{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "stainless-302",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-austenitic",
  "name": "AISI 302 stainless steel (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310)",
  "abbreviation": "302",
  "role": "18-8 austenitic spring and wire stainless steel with a higher carbon content than 304",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "AISI 302 (UNS S30200, EN 1.4310) is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel with 17 to 19 % chromium and 8 to 10 % nickel, and up to 0.15 % carbon (Elgiloy nominal composition). Its datasheets give a density of 7.90 g/cm3 at 20 degC and an elastic modulus of 200 GPa, with a mean thermal expansion of 16.6 um/m.K from 20 to 100 degC. Annealed typical values are a 0.2 % yield strength of 290 MPa and a tensile strength of 655 MPa. The grade is used for springs, washers, screens and cables, and cold working makes it magnetic.\n",
  "best_for": "Springs, washers, screens and wire parts that need an 18-8 stainless steel with more carbon than 304 for strength, while keeping ductility (Elgiloy datasheet)",
  "weakest_at": "Strength in the annealed state (about 290 MPa typical yield), and ductility after heavy cold work (elongation falls from 48 % at 0 % cold work to 2.2 % at 80 % cold work, fwmetals table)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance, Cr 17.0 to 19.0 wt %, Ni 8.0 to 10.0 wt %, C max 0.15 wt %, Mn max 2.0 wt %, Si max 0.75 wt %, P max 0.045 wt %, S max 0.030 wt %, N max 0.10 wt % (Elgiloy nominal composition)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S30200",
        "source": "elgiloy-302",
        "where": "Datasheet header, UNS: S30200"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.4310",
        "source": "agst-4310",
        "where": "Designations list, EN 1.4310"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "X10CrNi18-8",
        "source": "agst-4310",
        "where": "Designations list, EN short name X10CrNi18-8"
      },
      {
        "system": "AISI",
        "code": "302",
        "source": "alloywire-302",
        "where": "Page text, \"Stainless Steel 302 is also known as AISI 302.\""
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A313",
        "source": "fwmetals-302",
        "where": "Chemical composition table, column header \"ASTM A313 %\""
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A580",
        "source": "alloywire-302",
        "where": "Designations list, ASTM A313, ASTM A580"
      },
      {
        "system": "AMS",
        "code": "5688",
        "source": "alloywire-302",
        "where": "Designations list, AMS 5688"
      },
      {
        "system": "SAE",
        "code": "302",
        "source": "agst-4310",
        "where": "Other listed designations, SAE 302"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "V2A",
        "source": "hsm-stahl-1-4310",
        "where": "Standards and designations list, special designation V2A"
      },
      {
        "system": "Trade name",
        "code": "Alloy 302",
        "source": "elgiloy-302",
        "where": "Datasheet title, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel"
      }
    ],
    "source": "elgiloy-302",
    "where": "Nominal Composition table, min and max rows for C, Mn, P, S, Si, Cr, Ni, N and Fe"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "mechanisms",
      "structures",
      "propulsion-and-tanks"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 7.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "0.285 lb./in3 at 70 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table, At 20 °C column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Density row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "label": "Density, 1.4310 at 20 °C (AGST datasheet)",
      "value": 7.9,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kg/dm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310 / AISI 302",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "7,9 kg/dm³"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties table, and repeated in the intro text",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Intro paragraph, density of 7.9 kg/dm³ (at 20°C); Physical properties table, Density (kg/dm³) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, 302 (Alloy Wire International)",
      "value": 1420,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "unit_in_source": "2590 °F"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a manufacturer alloy details table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloywire-302",
      "where": "Alloy Details table, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302",
        "id": "Alloy details, properties and designations",
        "url": "https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "label": "Melting point, 302 (RoyMech)",
      "value": 1400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "not printed",
        "unit_in_source": "2552 °F (printed value has a formatting error in the imperial column)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table; the page prints no test condition",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The RoyMech page gives 1400 °C; the Alloy Wire page gives 1420 °C. Both are kept because the sources do not state the same basis.",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Melting Point row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
        "id": "Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel",
        "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Modulus of elasticity in tension, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "200 x 10^3 MPa in tension"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Modulus of Elasticity (E) row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "label": "Elastic modulus, annealed strip (AZoM)",
      "value": 193,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "annealed strip",
        "unit_in_source": "193 GPa (28000 ksi)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Elgiloy datasheet gives 200 GPa and AZoM gives 193 GPa, so the two values are kept separately.",
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Elastic modulus row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
        "id": "Article 8197",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference article, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "label": "Poisson's ratio, annealed strip (AZoM)",
      "value": 0.27,
