{ "spore": "profile", "id": "stainless-317l", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "stainless-austenitic", "name": "AISI 317L stainless steel", "abbreviation": "317L", "role": "corrosion-resistant structural alloy", "category": "metals", "type": "steels-and-stainless", "summary": "AISI 317L (UNS S31703, EN 1.4438) is a low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel with 18 to 20 % chromium, 11 to 15 % nickel and 3 to 4 % molybdenum. It is used for chemical process vessels, petrochemical plant, pulp and paper equipment and power-plant condensers. ATI gives its minimum annealed strength as 205 MPa yield and 515 MPa tensile, with 40 % elongation, and its molybdenum content gives better pitting resistance than 316L.\n", "best_for": "Chloride pitting resistance in process equipment, with a low-carbon grade that limits sensitization in welds", "weakest_at": "Strength in the annealed state (205 MPa minimum yield) and chloride stress cracking above about 49 °C", "identity": { "formula": "Iron-based austenitic alloy, % by weight (ATI 317L limits): Cr 18-20, Ni 11-15, Mo 3-4, Mn 2.0 max, Si 0.75 max, C 0.03 max, N 0.10 max, P 0.045 max, S 0.03 max, Fe balance (UNS S31703)", "designations": [ { "system": "UNS", "code": "S31703", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Specifications line and composition table, ATI 317L (S31703) column" }, { "system": "AISI", "code": "317L", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Chemical composition table, ASTM row: AISI 317L - UNS S31703" }, { "system": "EN", "code": "1.4438", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Page title and chemical composition table, EN row" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Chemical composition table, EN row" }, { "system": "AFNOR", "code": "Z3CND19-15-04", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Chemical composition table, NF row" }, { "system": "BS", "code": "317S12", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Chemical composition table, BS row" }, { "system": "ASTM", "code": "A240", "note": "plate, sheet and strip", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Specifications: ASTM A 240 and ASME SA-240" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "ATI 317L", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Title line, ATI 317L trademark" } ], "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column (ASTM A240 limits)" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [], "applications": [ "structures", "thermal-control" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density, 317L (ATI physical properties table)", "value": 8.027, "bound": "exact", "unit": "g/cm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L, annealed; table is shared by the four-grade ATI sheet and not split by grade", "temperature": "not stated", "unit_in_source": "0.29 lb/in3" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Physical properties, Density row", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "melting_point", "label": "Melting range, 317L (ATI physical properties table)", "value": 1390, "value_high": 1440, "bound": "range", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L; shared physical table of the four-grade ATI sheet", "unit_in_source": "2540-2630 °F" }, "method": "Range printed in the physical properties table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Physical properties, Melting Range row", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension", "value": 200, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L; shared physical table of the four-grade ATI sheet", "temperature": "not stated", "unit_in_source": "29 x 10^6 psi" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Physical properties, Modulus of Elasticity in Tension", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, minimum", "value": 205, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L (S31703)", "form": "plate, sheet and strip", "temper": "annealed", "standard": "ASTM A240 / ASME SA-240 minimum", "unit_in_source": "30,000 psi" }, "method": "Minimum mechanical property printed in the ATI 317L column of the ASTM A240 table", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Room temperature tensile properties table, ATI 317L column, Yield Strength 0.2% offset", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, minimum", "value": 515, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L (S31703)", "form": "plate, sheet and strip", "temper": "annealed", "standard": "ASTM A240 / ASME SA-240 minimum", "unit_in_source": "75,000 psi" }, "method": "Minimum mechanical property printed in the ATI 317L column of the ASTM A240 table", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Room temperature tensile properties table, ATI 317L column, Ultimate Tensile Strength", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation in 2 in or 51 mm, minimum", "value": 40, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L (S31703)", "form": "plate, sheet and strip", "temper": "annealed", "gauge": "2 in or 51 mm" }, "method": "Minimum mechanical property printed in the ATI 317L column of the ASTM A240 table", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Room temperature tensile properties table, ATI 317L column, Percent Elongation", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness_brinell", "label": "Hardness, maximum (Brinell)", "value": 217, "bound": "upper", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "grade": "317L (S31703)", "form": "plate, sheet and strip", "temper": "annealed", "standard": "ASTM A240 maximum" }, "method": "Maximum printed in the ATI 317L column of the ASTM A240 table (217 HB, shown as 95 HRB)", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Room temperature tensile properties table, ATI 317L column, Hardness Max. Brinell", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, typical at 70 °F", "value": 36.