts, pinions and gears as typical applications", "source": "metalsupermarkets-1045", "where": "Typical Applications list" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Heavy machinery parts", "example": "MaterialWelding lists heavy machinery such as drilling rigs, oil rigs and mining equipment among its uses", "source": "materialwelding-1045", "where": "AISI 1045 Steel Applications list" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Iron and steel (United States)", "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). The US produced 82 million metric tons of raw steel in 2025 and its net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025e. Construction took an estimated 31 percent of net shipments.", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Scrap recycling is covered in the separate USGS Iron and Steel Scrap chapter, which was not checked for this profile", "substitutes": [ "Aluminum and plastics in the automotive industry; aluminum, concrete and wood in construction (USGS Substitutes text)" ], "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics table; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Raw steel production by country (2025e)", "abundance": "World raw steel production was 1,900 million metric tons in 2025e (rounded total). Printed 2025e raw steel tonnages in million metric tons: China 980, India 160, United States 82, Japan 81, Russia 65.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "India", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "United States", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Japan", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026", "where": "World Production table, Raw steel 2025e column" }, { "subject": "Manganese (United States)", "abundance": "No manganese ore containing 20 percent or more manganese has been produced in the United States since 1970 (USGS). Net import reliance was 100 percent of apparent consumption in 2025e (manganese content). Manganese content typically ranges from 35 to 54 percent in ore and from 74 to 95 percent in ferromanganese.", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag, but recovery specifically for manganese was negligible (USGS)", "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-manganese-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics table, net import reliance row" }, { "subject": "Manganese ore and ferromanganese import sources (2021 to 2024)", "abundance": "Manganese ore: Gabon 64 percent, South Africa 24 percent, Mexico 12 percent, other under 1 percent. Ferromanganese: Malaysia 26 percent, Australia 16 percent, Norway 16 percent, South Africa 14 percent, other 28 percent (USGS).", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-manganese-2026", "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024)" }, { "subject": "Manganese ore production and resources (world)", "abundance": "Mine production in 2025e, manganese content, thousand metric tons: South Africa 7,600, Gabon 5,000, Ghana 2,000, Australia 1,600, China 700; world total 20,000 (rounded). South Africa holds an estimated 70 percent of world manganese resources (USGS).", "producers": [ { "country": "South Africa", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Gabon", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Ghana", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Australia", "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-manganese-2026", "where": "World Mine Production (manganese content) and Reserves table, 2025e column; World Resources paragraph" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf" }, { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/" }, { "title": "iCAST Alloys: AISI 1045 carbon steel composition and cross-reference sheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/AISI%201045.pdf" }, { "title": "iCAST Alloys: SAE 1045 carbon steel composition and cross-reference sheet", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%201045.pdf" }, { "title": "Saarstahl: Material specification sheet, C45 (1.0503)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://en.saarstahl.com/app/uploads/2024/03/20160401102929-0503_C45.pdf" }, { "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1045 Structural and constructional steels", "type": "database", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250033" }, { "title": "MaterialWelding.com: AISI 1045 Steel S45C C45 Properties", "type": "report", "url": "https://materialwelding.com/?p=524362" }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON" }, { "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON" } ], "gaps": [ "Density, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, specific heat, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, electrical resistivity and melting range for AISI 1045 were not found on any page fetched. Total Materia shows these only as locked values (val1, free registration).", "No quenched-and-tempered strength or hardness value for AISI 1045 was found. Voestalpine gives tempering at 150 to 200 °C, Total Materia gives hardening at 815 to 845 °C, and MaterialWelding gives a tempering range of 400 to 640 °C with no strength figures. The Saarstahl sheet has quenched-and-tempered values, but it is for C45 (1.0503), so it is not used.", "Normalised and annealed values are typical figures from Metal Supermarkets, a reseller, in psi as printed. No manufacturer minimum for normalised or annealed bar was found. The voestalpine column for forgings, rough machined and normalised product over 250 mm mixes conditions, so it is not used.", "Voestalpine cold-drawn and hot-rolled figures are minimum reference limits (Min), not typical values. Its hot-rolled column is headed Rolled; the page lists Hot Rolled as a supply condition, which is why the column is recorded as hot rolled.", "Hardness is recorded under the custom name brinell_hardness, which is not in property-canon. Metal Supermarkets prints Brinell values of 201, 192 and 159 with no unit, so they are not recorded, and its plate figures are not recorded because the plate condition is not stated.", "Total Materia's tensile range of 450 to 862 MPa has no condition and is not recorded. The iCAST AISI 1045 and SAE 1045 mechanical blocks give ranges and