      "value_high": 0.3,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "annealed strip",
        "unit_in_source": "0.27-0.30"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a reference property table for annealed strip",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Poisson's ratio row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
        "id": "Article 8197",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference article, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 16.6,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µm/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "20 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "16.6 μm/m-oC (20-100oC)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Coefficient of Expansion row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "label": "Coefficient of linear thermal expansion, 0 to 100 °C (RoyMech)",
      "value": 17.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "ppm/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "0 to 100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "17.3 x 10-6 °C-1"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Elgiloy datasheet gives 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C, so the two temperature bases differ slightly.",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Linear) row, @ 0-100°C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
        "id": "Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel",
        "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 302 at 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 16.2,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·K)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "100 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "16.2 W/m-K (100oC)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal Conductivity row, 16.2 W/m-K (100oC) entry",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "label": "Thermal conductivity, 302 at 22 °C (fwmetals datasheet)",
      "value": 16.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m·°C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302 (ASTM A313)",
        "temperature": "22 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "113 BTU·in/(hr·ft²·°F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical properties table, footnoted as calculated at 22 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "fwmetals-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Thermal conductivity row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313 chemical composition and physical properties)",
        "id": "ASTM A313 product page",
        "url": "https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "label": "Specific heat capacity, 1.4310 at 20 °C (HSM Stahl)",
      "value": 500,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "J/kg K"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties at 20 °C block",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "hsm-stahl-1-4310",
      "where": "Physical properties at 20 °C table, Specific heat row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet",
        "id": "Werkstoff 14310",
        "url": "https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistivity, 302 at 20 °C (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 72,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "µΩ·cm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "302",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "unit_in_source": "72 μ ohm.cm"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a supplier datasheet, Physical Properties table, At 20oC column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Physical Properties table, Electrical Resistivity row, At 20oC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "label": "Electrical resistance per length, 1.4310 at room temperature (HSM Stahl)",
      "value": 0.73,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "Ω·mm²/m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temperature": "room temperature",
        "unit_in_source": "0,73 (ohm) mm²/m"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a distributor datasheet, Physical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same value appears on the AGST page as electronic resistance at room temperature in Ω mm²/m. It equals 73 µΩ·cm, close to the 72 µΩ·cm in the Elgiloy datasheet.",
      "source": "hsm-stahl-1-4310",
      "where": "Physical properties at 20 °C table, Electrical resistance row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet",
        "id": "Werkstoff 14310",
        "url": "https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 290,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "basis": "typical, based on ASTM A240 per the datasheet note",
        "unit_in_source": "42 ksi (290 MPa)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Typical, not a minimum. A specification minimum for solution-annealed 1.4310 is recorded separately.",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, 0.2% YS column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0.200 % strain, annealed strip (AZoM)",
      "value": 275,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "annealed strip",
        "measure": "0.200 % strain",
        "unit_in_source": "275 MPa (39900 psi)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The Elgiloy typical annealed value is 290 MPa. The two are different sources and forms and are not averaged.",
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Yield strength (@strain 0.200%) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
        "id": "Article 8197",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference article, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, Rp0.2, solution annealed, minimum, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)",
      "value": 195,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "diameter": "up to 40 mm",
        "basis": "minimum, EN ISO 6931-1",
        "unit_in_source": "≥ 195 N/mm2"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Yield strength Rp0.2 in Mpa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "label": "Yield strength, 0 % cold worked wire, typical (fwmetals datasheet)",
      "value": 338,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "wire",
        "cold_work": "0 %",
        "basis": "typical, values may not represent all diameters",
