{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "steel-1018",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "carbon-and-alloy-steels",
  "name": "Carbon steel 1018",
  "abbreviation": "1018 (UNS G10180, AISI 1018)",
  "role": "low-carbon structural steel",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "AISI 1018 is a plain low-carbon steel: iron with about 0.14 to 0.20 percent carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese. It is cheap, easy to machine and easy to weld, and it is sold as cold-drawn or hot-rolled bar. The cold-drawn bar has the higher yield strength of the two datasheets cited here. It rusts in moist air and salt, so outdoor parts are painted or coated.\n",
  "best_for": "Machined shafts, pins and gears, and cost-sensitive structural parts that are coated against rust",
  "weakest_at": "Rust in moist air and salt unless it is coated, and strength that depends on whether the bar was cold drawn or hot rolled",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance; 0.14 to 0.20 C, 0.60 to 0.90 Mn, max 0.040 P, max 0.050 S (wt%)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "G10180",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "1018",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Title line, AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "1018",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018",
        "where": "Equivalent grades table, AISI/SAE column (SAE/AISI 1018)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A108",
        "note": "cold-drawn bars",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Typical spec table, Cold-drawn bars row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A29",
        "note": "bars (general reference)",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018",
        "where": "Standards and specs line (A29 general reference for bars)"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A576",
        "note": "forgings, as the page files it",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Typical spec table, Forgings row"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A519",
        "note": "tubing (depending on product)",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Typical spec table, Tubing / pipe row"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5069",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Key Words line"
      },
      {
        "system": "JIS",
        "code": "S15C",
        "note": "nearest equivalent",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Closest equivalents list, Japan / JIS line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.0401",
        "note": "nearest equivalent",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Closest equivalents list, Europe / EN / DIN line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "C15",
        "note": "nearest equivalent",
        "source": "mwalloys-1018-plate",
        "where": "Closest equivalents list, Europe / EN / DIN line"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.0453",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Key Words line (DIN 1.0453)"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "C16.8",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Key Words line (DIN C16.8)"
      }
    ],
    "source": "elgin-1018",
    "where": "Component table (Weight %), Carbon Steel Grade 1018 datasheet"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.87,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cc",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Physical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed (the datasheet also prints 29000 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Modulus of Elasticity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 440,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Tensile Strength, Ultimate row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 370,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, printed as Tensile Strength, Yield",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Tensile Strength, Yield row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "gauge": "50 mm"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, Metric column, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Elongation at Break row, In 50 mm)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reduction_of_area",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Custom name (not in property-canon). Mechanical Properties table, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Reduction of Area row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "comment": "Typical for steel (printed in the datasheet)"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Poissons Ratio row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "shear_modulus",
      "value": 78,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "estimated by the datasheet from the elastic modulus"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical Properties table; the datasheet marks this value as estimated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Shear Modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 51.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m-K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "cold drawn",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "datasheet says estimated based on similar materials"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, value as printed; the datasheet marks it as estimated",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (Thermal Conductivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 0.486,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/g-°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "annealed",
        "temperature": "100 °C or above"
      },
      "method": "Thermal Properties table, value as printed; printed beside the annealed condition",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table (Specific Heat Capacity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.0000159,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ohm-cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "annealed",
        "temperature": "0 °C"
      },
      "method": "Electrical Properties table, first row, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgin-1018",
      "where": "Electrical Properties table (Electrical Resistivity row, annealed condition at 0 °C)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
        "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.67,
      "value_high": 7.86,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "kg/dm³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (form not given in the database entry)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1018",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1018 Structural and constructional steels",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250012",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 190,