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)", "basis": "typical value, not a minimum; the source does not name the product form or temper", "unit_in_source": "ksi" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table, 70 °F column, 0.2% Yield Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Ultimate tensile strength, typical at 70 °F", "value": 81.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "ksi", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)", "basis": "typical value, not a minimum; the source does not name the product form or temper" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table, 70 °F column, Ultimate Tensile Strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Charpy V-notch impact energy, typical at 70 °F", "value": 65, "value_high": 100, "bound": "range", "unit": "ft-lbf", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)", "notch": "Charpy V-notch", "basis": "typical value, not a minimum", "unit_in_source": "ft-lbd" }, "method": "Typical value printed in the Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Typical Tensile and Impact Properties table, 70 °F column, Charpy Impact V-notch row", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, 1.4438 datasheet", "value": 14, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Physical Properties 20 °C table, Thermal conductivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, ATI table", "value": 14.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/(m·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "grade": "317L; shared thermal table of the four-grade ATI sheet", "unit_in_source": "100.8 Btu·in/(hr·ft²·°F)" }, "method": "Value printed in the thermal conductivity table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Thermal Conductivity table, 68-212 °F (20-100 °C) row", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity, Rolled Alloys", "value": 7.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "Btu·ft/(ft²·hr·°F)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "70 °F (21 °C)", "grade": "317L", "unit_in_source": "Btu·ft/ft²·hr·°F" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the Rolled Alloys 317L bulletin", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, 70 °F column", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C", "value": 16.5, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10^-6 cm/cm/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 to 100 °C", "grade": "317L; shared table of the four-grade ATI sheet" }, "method": "Value printed in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion table, 20-100 °C row", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 500 °C", "value": 18.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10^-6 cm/cm/°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 to 500 °C", "grade": "317L; shared table of the four-grade ATI sheet" }, "method": "Value printed in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion table of the ATI sheet", "status": "ground", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion table, 20-500 °C row", "source_detail": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 70 to 212 °F", "value": 9.2, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10^-6 in/(in·°F)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "70 to 212 °F, measured from 70 °F", "grade": "317L" }, "method": "Value printed in the coefficient of thermal expansion row of the Rolled Alloys 317L bulletin", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion row, 212 °F column", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity, 20 °C", "value": 500, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/(kg·K)", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Physical Properties 20 °C table, Specific heat capacity row", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "poissons_ratio", "label": "Poisson's ratio", "value": 0.3, "bound": "exact", "unit": "-", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "not stated", "grade": "317L" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the Rolled Alloys 317L bulletin", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Physical Properties table, Poisson's Ratio", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity", "label": "Electrical resistivity", "value": 475, "bound": "exact", "unit": "Ohm-circ mil/ft", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "not stated", "grade": "317L" }, "method": "Value printed in the physical properties table of the Rolled Alloys 317L bulletin", "status": "ground", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row", "source_detail": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Modulus of