        "unit_in_source": "338 MPa [49 ksi]"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Mechanical properties table, first row",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Cold-worked rows in the same table rise to 1165 MPa at 37 % cold work; only the 0 % row is entered here.",
      "source": "fwmetals-302",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, row 0 cold worked %, Yield strength column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313 chemical composition and physical properties)",
        "id": "ASTM A313 product page",
        "url": "https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 655,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "basis": "typical, based on ASTM A240 per the datasheet note",
        "unit_in_source": "95 ksi (655 MPa)"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, Tensile Strength (UTS) column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, annealed strip (AZoM)",
      "value": 620,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "annealed strip",
        "unit_in_source": "620 MPa (89900 psi)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table for annealed strip",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from the 655 MPa typical in the Elgiloy datasheet; the two are for different forms.",
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table, Tensile strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
        "id": "Article 8197",
        "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference article, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, solution annealed, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)",
      "value": 500,
      "value_high": 700,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "diameter": "up to 40 mm",
        "unit_in_source": "500-700 N/mm2"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The AGST PDF of the same sheet prints 500-750 N/mm2 for the same condition; the webpage figure of 500-700 is used here.",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Strength / tensile strength Rm in Mpa row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "label": "Tensile strength, spring temper, approximate (Alloy Wire International)",
      "value": 1300,
      "value_high": 2200,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "spring temper",
        "basis": "approximate, as supplied",
        "unit_in_source": "1300 – 2200 N/mm²"
      },
      "method": "Range printed in a manufacturer properties table for spring temper",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloywire-302",
      "where": "Properties table, Spring Temper, Approx. tensile strength row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302",
        "id": "Alloy details, properties and designations",
        "url": "https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation in 2 in, annealed, typical (Elgiloy datasheet)",
      "value": 55,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "temper": "annealed",
        "gauge_length": "2 in (50.8 mm)",
        "basis": "typical"
      },
      "method": "Typical value printed in a supplier datasheet, Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties table, Annealed row, Elongation% in 2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
        "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
        "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
        "year": 2024,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "label": "Elongation at break, longitudinal, minimum, diameter up to 40 mm (EN ISO 6931-1)",
      "value": 40,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "diameter": "up to 40 mm",
        "unit_in_source": "40 %"
      },
      "method": "Minimum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Elongation at break A in % (longitudinal) row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness_brinell",
      "label": "Hardness, Brinell maximum, solution annealed (EN ISO 6931-1)",
      "value": 230,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "temper": "solution annealed",
        "diameter": "up to 40 mm"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet, Mechanical properties table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "hardness_brinell is not a canonical name in spores/property-canon.yaml; see gaps.",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Mechanical properties table, Hardness in HB row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature, continuous, in air (RoyMech)",
      "value": 925,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "continuous, in air",
        "unit_in_source": "925 °C (1697 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The AGST page gives \"up to 300 °C\" as the maximum use temperature. The two figures conflict and both are kept.",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Service Temperature in Air Continous row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
        "id": "Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel",
        "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum service temperature, intermittent, in air (RoyMech)",
      "value": 870,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "exposure": "intermittent, in air",
        "unit_in_source": "870 °C (1598 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Value printed in a reference property table",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Thermal Properties table, Service Temperature in Air Intermittent row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
        "id": "Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel",
        "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ",
        "kind": "web",
        "license": "Reference page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "label": "Maximum use temperature (AGST datasheet)",
      "value": 300,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "grade": "1.4310",
        "unit_in_source": "up to 300 °C"
      },
      "method": "Maximum value printed in a distributor datasheet introduction",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Conflicts with the 925 °C continuous figure from RoyMech. The basis of the AGST figure is not stated on the page.",
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Intro paragraph, Max. use temperature, \"up to 300 °C\"",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
        "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
        "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "min_service_temp",