      "value_high": 210,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (form not given in the database entry)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1018",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties (Modulus of Elasticity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1018 Structural and constructional steels",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250012",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.27,
      "value_high": 0.3,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "not stated (form not given in the database entry)",
        "temperature": "0 to 30 °C"
      },
      "method": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties block, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "totalmateria-1018",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Physical Properties (Poisson Coefficient row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1018 Structural and constructional steels",
        "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250012",
        "kind": "database",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm³",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (General, Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 210,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Mechanical, Elastic modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 430,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Mechanical, Tensile strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 240,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Mechanical, Yield strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "gauge": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Mechanical, Elongation row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.29,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "comment": "Typical for Low Carbon Steel (printed on the page)"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Mechanical, Poisson's ratio row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed at 23.0 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Thermal, Specific heat capacity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 1480,
      "value_high": 1526,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "comment": "Typical for Low Carbon Steel (printed on the page)"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Thermal, Melting point row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 25,
      "value_high": 93,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "temperature": "23 °C",
        "comment": "Typical for Low Carbon Steel (printed on the page)"
      },
      "method": "Properties table on the hot-rolled page, range as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Thermal, Thermal conductivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "curie_temperature",
      "value": 770,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "processing": "hot rolled",
        "comment": "Typical for Low Carbon Steel (printed on the page)"
      },
      "method": "Magnetic table on the hot-rolled page, value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "mfgrobots-1018-hr",
      "where": "AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel properties (Magnetic, Curie temperature row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
        "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Moist air, with or without salt (atmospheric rusting)",
      "headline": "Carbon steel is susceptible to rust in moist air, and salt makes it worse. No 1018 corrosion rate was read.",
      "effect": "Per Wikipedia, carbon steel is susceptible to rust and corrosion, especially in environments with high moisture levels and or salt. It can be shielded from corrosion by coating it with paint, varnish or another protective material.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "humidity": "high moisture",
        "salt": "adds to the attack"
      },
      "source": "wiki-carbon-steel",
      "where": "Carbon steel article, corrosion paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Industrial atmosphere with chloride and SO2 (wetting-drying lab simulation of low carbon steel)",
      "headline": "A particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave much lower rust corrosion rates than expected in the lab simulation.",
      "effect": "Rendon and Valencia simulated the wetting-drying cycle on low carbon steel from industrial atmospheres at different distances from the sea. Coupon electrode potential and rust layers were analysed. At one chloride to sulfur ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected, which the authors attribute to a kinetic mechanism for rust layer formation.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "wetting-drying cycle in a CEBELCOR type apparatus",
        "ratio": "a particular chloride to sulfur ratio"
      },
      "source": "rendon-valencia-2003",
      "where": "Abstract"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Moisture in air (rust as an iron oxide)",
      "headline": "Rust is an iron oxide that forms from iron, oxygen and water or air moisture.",
      "effect": "Per Wikipedia, rust is an iron oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide. A stable rust can protect iron only when it is kept free of moisture.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "humidity": "water or air moisture"
      },
      "source": "wiki-rust",
      "where": "Lead paragraph and Stable rust paragraph"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental manganese (Danger): H372 causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H228 flammable solid appears in 11.6 percent of reports. The record says 46.1 percent of 3101 reports do not meet GHS criteria. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.",
        "ghs": [
          "H372",
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-mn",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental iron (Danger signal in notifications): not classified in 74.1 percent of 6013 reports; H228 flammable solid appears in 15.5 percent. It covers the metal, not the solid steel.",
        "ghs": [
          "H228"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-fe",
        "where": "Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Atmospheric rusting of uncoated surfaces",
        "trigger": "Moist air, high moisture, or salt",
        "consequence": "Iron oxide rust forms on the surface, and it protects the steel only where it stays dry (Wikipedia, Rust)",
        "source": "wiki-rust",
        "where": "Lead paragraph and Stable rust paragraph"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Rust rate changed by industrial atmosphere",
        "trigger": "Chloride and sulfur dioxide in industrial air with wetting and drying",
        "consequence": "The rust layer and its corrosion rate depend on the chloride to sulfur ratio (lab simulation)",
        "source": "rendon-valencia-2003",