elasticity at 400 °C", "value": 172, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "400 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)" }, "method": "Value printed in the temperature table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Temperature table, Modulus of elasticity E row, 400 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield point Rp0.2 at 400 °C, minimum", "value": 115, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "400 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)", "basis": "the datasheet prints a greater-than value" }, "method": "Value printed in the temperature table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Temperature table, Yield point Rp0,2 row, 400 °C column", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield point Rp0.2, minimum (EN datasheet)", "value": 200, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)", "basis": "minimum as printed" }, "method": "Value printed in the mechanical properties table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Mechanical properties 20 °C table, 0.2% yield strength Rp row", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength Rm (EN datasheet)", "value": 500, "value_high": 700, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 °C", "grade": "1.4438 (317L)" }, "method": "Range printed in the mechanical properties table of the 1.4438 datasheet", "status": "ground", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Mechanical properties 20 °C table, Tensile strength Rm row", "source_detail": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, typical (AZoM)", "value": 595, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "typical table value, no test temperature or condition stated by the source", "grade": "317L" }, "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the AZoM 317L article", "status": "ground", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 317L (UNS S31703), AZoM", "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8262", "kind": "web", "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, typical (AZoM)", "value": 260, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "basis": "typical table value, no test temperature or condition stated by the source", "grade": "317L" }, "method": "Value printed in the Mechanical Properties table of the AZoM 317L article", "status": "ground", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield strength row", "source_detail": { "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 317L (UNS S31703), AZoM", "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8262", "kind": "web", "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "Chloride water, pitting and crevice attack", "headline": "Molybdenum and nitrogen raise the pitting index: ATI gives PREN 29.7 for 317 and 317L against 24.2 for 316 and 316L.", "effect": "ATI says the molybdenum-bearing grades resist pitting and crevice corrosion better than conventional 18-8 grades, and that 317 and 317L resist pitting better than 316. Its PREN formula is Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N. ATI does not recommend these alloys for seawater at 19,000 ppm chloride.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "basis": "PREN calculation and laboratory data quoted by ATI; no test temperature stated for the PREN" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, PREN values and seawater statement" }, { "environment": "Atmosphere and mild corrosive media", "headline": "317L resists mild corrosion better than 18-8 stainless steels, and performs like 317 in most media.", "effect": "ATI says the 316, 316L, 317 and 317L grades are more resistant to atmospheric and other mild corrosion than the 18-8 stainless steels, and that media which do not corrode 18-8 will not attack them. Rolled Alloys says 317L has better general and localized corrosion resistance than 304L and 316L.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "general statements, no test duration or concentration given" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "General corrosion section" }, { "environment": "Highly oxidizing acids, such as nitric acid", "headline": "Nitric acid is the known exception to the broad resistance of the molybdenum-bearing grades.", "effect": "ATI names highly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid as the one known exception to the resistance of the molybdenum-bearing stainless steels to media that do not attack 18-8 grades.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "basis": "general statement, no concentration or temperature given" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "General corrosion section" }, { "environment": "Welds and heat-affected zones in corrosive media", "headline": "The low-carbon 317L is preferred over 317 for welds, because it resists intergranular attack.", "effect": "ATI says 317L is preferred over 317 in the welded condition in media aggressive enough to attack welds, because its low carbon limits chromium carbide precipitation in the 800 to 1500 °F (427 to 816 °C) range.