      "label": "Approximate operating temperature, lower limit, annealed (Alloy Wire International)",
      "value": -200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "condition": "annealed or spring temper",
        "unit_in_source": "-200 to +300 °C (-330 to +570 °F)"
      },
      "method": "Approximate range printed in a manufacturer properties table; the upper limit of 300 °C is the same figure as the AGST datasheet",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alloywire-302",
      "where": "Properties table, Approx. operating temperature row, Annealed",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302",
        "id": "Alloy details, properties and designations",
        "url": "https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments",
      "headline": "Useful corrosion resistance in a wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments.",
      "effect": "The RoyMech page says the alloy \"provides useful resistance to corrosion on a wide range of moderately oxidising to moderately reducing environments\" and that its corrosion resistance is comparable to 304. No test result or rate is given.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement, no test result or rate given"
      },
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section, Corrosion bullet"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion and fabricability",
      "headline": "Excellent combination of corrosion resistance and fabricability (Elgiloy).",
      "effect": "The Elgiloy datasheet says the alloy \"represents an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and fabricability\". The datasheet notes that 304 has largely replaced 302 because lower carbon is now easily reached with AOD melting.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement, no test result or rate given"
      },
      "source": "elgiloy-302",
      "where": "Introduction paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Pitting resistance, PREN",
      "headline": "PREN value printed as 16.0 to 23.4 in the AGST datasheet.",
      "effect": "The AGST page prints a PREN value of 16.0 to 23.4 in its introduction and corrosion section. The page gives no test method or environment for the value.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "PREN value as printed, no test condition given"
      },
      "source": "agst-4310",
      "where": "Intro text and Corrosion resistance section, PREN value line"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Welded and forged parts, intergranular attack",
      "headline": "Post-weld annealing dissolves chromium carbide to improve intergranular resistance.",
      "effect": "The AZoM page says post-weld annealing dissolves chromium carbide \"so as to provide maximum resistance to inter-granular attack\", and that forgings \"should be fully annealed after all operations so as to maintain full corrosion resistance\".",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement from processing guidance, no test result"
      },
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance text, first and second bullets"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "North American Stainless SDS for stainless steel products of all grades: the solid alloy is considered an article and not hazardous in its solid form. Cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous materials. The SDS lists carcinogenicity Category 1B (May cause cancer) for the hazardous elements that may be emitted during these processes. The SDS does not name AISI 302 and no grade-specific SDS was found.",
        "ghs": [],
        "source": "nas-sds",
        "where": "Section 2, Hazard identification, Classification and Carcinogenicity rows"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Loss of ductility after heavy cold work",
        "trigger": "Heavy cold drawing or rolling of the alloy",
        "consequence": "The fwmetals table gives elongation of 48 % at 0 % cold worked, 9.8 % at 20 %, 2.2 % at 80 % and 2.2 % at 90 % cold worked. Heavy cold work leaves little ductility for further forming.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "fwmetals-302",
        "where": "Mechanical properties table, Cold worked % and Elongation % columns"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of non-magnetic condition after cold work",
        "trigger": "Cold forming or cold working",
        "consequence": "The AZoM page says cold working causes the alloy to gain magnetic properties, so post-fabrication annealing is needed to restore a non-magnetic condition.",
        "severity": "low",
        "source": "azom-302",
        "where": "Magnetism text"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Intergranular attack after welding or forging without annealing",
        "trigger": "Welded or forged parts not annealed after processing",
        "consequence": "The AZoM page says forgings should be fully annealed after all operations to maintain full corrosion resistance, and that post-weld annealing improves resistance to intergranular attack.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "azom-302",
        "where": "Corrosion resistance text, forging and post-weld annealing bullets"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Solution anneal at 1000 to 1100 °C, cooling in air or water (AGST datasheet). Hot forming 1200 to 900 °C, cooling in air.",
        "source": "agst-4310",
        "where": "Heat treatment and hot forming rows of the processing table"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stress relieve at 250 °C for 1 hour, cooled in air, for annealed or spring-temper parts (Alloy Wire International).",
        "source": "alloywire-302",
        "where": "Heat treatment of finished parts table, Stress Relieve row"
      },
      {
        "text": "AZoM recommends resistance or shielded fusion welding methods, with filler AWS E/ER308 or 312.",
        "source": "azom-302",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Grade 302 requires slow speeds and high feeds to overcome its tendency to work harden (AZoM).",
        "source": "azom-302",
        "where": "Cold working and hardening section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Anneal after forming to restore a non-magnetic condition (AZoM).",
        "source": "azom-302",
        "where": "Magnetism text"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Springs, washers, screens and cables",