        "where": "Abstract"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Class A bars are cold drawn and then stress relieved at not less than 288 °C (Total Materia heat treatment note)",
        "source": "totalmateria-1018",
        "where": "AISI 1018 Heat Treatments"
      },
      {
        "text": "Carburising raises the surface hardness of low carbon steel (Wikipedia, Mild steel)",
        "source": "wiki-mild-steel",
        "where": "Lead paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cold drawn and hot rolled 1018 have different strength. Every strength value is recorded with its processing condition, and the two must not be mixed.",
        "source": "elgin-1018",
        "where": "Mechanical Properties table, datasheet title"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Shield from corrosion by painting, varnishing or applying another protective coating (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)",
        "source": "wiki-carbon-steel",
        "where": "Corrosion paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Control moisture in the atmosphere; silica gel packets are one example for equipment shipped by sea (Wikipedia, Rust)",
        "source": "wiki-rust",
        "where": "Prevention paragraph"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use a stainless alloy with chromium where corrosion resistance is essential (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)",
        "source": "wiki-carbon-steel",
        "where": "Corrosion paragraph"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Shafts, pins and gears",
      "example": "Shafts, pins and gears are frequently named as common uses for 1018; MWAlloys also names carburised pins and gears",
      "source": "misumi-1018",
      "where": "Best Manufacturing Uses list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Low-stress structural components",
      "example": "Structural components for low-stress construction applications",
      "source": "misumi-1018",
      "where": "Best Manufacturing Uses list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Car parts, pipes and construction steel",
      "example": "Typical applications of low carbon steel are car parts, pipes, construction, and food cans",
      "source": "wiki-carbon-steel",
      "where": "Low-carbon steel section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Iron and steel (United States)",
      "abundance": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal (USGS). US raw steel production was 82 million t in 2025 (estimated), and net import reliance was 13 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Construction took about 31 percent of net shipments, and automotive about 15 percent.",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Not read in this chapter, which points to a separate Iron and Steel Scrap chapter",
      "substitutes": [
        "Aluminum and plastics in automotive; aluminum, concrete and wood in construction (USGS substitutes text)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Raw steel production by country (2025, estimated)",
      "abundance": "World raw steel production was 1,900 million t in 2025 (estimated, rounded total). Shares below are computed from the printed tonnage over that total.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 51.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 8.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_percent": 4.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 3.4,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "World Production table (Raw steel, 2025e)"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Steel mill product imports by source (2021 to 2024)",
      "abundance": "Canada 23 percent, Mexico 15 percent, Brazil 13 percent, Republic of Korea 9 percent, other 40 percent (USGS).",
      "producers": [],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "",
      "substitutes": [],
      "source": "usgs-iron-steel-2026",
      "where": "Import Sources (2021 to 2024)"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "MatWeb datasheet printout: AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn (hosted by QuickParts)",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://quickparts.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Steel-1018.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1018 Structural and constructional steels",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250012"
    },
    {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia: Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2",
      "type": "paper",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "MWAlloys: AISI/SAE 1018 Cold-Rolled Steel Coil",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/product/aisi-sae-1018-cold-rolled-steel-coil/"
    },
    {
      "title": "MWAlloys: 1018 Steel Plate (AISI 1018 / UNS G10180), cold rolled",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/product/aisi-sae-1018-cold-rolled-steel-plate/"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "The hot-rolled strength and elongation values come from one page, MfgRobots, which prints generic typical values with no mill certificate. The MatWeb hot-rolled entry, MakeItFrom and the live MatWeb cold-drawn page were blocked to the fetch tool (Cloudflare or JavaScript challenge), so the cold-drawn figures come from the Elgin datasheet and a MatWeb printout hosted by QuickParts.",
    "Carbon is printed as 0.14 to 0.20 by MatWeb and Elgin, and as 0.15 to 0.20 by Total Materia, MISUMI, MWAlloys and MfgRobots. The recipe uses the MatWeb and Elgin range.",
    "The Total Materia tensile range of 380 to 690 MPa spans several conditions and is not recorded. The MISUMI page gives 440 to 540 MPa tensile and 370 MPa yield without a processing condition, so it is not recorded either.",
    "Coefficient of thermal expansion (1.2E-5 1/K) and electrical resistivity (1.43E-7 to 1.74E-7 ohm m) on the MfgRobots page are not recorded, because the gate text match cannot find values printed in E notation with an uppercase E.",
    "No ASTM A108, AMS 5069 or ASTM A29 minimum values were read from a fetched page, so no specified minimum strength is recorded.",
    "The Elgin specific heat and electrical resistivity are annealed-condition values printed on the cold-drawn sheet, and are recorded as annealed. Its thermal conductivity and shear modulus are datasheet estimates, and are marked as such.",
    "The Total Materia density, modulus and Poisson values give no form, and are recorded as not stated. The Elgin reduction of area uses a custom name, reduction_of_area, which is not in property-canon.",
    "No 1018 atmospheric corrosion rate was read. The Rendon and Valencia paper is a lab wetting-drying study of low carbon steel, and its rate table was not extracted. Field studies found in search results were not fetched and are not used.",