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "range": "800 to 1500 °F (427 to 816 °C) for carbide precipitation", "grade": "317L against 317" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Intergranular corrosion and sensitization section" }, { "environment": "Chloride ions with tensile stress above about 49 °C", "headline": "Chloride stress cracking is the main cracking route for the grade, and the low-carbon version gives no advantage in it.", "effect": "ATI says austenitic stainless steels crack under stress in halide environments, with residual tensile stress and temperatures above about 120 °F (49 °C) as the triggers. It says the molybdenum grades are somewhat more resistant than 18-8 alloys, and that the L grades offer no advantage for this cracking.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "temperature": "above about 120 °F (49 °C)", "stress": "residual tensile stress from cold work or welding" }, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "The supplier safety data sheet says that, as shipped, the massive alloy has no known toxicological properties other than allergic reactions in people sensitive to its metals, such as nickel.", "ghs": [], "source": "rolled-sds", "where": "Section XI, Toxicological information" }, { "text": "Welding, cutting and grinding fume contains oxides of iron, manganese, nickel and chromium. The same sheet says IARC has concluded that welding fumes are possibly carcinogenic to humans, and classes nickel as a Category 3 carcinogen.", "ghs": [], "source": "rolled-sds", "where": "Section X (fume constituents) and Section XI (toxicology)" }, { "text": "Long-term welding fume inhalation may damage the lungs and airways, including fibrosis of the lung.", "ghs": [], "source": "rolled-sds", "where": "Section XI, Delayed effects" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Intergranular corrosion after sensitization", "trigger": "Exposure at 800 to 1500 °F (427 to 816 °C), such as welding or stress relief, in a corrosive medium", "consequence": "Chromium carbides form at the grain boundaries, leaving the steel open to intergranular attack. The low carbon of 317L limits this, which is why ATI prefers it for welds.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Intergranular corrosion and sensitization section" }, { "mode": "Chloride stress corrosion cracking", "trigger": "Chloride or other halide ions with residual tensile stress from cold work or welding, at temperatures above about 120 °F (49 °C)", "consequence": "The steel can crack in service. ATI says the low-carbon L grades offer no advantage in this test, and that duplex grades resist chloride cracking better.", "severity": "high", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section" }, { "mode": "Pitting in chloride water", "trigger": "Chloride ions in crevices or under deposits, or water chloride above what the grade tolerates", "consequence": "ATI does not recommend the molybdenum-bearing grades for seawater (19,000 ppm chloride). Its PREN values place 317L above 316L, and below AL-6XN (PREN 44.5), which is designed for seawater.", "severity": "moderate", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, PREN values and seawater statement" }, { "mode": "Work hardening during machining", "trigger": "High cutting speeds or interrupted feed", "consequence": "The alloy work-hardens, which raises tool wear and the risk of surface damage. Low speed and constant feed reduce this.", "severity": "low", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Manufacturing Process section" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Use fume extraction and a fume respirator when welding, cutting or grinding, and keep exposure below the limits in Section III of the safety data sheet.", "source": "rolled-sds", "where": "Section III composition and handling precautions" }, { "text": "Weld with AWS E/ER 317L filler metal, and avoid oxyacetylene welding.", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Manufacturing Process section" }, { "text": "Machine at low speed with constant feed and use chip breakers, because the alloy work-hardens.", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Manufacturing Process section" }, { "text": "Specify the low-carbon 317L for welded parts, since the standard 317 grade is more exposed to intergranular attack after welding.", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Intergranular corrosion and sensitization section" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Solution anneal at 1020 to 1100 °C after hot working. Forging and rolling are done between 1150 and 800 °C.", "source": "virgamet-1-4438", "where": "Process temperatures" }, { "text": "Anneal or stress-relieve to reduce residual tensile stress, which lowers sensitivity to chloride stress cracking.", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "thermal-control", "device": "Condensers in fossil and nuclear fuelled power generation stations", "example": "AZoM lists condensers in fossil and nuclear fuelled power generation stations among the widely used applications of 317L.", "source": "azom-317l", "where": "Applications section" }, { "application": "structures", "device": "Chemical process vessels, petrochemical plant and flue gas desulfurization systems", "example": "Rolled Alloys lists chemical process vessels, petrochemical plant, pulp and paper, condensers in power generation and FGD systems as applications of 317L.", "source": "rolled-alloys-317l", "where": "Applications list" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Nickel (11 to 15 % of 317L)", "abundance": "USGS: world nickel resources are estimated to contain more than 350 million tons of nickel.", "producers": [ { "country": "Indonesia", "share_percent": 66.