      "example": "AZoM says the alloy is widely used in stamping, spinning and wire forming and is used to form springs, washers, screens and cables.",
      "source": "azom-302",
      "where": "Applications and uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Building facades and architectural or structural parts in non-marine atmospheres",
      "example": "The RoyMech page lists building facades and architectural or structural uses in non-marine atmospheres among its named uses.",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Uses bullet in the Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section"
    },
    {
      "application": "propulsion-and-tanks",
      "device": "Food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping and process tanks",
      "example": "The RoyMech page lists food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping, tanks and process equipment for fresh water among its named uses.",
      "source": "roymech-302",
      "where": "Uses bullet in the Corrosion, Magnetism, Hardenability and Uses section"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel (mine production, 8 to 10 wt % of the grade)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-nickel",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 3,900,000 t; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 2,600,000 (Indonesia), 270,000 (Philippines), 200,000 (Russia) and 140,000 (New Caledonia); Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium (mine production, 17 to 19 wt % of the grade)",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "USGS: recycled chromium, contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts, accounted for 21 % of apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "USGS: chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-mcs2026-chromium",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table, 2025e world total 51,000; shares calculated by Space Mushroom from the country values 23,000 (South Africa), 9,000 (Turkey), 7,000 (Kazakhstan) and 3,000 (India); Recycling and Substitutes paragraphs"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet (UNS S30200), REV 2024 06 04",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197"
    },
    {
      "title": "Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/"
    },
    {
      "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 (1.4310, X10CrNi18-8) data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en"
    },
    {
      "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ"
    },
    {
      "title": "fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel"
    },
    {
      "title": "HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/"
    },
    {
      "title": "North American Stainless, Stainless Steel Products, All Grades, Safety Data Sheet (June 2015, revised March 2018)",
      "type": "sds",
      "url": "https://www.northamericanstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/NAS_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "No outgassing, total mass loss, atomic oxygen erosion, radiation or thermal-cycling data for AISI 302 was found in the sources read, so the space-environment section is empty.",
    "No pitting critical temperature, crevice or stress-corrosion test result was found; the corrosion section is qualitative apart from the AGST PREN value, which has no test basis printed.",
    "The AGST datasheet prints thermal conductivity 15 for 1.4310 at up to 20 °C with no unit printed, so the value is not entered.",
    "Silicon limit differs between sources: Elgiloy prints 0.75 % maximum, while AZoM, fwmetals and RoyMech print 1.00 % maximum. The Elgiloy value is used in the recipe; no silicon property is entered.",
    "Carbon limit differs between sources: Elgiloy and AZoM print 0.15 % maximum, fwmetals prints 0.12 % maximum for ASTM A313, and the EN range printed by AGST is 0.05 to 0.15 %. The Elgiloy nominal composition is used in the recipe.",
    "Chromium and nickel ranges differ: the EN 10088-3 basis printed by AGST and HSM Stahl gives 16 to 19 % Cr and 6 to 9.5 % Ni, while ASTM-based sources give 17 to 19 % Cr and 8 to 10 % Ni. The ASTM ranges are used in the recipe.",
    "hardness_brinell is not in spores/property-canon.yaml; it is used as a short name for the Brinell maximum of 230 HB from the AGST table.",
    "The HSM Stahl page maps 1.4310 to AISI 301 and to BS 301S21 and JIS SUS 301, and lists UNS S30100 next to S30200. Those 301 designations are not entered for this grade. Only the UNS S30200 code is taken from the Elgiloy datasheet, and the V2A name is taken from the HSM page.",
    "The RoyMech page lists DIN 1.4300 for this grade; that number is not entered because the page gives no basis for treating it as the same material.",
    "The NAS SDS covers all stainless steel grades and does not name AISI 302; no grade-specific SDS was found for this grade.",
    "Critical-mineral list membership for nickel and chromium was not printed in the USGS 2026 summaries opened for this run, so critical_lists is empty.",
    "Titanium, molybdenum and manganese supply were not read; supply covers nickel and chromium only.",
    "The fwmetals electrical resistivity is printed as 720 µohms*mm, a unit form that does not match the other sources; it is not entered.",
    "The Elgiloy annealed hardness of 84 HRBW and the azom hardness of 85 HRB are not entered; no canonical Rockwell B name exists in the canon file.",
    "The makeitfrom.com page for 302 returned HTTP 403 and was not read.",
    "The AZoM page is an older article and gives 1.00 % silicon; the AZoM composition table is not used because the Elgiloy nominal composition is the more complete source."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "AISI 302 is a higher-carbon version of 304 that keeps good ductility while gaining strength in cold-worked and spring tempers. Its datasheets give a density of 7.90 g/cm3, an elastic modulus of 200 GPa (Elgiloy) or 193 GPa (AZoM), and a mean thermal expansion of 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C. Those figures are the reason the grade is chosen for springs and wire.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Springs, washers and wire forms",
        "line": "AZoM says the grade is widely used in stamping, spinning and wire forming, and is used for springs, washers, screens and cables."
      },
      {
        "where": "Architectural and structural parts",
        "line": "The RoyMech page lists building facades and architectural or structural uses in non-marine atmospheres."