    "The hazard records are PubChem entries for elemental manganese and iron, mostly from notifications for the metal rather than the solid steel. No 1018 safety data sheet was read, and the NIOSH and CDC welding-fume pages were blocked to the fetch tool, so fume and dust limits are not recorded.",
    "The USGS iron and steel chapter lists no critical minerals, so critical_lists is empty. Iron ore feedstock (the Iron Ore chapter) and scrap recycling shares (the Iron and Steel Scrap chapter) were not read.",
    "Producer shares are computed from printed tonnages over the rounded world total of 1,900 million t.",
    "No sourced data was read for fatigue, cryogenic behaviour, fire or high-temperature strength of 1018.",
    "Designations not read: the Continental Steel, Metal Supermarkets and Zoro grade pages returned a bot-check page when fetched in this run, so no codes from them are recorded.",
    "Designations left out: MWAlloys says C15E and CK15 are sometimes called 1.0401, and its coil page gives Ck15 as a historical DIN and EN equivalent. By general knowledge C15E and Ck15 are the 1.1141 steel, which was not checked against an EN or DIN standard in this run.",
    "Designations left out: GB Q235 (MWAlloys says not a direct match) and the national names outside the requested systems (AS, AFNOR, GOST, BS 080M15, GB 15 steel, CSN, NBN, COPANT and the rest of the Elgin key-word list) were not added. SAE J403 names the composition spec, not the grade, so it is not added either.",
    "DIN 1.0453 and DIN C16.8 come from the Elgin key-word list, which names records rather than giving an equivalence table, so check them before treating them as the same grade.",
    "The product-form notes on A29, A519 and A576 follow the MWAlloys wording, and the ASTM standards themselves were not read in this run."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AISI 1018 is the everyday plain low-carbon steel. It is chosen for cost, for easy machining and welding, and for shafts, pins and gears. Its strength depends on processing, since the cold-drawn bar has a higher yield strength than the hot-rolled bar. Its weak point is rust in moist air and salt.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Shafts, pins and gears",
        "line": "MISUMI lists shafts, pins and gears among common uses of 1018, and MWAlloys names carburised pins and gears."
      },
      {
        "where": "Structural components",
        "line": "MISUMI lists structural components for low-stress construction applications."
      },
      {
        "where": "Car parts, pipes and construction",
        "line": "Wikipedia lists car parts, pipes, construction and food cans as typical uses of low carbon steel."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength, cold drawn",
        "line": "The cold-drawn datasheet gives 440 MPa ultimate and 370 MPa yield.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Strength, hot rolled",
        "line": "The hot-rolled page gives 430 MPa ultimate and 240 MPa yield. These are separate from the cold-drawn figures.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "The elastic modulus is 200 GPa in the cold-drawn datasheet and 210 GPa on the hot-rolled page. Total Materia gives 190 to 210 GPa with no form stated.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Density is 7.87 g/cc in the datasheet and 7.9 g/cm³ on the hot-rolled page.",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "AISI 1018 is a plain low-carbon steel. It trades corrosion resistance for low cost, easy machining and welding, and it rusts in moist air where stainless steel would not. The cold-drawn and hot-rolled bars differ: 440 against 430 MPa ultimate, but 370 against 240 MPa yield and 15 against 27 percent elongation. Because the two conditions differ, every strength value here carries its processing condition.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the processing condition, cold drawn or hot rolled, with every strength value, because the two differ (Elgin, MfgRobots).",
      "Stress relieve Class A cold-drawn bars at not less than 288 °C after drawing (Total Materia).",
      "Carburise where a hard surface is needed on pins and gears (Wikipedia, Mild steel)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Machined shafts, pins and gears, where machining and cost matter (MISUMI).",
      "Coated structural parts for low-stress construction (MISUMI, Wikipedia)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Moist air and salt cause rust. Paint or another coating is needed outdoors (Wikipedia, Carbon steel).",
      "Strength depends on processing: cold drawn and hot rolled 1018 are not interchangeable in the figures.",
      "Carbon is printed as 0.14 to 0.20 in some sources and 0.15 to 0.20 in others."
    ],
    "verdict": "AISI 1018 is the everyday plain low-carbon steel: cheap, easy to machine and weld, and moderately strong. It rusts in moist air, so coat it. State the cold-drawn or hot-rolled condition with every strength value.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AISI 1018 is iron with 0.14 to 0.20 percent carbon, 0.60 to 0.90 percent manganese, and maximum 0.040 percent phosphorus and 0.050 percent sulfur (Elgin datasheet, MatWeb printout). It is sold as hot-rolled or cold-drawn bar, and cold drawing raises its strength (MISUMI, MWAlloys).",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the steel. Iron makes up the rest of the composition.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)",
          "source": "elgin-1018",
          "where": "Component table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Sets the strength and hardness of the low-carbon steel. A low level keeps it easy to machine and weld (Wikipedia, Carbon steel).",
          "share_percent": 0.14,
          "share_high": 0.2,
          "source": "elgin-1018",
          "where": "Component table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Improves hardenability, which Wikipedia notes is often its purpose in low-carbon steels.",
          "share_percent": 0.6,
          "share_high": 0.9,
          "source": "elgin-1018",
          "where": "Component table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity held to a maximum limit.",
          "share_note": "max 0.040",
          "source": "elgin-1018",
          "where": "Component table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity held low. Trace sulfur makes steel brittle at high working temperatures (Wikipedia, Carbon steel).",
          "share_note": "max 0.050",
          "source": "elgin-1018",
          "where": "Component table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The PubChem records are for elemental manganese and iron, not for the solid steel. No 1018 safety data sheet was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Manganese",
            "line": "PubChem lists elemental manganese as Danger, with H372 (damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Iron",
            "line": "PubChem lists elemental iron as not classified in most reports, with H228 (flammable solid) in some notifications."