minimums for several conditions together, so they are not recorded. MaterialWelding's general mechanical values (81.9 ksi, 45 ksi, 163 HB) have no condition and are not recorded.", "Composition limits differ between sources. Voestalpine prints maximum sulfur and phosphorus of 0.035 and silicon of 0.35; MaterialWelding prints silicon 0.15 to 0.35; the iCAST SAE 1045 sheet prints phosphorus 0.030 maximum and lead 0.150 to 0.350. The recipe uses the iCAST AISI 1045 sheet, which matches Metal Supermarkets for carbon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur.", "No ASTM A108 designation is listed, because no page fetched prints A108 for this grade. ASTM cross-references printed by iCAST and Total Materia (A 311 Class A and B, A 827, A 682 and A 830) are not listed, and the voestalpine nearest-standards column (1.1191 CK45, 1.0501 C45) and its G10430 header are not listed.", "EN 1.0503 and C45 carry the note nearest equivalent. Saarstahl lists SAE 1045 among the international grades of 1.0503, but its manganese range (0.50 to 0.80) differs from the 0.60 to 0.90 printed for AISI 1045.", "No corrosion rate, salt-spray result or atmospheric test for AISI 1045 was found. The corrosion entries are qualitative and come from Wikipedia. Xometry returned 403, a guessed MISUMI blog URL returned a 404 page, and the Kippwerk page was empty.", "The USGS iron and steel chapter was read; the iron ore and scrap chapters were not. No critical-mineral listing was found in the manganese chapter text, so critical_lists is empty for the supply items.", "The PubChem hazard records cover elemental manganese and iron, not solid steel. No AISI 1045 safety data sheet was found, and welding fume and dust limits were not found. Stress, fatigue, impact, fire and high-temperature strength were not found for AISI 1045.", "The Total Materia modulus value is not tied to one of its temperature tabs in the extracted text, so its temperature is recorded as not stated." ], "story": { "why": "AISI 1045 is the common medium-carbon steel. It is stronger than low-carbon steel and can be heat treated for more strength, so it is chosen for shafts, axles, gears and machine parts. Its strength depends on the condition the bar was made in, so every figure in this profile is kept with its own condition.", "uses": [ { "where": "Shafts, axles and clutch members", "line": "Voestalpine says heavy forgings in the normalised condition suit automotive and general engineering, such as axles, clutch members and shafts." }, { "where": "Gears, pinions and stud bolts", "line": "Metal Supermarkets lists stud bolts, ordinary shafts, pinions and gears among its typical applications." }, { "where": "Heavy machinery", "line": "MaterialWelding lists heavy machinery such as drilling rigs, oil rigs and mining equipment among the uses of AISI 1045." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength, cold drawn", "line": "Cold-drawn bar under 16 mm has a minimum tensile strength of 690 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 540 MPa (voestalpine reference limits).", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Strength, hot rolled", "line": "Hot-rolled bar under 250 mm has a tensile range of 570 to 700 MPa and a minimum yield strength of 300 MPa (voestalpine).", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Strength, as rolled", "line": "Typical as-rolled bar gives 90000 psi tensile and 59000 psi yield (Metal Supermarkets, typical values).", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Strength, annealed", "line": "Typical annealed bar gives 80000 psi tensile and 48000 psi yield (Metal Supermarkets, typical values).", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "Elastic modulus is 190 to 210 GPa, with no condition stated (Total Materia).", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" } ], "compare": "AISI 1045 is a medium-carbon steel. Metal Supermarkets says heat treatment gives it more strength than lower-carbon steels can reach. Its figures depend on condition: the minimum yield for cold-drawn bar under 16 mm is 540 MPa, against 300 MPa for hot-rolled bar under 250 mm (voestalpine). Typical as-rolled and normalised bar give yield values of 59000 and 58000 psi (Metal Supermarkets). Every value here keeps its condition.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Yield strength", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Ultimate tensile strength", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Elastic modulus", "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Name the condition with every strength value: cold drawn, hot rolled, normalised and annealed give different figures (voestalpine, Metal Supermarkets).", "Stress relieve cold-drawn bar at not less than 288 °C after drawing (Total Materia).", "Preheat before welding, and keep the post-weld heat treatment below the tempering temperature of quenched and tempered parts (MaterialWelding)." ], "good_for": [ "Forged or machined shafts, axles and gears that need more strength than low-carbon steel (voestalpine, Metal Supermarkets)", "Machine parts cut in the normalised condition, which MaterialWelding prefers for machining" ], "watch_out": [ "Moist air and salt cause rust, so paint or coat outdoor parts (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)", "Sources disagree on weldability: MaterialWelding says good weldability with preheat, while Metal Supermarkets says welding qualities are limited", "Minimum limits (voestalpine) and typical values (Metal Supermarkets) are different kinds of figure, so they are kept apart", "Silicon and phosphorus limits differ between sources (see gaps); the recipe uses the iCAST AISI 1045 sheet" ], "verdict": "AISI 1045 is a strong, widely available medium-carbon steel for axles, shafts and gears. It rusts in moist air and salt, so coat it. Quote its condition with every strength figure. No density or quenched-and-tempered strength value was found for it.", "recipe": { "line": "AISI 1045 is iron with 0.43 to 0.50 percent carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese, with at most 0.040 percent phosphorus and 0.050 percent sulfur (iCAST AISI 1045 sheet). It is sold as hot-rolled or normalised bar, and also as cold-drawn bar (voestalpine, MaterialWelding).", "parts": [ { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition.", "share_note": "balance (the rest)", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Iron row" }, { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Sets the strength and hardness. Medium-carbon steel balances ductility and strength (Wikipedia, Carbon steel).", "share_percent": 0.43, "share_high": 0.5, "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Carbon row" }, { "name": "Manganese", "symbol": "Mn", "role": "Adds hardenability (Wikipedia, Carbon steel, describes manganese additions for hardenability).", "share_percent": 0.6, "share_high": 0.9, "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Manganese row" }, { "name": "Phosphorus", "symbol": "P", "role": "Impurity held to a maximum limit.", "share_note": "max 0.040", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Phosphorus row" }, { "name": "Sulfur", "symbol": "S", "role": "Impurity held low. Trace sulfur makes steel red-short, brittle and crumbly at high working temperatures (Wikipedia, Carbon steel).", "share_note": "max 0.050", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Sulphur row" }, { "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "role": "Held to a maximum limit (iCAST). Other sources print a higher limit; see gaps.", "share_note": "max 0.100", "source": "icast-aisi1045", "where": "Chemical Composition table, Silicon row" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not for the solid steel. No AISI 1045 safety data sheet was found.", "points": [ { "label": "Manganese", "line": "PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H372 (damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure)." }, { "label": "Iron", "line": "PubChem lists elemental iron with H228 (flammable solid) in some reports, and most reports do not meet GHS hazard criteria." }, { "label": "Workshop", "line": "Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. Fume and dust limits were not found, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "PubChem hazards are for the metals" }, { "title": "In the environment", "lead": "Rust is the main failure route for AISI 1045 outdoors.", "points": [ { "label": "Moist air", "line": "Carbon steel is susceptible to rust in environments with high moisture, and salt makes it worse (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)." }, { "label": "Coating", "line": "Paint, varnish or another protective coating shields it (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Moisture and salt drive rust" }, { "title": "Heat and welding", "lead": "Quench hardening brings brittleness, and welding needs preheat.", "points": [ { "label": "Quench", "line": "Heating to about 850 °C and quenching in water or oil raises hardness but reduces malleability and increases brittleness (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)." }, { "label": "Welding", "line": "Preheat to about 200 to 300 °C to avoid cracking, because of its high carbon content (MaterialWelding)." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Preheat and tempering matter" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 23, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 21, "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run. Strength rows are split by condition: cold drawn and hot rolled minimum limits from the voestalpine AISI 1045 datasheet (11 minimum values), typical as-rolled, normalised and annealed values from Metal Supermarkets, a reseller, in psi as printed (9 typical values), and an elastic modulus range from Total Materia with no condition stated (1 value)." }, "sources": { "voestalpine-1045": { "title": "voestalpine High Performance Metals: AISI 1045 / 1.1191 / G10430 datasheet (Australia)", "url": "https://www.voestalpine.com/highperformancemetals/australia/app/uploads/sites/265/2024/08/Datasheet-1045-2026-v1.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "metalsupermarkets-1045": { "title": "Metal Supermarkets: Hot Rolled Steel C1045 grade summary", "url": "https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/hot-rolled-steel-c1045/", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "icast-aisi1045": { "title": "iCAST Alloys: AISI 1045 carbon steel composition and cross-reference sheet", "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/AISI%201045.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "icast-sae1045": { "title": "iCAST Alloys: SAE 1045 carbon steel composition and cross-reference sheet", "url": "https://icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/SAE%201045.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "saarstahl-c45": { "title": "Saarstahl: Material specification sheet, C45 (1.0503)", "url": "https://en.saarstahl.com/app/uploads/2024/03/20160401102929-0503_C45.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "totalmateria-1045": { "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1045 Structural and constructional steels", "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250033", "kind": "database", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "materialwelding-1045": { "title": "MaterialWelding.com: AISI 1045 Steel S45C C45 Properties", "url": "https://materialwelding.com/?p=524362", "kind": "web", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "usgs-iron-steel-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel", "id": "mcs2026-iron-steel", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "usgs-manganese-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Manganese", "id": "mcs2026-manganese", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "wiki-carbon-steel": { "title": "Wikipedia: Carbon steel", "id": "Carbon steel", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" }, "wiki-rust": { "title": "Wikipedia: Rust", "id": "Rust", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust", "kind": "web", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)" }, "pubchem-mn": { "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)", "id": "CID 23930", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "pubchem-fe": { "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)", "id": "CID 23925", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/steel-1045/" }