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Philippines", "share_percent": 6.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 5.1, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction." ], "source": "usgs-nickel-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 3,900,000 t); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed tons; Recycling; Substitutes; World Resources" }, { "subject": "Chromium (18 to 20 % of 317L)", "abundance": "USGS: 2021 to 2024 imports of chromite ore and concentrates came 96% from South Africa.", "producers": [ { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 45.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Turkey", "share_percent": 17.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "share_percent": 13.7, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: in 2025 recycled chromium, contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts, accounted for 21% of apparent consumption.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use." ], "source": "usgs-chromium-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 51,000 t, gross weight); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed tons; Import Sources; Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Molybdenum (3 to 4 % of 317L)", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 37.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Chile", "share_percent": 16.2, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 15, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "USGS: molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap and superalloy scrap.", "substitutes": [ "USGS: there is little substitution for molybdenum in steels; potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium." ], "source": "usgs-molybdenum-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e column (world total 260,000 t of molybdenum content); shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the printed tons; Recycling; Substitutes" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L technical data sheet (version 1, 2012)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012 }, { "title": "Rolled Alloys 317L stainless steel data sheet, bulletin 1037U", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011 }, { "title": "AZoM: Stainless Steel Grade 317L (UNS S31703)", "type": "report", "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8262" }, { "title": "VIRGAMET offer page: 1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 (X2CrNiMo18-15-4)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel" }, { "title": "Rolled Alloys general products safety data sheet (revised February 2025)", "type": "sds", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/General-Product-Safety-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026 } ], "gaps": [ "Spacecraft, rocket or satellite use of 317L: no source found. The aerospace pages read here cover 300-series steel in general, not 317L, so no space use is recorded and no tags.environments are set.", "Space environment data for 317L (atomic oxygen, outgassing, cold welding, radiation, vacuum): none found or read.", "Cryogenic toughness and cold-temperature tensile data for 317L: not read.", "Hardness (Brinell) and Charpy impact energy are not canonical property names in spores/property-canon.yaml; the short snake_case names hardness_brinell and charpy_impact_energy are used and need adding to the canon.", "W.Nr. number: 1.4438 is the German material number, but no fetched source labels it W.Nr., so no W.Nr. designation is listed.", "JIS: SUS317L appears only in a substitutes list on the 1.4438 datasheet page, not as a labelled JIS designation, so it is not listed.", "Grade-specific density: the ATI physical properties table covers the four-grade sheet and is not split by grade. The 1.4438 datasheet gives density only as 8 g/cm3, so it is not used.", "Electrical resistivity of 317 (79.0 microhm-cm in the ATI table) is for 317, not 317L, and is not used. The 317L value is the Rolled Alloys figure in its own unit.", "Corrosion rates in mm per year for acids or chlorides: none printed in the sources read.", "GHS classification for the solid alloy: no fetched safety data sheet gives GHS codes for the massive form.", "Welding fume exposure limits: the Rolled Alloys SDS table gives PEL and TLV values, but the units are not in the extracted text, so they are not recorded.", "Critical-mineral list status for nickel, chromium and molybdenum: the USGS 2026 summaries read here do not state a critical-list entry for these metals, so critical_lists is empty.", "Recipe atomic weights: not read from a source in this run, so the recipe gives composition limits by weight only.", "Media: no openly licensed image was checked for this profile.", "Creep, stress-rupture and elevated-temperature corrosion data: not read beyond the 400 °C yield and modulus row.", "The Rolled Alloys bulletin is dated 2011 and was not checked against the current ASTM A240 revision." ], "story": { "why": "AISI 317L is a stainless steel for chloride-bearing