          },
          {
            "label": "Workshop",
            "line": "Cutting, grinding and welding make metal dust and fume. The fume and dust limits were not read, so check the supplier safety data sheet before work."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "PubChem hazards are for the metals"
      },
      {
        "title": "In the environment",
        "lead": "Rust is the main failure route for 1018 outdoors.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Moist air",
            "line": "Carbon steel is susceptible to rust in environments with high moisture, and salt makes it worse (Wikipedia, Carbon steel)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Industrial air",
            "line": "In a lab wetting-drying simulation, a particular chloride to sulfur ratio gave much lower rust rates than expected (Rendon and Valencia)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Moisture and salt drive rust"
      },
      {
        "title": "Fabrication and heat",
        "lead": "Cold drawing changes the strength, so the processing must be stated with every value.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Stress relief",
            "line": "Class A cold-drawn bars are stress relieved at not less than 288 °C (Total Materia)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Carburising",
            "line": "Carburising raises the surface hardness of low carbon steel (Wikipedia, Mild steel)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Cold drawn bar needs stress relief"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 24,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 4,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in that run. Strength values are split by processing: cold drawn from the Elgin datasheet, hot rolled from the MfgRobots page. The MatWeb printout matches the Elgin cold-drawn figures. Carbon is printed as 0.14 to 0.20 (MatWeb, Elgin) and 0.15 to 0.20 (Total Materia). Hot-rolled values are generic typical values, not a mill certificate."
  },
  "sources": {
    "elgin-1018": {
      "title": "Carbon Steel Grade 1018 Data Sheet (Elgin), AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn",
      "url": "https://www.mwcomponents.com/uploads/Resource-Center/Elgin-Material-Sheets/Carbon-Steel-Grade-1018-Data-Sheet_Elgin.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "matweb-1018-cd": {
      "title": "MatWeb datasheet printout: AISI 1018 Steel, cold drawn (hosted by QuickParts, printed 5/15/23)",
      "url": "https://quickparts.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Steel-1018.pdf",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "totalmateria-1018": {
      "title": "Total Materia: AISI 1018 Structural and constructional steels",
      "url": "https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/material/1250012",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mfgrobots-1018-hr": {
      "title": "MfgRobots: AISI 1018 Hot Rolled Steel, Properties and Applications",
      "url": "https://www.mfgrobots.com/Article/material/metal/35865.html",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "misumi-1018": {
      "title": "MISUMI: 1018 steel (blog)",
      "url": "https://us.misumi-ec.com/blog/1018-steel/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "mwalloys-1018": {
      "title": "MWAlloys: AISI / SAE 1018 Cold-Rolled Steel Coil",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/product/aisi-sae-1018-cold-rolled-steel-coil/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-iron-steel-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Iron and Steel",
      "id": "mcs2026-iron-steel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "rendon-valencia-2003": {
      "title": "Rendon and Valencia (2003): Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and SO2, Revista de Metalurgia",
      "url": "https://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/download/1089/1101/1106",
      "year": 2003,
      "kind": "paper",
      "license": "open access (cited)"
    },
    "wiki-rust": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Rust",
      "id": "Rust",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-carbon-steel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Carbon steel",
      "id": "Carbon steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "wiki-mild-steel": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: Mild steel",
      "id": "Mild steel",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_steel",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "pubchem-mn": {
      "title": "PubChem: Manganese (CID 23930), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23930",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23930/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-fe": {
      "title": "PubChem: Iron (CID 23925), Safety and Hazards, GHS Classification (REST record)",
      "id": "CID 23925",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23925/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "mwalloys-1018-plate": {
      "title": "MWAlloys: 1018 Steel Plate (AISI 1018 / UNS G10180), cold rolled",
      "url": "https://www.mwalloys.com/product/aisi-sae-1018-cold-rolled-steel-plate/",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/steel-1018/"
}