service where ordinary 304 is not enough. The molybdenum content gives it a pitting index (PREN) of 29.7 in ATI's formula, against 24.2 for 316 and 316L, and the low carbon keeps welds from sensitizing. ATI gives its minimum annealed strength as 205 MPa yield and 515 MPa tensile. Its density is 8.027 g/cm3, so it is a heavy material, and its thermal conductivity of 14.6 W/(m·K) is low for a metal.", "uses": [ { "where": "Power plant condensers", "line": "AZoM lists condensers in fossil and nuclear fuelled power generation stations among its widely used applications. ATI notes that the 18-8 stainless grades keep their surfaces clean, which often gives better heat transfer than other metals with higher conductivity." }, { "where": "Process plants", "line": "Rolled Alloys lists chemical process vessels, petrochemical plant, pulp and paper equipment and flue gas desulfurization systems as applications." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Pitting resistance", "line": "ATI gives a pitting index of 29.7 for 317 and 317L, against 24.2 for 316 and 316L, from the formula Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N.", "scope": "material", "value": "PREN 29.7" }, { "label": "Strength when annealed", "line": "The ATI minimum for annealed plate, sheet and strip is 205 MPa yield and 515 MPa tensile, with 40 % elongation in 2 in.", "scope": "material", "value": "205 MPa yield, 515 MPa tensile" }, { "label": "Hot strength", "line": "The 1.4438 datasheet gives a yield point above 115 MPa at 400 °C, and a modulus of 172 GPa at the same temperature.", "scope": "material", "value": "115 MPa yield at 400 °C" }, { "label": "Weight", "line": "Density is 8.027 g/cm3 in the ATI physical properties table. That makes it a heavy choice for static plant rather than light structures.", "scope": "material", "value": "8.027 g/cm3" }, { "label": "Conduction", "line": "Thermal conductivity is 14.6 W/(m·K) at 20 to 100 °C in the ATI table, and 14 W/(m·K) at 20 °C in the 1.4438 datasheet. Heat spreads through it at this rate.", "scope": "material", "value": "14.6 W/(m·K)" } ], "compare": "Compared with the lower-molybdenum 316L grade, 317L has more chromium, nickel and molybdenum, which gives it a higher pitting index (PREN 29.7 against 24.2 in ATI's table). It is heavier than the 316L family values in ATI's own table, and it conducts heat at 14.6 W/(m·K). Its strength is set by the ATI minimums for annealed sheet, so read the table rows as examples of this grade, not as a ranking of stainless steels.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Thermal conductivity", "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Yield strength", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Specify the temper and product form, since the minimum strengths are for annealed plate, sheet and strip.", "Use fume extraction and a fume respirator for welding, cutting and grinding.", "Weld with 317L filler metal and avoid oxyacetylene welding.", "Machine at low speed with constant feed to limit work hardening." ], "good_for": [ "Chloride pitting in process plant: PREN 29.7 with a low-carbon grade for welds.", "Condensers and heat exchange in power plant, and pulp and paper equipment, as the sources list.", "Annealed sheet, strip and plate where a 205 MPa minimum yield is enough." ], "watch_out": [ "Chloride stress cracking above about 49 °C (120 °F) under tensile stress.", "Not for seawater: ATI does not recommend the molybdenum grades at 19,000 ppm chloride.", "Not for highly oxidizing acids such as nitric acid.", "Welding fume contains nickel and chromium compounds, and IARC classes welding fumes as possibly carcinogenic.", "No space use or space-environment test is recorded for 317L in the sources read." ], "verdict": "AISI 317L is a low-carbon molybdenum stainless steel for chloride-bearing process plant, condensers and pulp and paper equipment. It resists pitting better than 316L (PREN 29.7 against 24.2) and does not sensitize in welds, but it cracks under chloride stress above about 49 °C, it is heavy at 8.027 g/cm3 and conducts heat at 14.6 W/(m·K), and no space-environment data for it were found.", "recipe": { "line": "317L is a wrought austenitic stainless steel, a solid solution of iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. Its carbon is kept at 0.03 % maximum to limit chromium carbide precipitation in welds. ATI gives the composition as percentage-by-weight limits, so the shares below are limits, not measured values.", "parts": [ { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "The matrix. Nickel keeps the iron-based structure austenitic at room temperature.", "share_note": "balance", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Chromium", "symbol": "Cr", "role": "Forms the passive oxide film that protects against general corrosion.", "share_percent": 18, "share_high": 20, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Nickel", "symbol": "Ni", "role": "Stabilizes the austenitic structure.", "share_percent": 11, "share_high": 15, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Molybdenum", "symbol": "Mo", "role": "Raises resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride solutions.", "share_percent": 3, "share_high": 4, "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Manganese", "symbol": "Mn", "role": "Present in the grade up to the ATI maximum.", "share_note": "maximum 2.0", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "role": "Present in the grade up to the ATI maximum.", "share_note": "maximum 0.75", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Kept low so that chromium carbides do not form at grain boundaries during welding, which is what the L in 317L means.", "share_note": "maximum 0.03", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "symbol": "N", "role": "Adds to the pitting index (16 N in the PREN formula) and to strength.", "share_note": "maximum 0.10", "source": "ati-tds", "where": "Percentage by weight table, ATI 317L column; PREN formula in the pitting section" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "Welding fume is the main hazard. The massive alloy, as shipped, has no known toxicity beyond allergy to its metals such as nickel.", "points": [ { "label": "Solid metal", "line": "The supplier safety data sheet says the massive alloy has no known toxicological properties other than allergic reactions in people sensitive to its metals." }, { "label": "Welding and grinding fume", "line": "Fume contains oxides of iron, manganese, nickel and chromium. The same sheet says IARC has concluded that welding fumes are possibly carcinogenic to humans, and classes nickel as a Category 3 carcinogen." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Fume, not solid metal" }, { "title": "If it fails", "lead": "These are the failure routes found in the sources. None is a measured field result for 317L: the sources are a standard, a supplier test and the datasheets.", "points": [ { "label": "Sensitized welds", "line": "Chromium carbides form in the 427 to 816 °C range. The low carbon of 317L limits this, and ATI prefers the L grade for welds in corrosive media." }, { "label": "Chloride cracking", "line": "Chloride ions with residual tensile stress can crack the steel above about 49 °C (120 °F). ATI says the low-carbon grades give no advantage in that test." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Weld and chloride routes" }, { "title": "Handling", "lead": "Handling is mostly about fume control, welding filler and machining.", "points": [ { "label": "Welding", "line": "Use AWS E/ER 317L filler metal and avoid oxyacetylene welding, according to AZoM." }, { "label": "Machining", "line": "Use low speed and constant feed, with chip breakers, because the alloy work-hardens." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "Control fume and work hardening" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-26", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 25, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 6, "note": "Values were read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-26 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry (ATI and Rolled Alloys PDFs extracted to text; AZoM and the 1.4438 page read as web pages). Caveats: the ATI physical properties table covers four grades and is not split by grade; the 1.4438 page gives rounded values; the AZoM and 1.4438 values carry no test condition; the Rolled Alloys figures are from a 2011 bulletin; the chromium and molybdenum shares are calculated from printed tons." }, "sources": { "ati-tds": { "title": "ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317 and ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Stainless Steel: Austenitic), version 1", "id": "UNS S31600, S31603, S31700, S31703; ASTM A240; ASME SA-240", "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/austenitic/ati_316_316l_317_317l_tds_en1.pdf", "year": 2012, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "rolled-alloys-317l": { "title": "317L Stainless Steel data sheet, Rolled Alloys bulletin No. 1037U", "id": "Bulletin No. 1037U", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/317L_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf", "year": 2011, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Manufacturer data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "azom-317l": { "title": "Stainless Steel Grade 317L (UNS S31703), AZoM", "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8262", "kind": "web", "license": "Web article (cited, not reproduced)" }, "virgamet-1-4438": { "title": "1.4438, AISI 317L, UNS S31703 stainless steel (X2CrNiMo18-15-4), VIRGAMET offer page", "id": "EN 1.4438; X2CrNiMo18-15-4", "url": "https://virgamet.com/offer/x2crnimo18154-1-4438-aisi-317l-uns-s31703-z3cnd191504-stainless-steel", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Supplier web page (cited, not reproduced)" }, "rolled-sds": { "title": "Rolled Alloys controlled document, general products safety data sheet (revised February 2025)", "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/General-Product-Safety-Data-Sheet.pdf", "year": 2025, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "Safety data sheet (cited, not reproduced)" }, "usgs-nickel-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "Public domain (US government)" }, "usgs-chromium-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "Public domain (US government)" }, "usgs-molybdenum-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "Public domain (US government)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-317l/" }