      },
      {
        "where": "Food and process equipment",
        "line": "The RoyMech page lists food, beverage and dairy equipment, heat exchangers, piping and process tanks."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Carry springs and wire",
        "line": "Alloy Wire International gives an approximate tensile strength of 1300 to 2200 N/mm2 for spring temper.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "1300 to 2200 MPa spring temper tensile"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stay in shape when warm",
        "line": "The mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is 16.6 µm/(m·°C) from 20 to 100 °C (Elgiloy datasheet).",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "16.6 µm/(m·°C)"
      },
      {
        "label": "Hold load in the annealed state",
        "line": "The Elgiloy datasheet gives 290 MPa as the typical 0.2 % yield strength of the annealed grade, and the EN ISO 6931-1 minimum for solution-annealed 1.4310 is 195 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "290 MPa typical yield"
      },
      {
        "label": "Survive short exposure to heat",
        "line": "The RoyMech page gives 925 °C for continuous service in air and 870 °C for intermittent service. The AGST page gives up to 300 °C; the two conflict.",
        "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
        "scope": "material",
        "value": "925 °C continuous in air"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "The datasheets for AISI 302 agree broadly on density (7.90 g/cm3 from Elgiloy, 7.9 kg/dm3 from AGST) and on the 193 to 200 GPa modulus range. They differ on annealed strength (290 MPa Elgiloy typical yield, 275 MPa AZoM strip, 195 MPa EN minimum) and on the maximum service temperature (925 °C continuous in RoyMech, up to 300 °C in the AGST page). The values are for the grade as printed in each source and should be read as examples of spread, not a ranking.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Thermal expansion",
        "benchmark": "cte",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Specify the product form and temper, since the strip, wire, spring-temper and annealed values differ.",
      "Use the filler metal and welding guidance from the datasheet, and anneal welded or forged parts.",
      "Anneal after cold forming when a non-magnetic condition is needed."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Springs, washers, screens and cables in an 18-8 austenitic steel with more carbon than 304 (AZoM, RoyMech).",
      "Continuous service in air is listed up to 925 °C by RoyMech; AGST gives up to 300 °C.",
      "Non-magnetic annealed stainless steel with a 200 GPa modulus (Elgiloy datasheet)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Heavy cold work lowers ductility sharply (fwmetals table) and makes the steel magnetic (AZoM).",
      "Welded and forged parts need annealing to keep full corrosion resistance (AZoM).",
      "The datasheets disagree on the maximum service temperature, on silicon, and on the EN and ASTM composition ranges.",
      "No space-environment data (outgassing, atomic oxygen, radiation) was found for this grade in the sources read."
    ],
    "verdict": "AISI 302 is a higher-carbon 18-8 austenitic stainless steel for springs, washers and wire, with a density of 7.90 g/cm3, a modulus of 200 GPa in the Elgiloy datasheet, and a typical annealed yield of 290 MPa. It is harder to weld than 304 and loses ductility under heavy cold work. Its service-temperature figures conflict between sources, and this profile has no sourced space-environment data.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "AISI 302 is an iron-based alloy of chromium and nickel with about 0.15 % carbon, the 18-8 type austenitic family. The composition ranges are the nominal ASTM limits printed in the Elgiloy datasheet, in weight percent. The Elgiloy datasheet notes that 304, which has lower carbon, has largely replaced 302 in use.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "The matrix of the alloy; the other elements are dissolved in it."
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Gives the stainless steel its corrosion and oxidation resistance."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Keeps the structure austenitic and non-magnetic in the annealed state."
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Higher than in 304; it raises strength and makes 302 useful for temper-rolled spring products (Elgiloy datasheet)."
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table."
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table; AZoM and fwmetals print 1.00 %."
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Minor element, listed as a maximum in the Elgiloy composition table."
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The only hazard statement in the sources is the North American Stainless SDS for stainless steel of all grades. It classes the solid alloy as an article and not hazardous in solid form.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Solid alloy",
            "line": "The NAS SDS says stainless steel is considered an article and not hazardous in its solid form. The SDS does not name AISI 302."
          },
          {
            "label": "Processing",
            "line": "The same SDS says cutting, milling, grinding, melting and welding can emit hazardous materials, and lists carcinogenicity Category 1B for the emitted elements."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Not classified as hazardous in solid form"
      },
      {
        "title": "If it fails",
        "lead": "The failure routes in these sources are qualitative or tied to processing: heavy cold work, cold forming and missed annealing.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Cold work",
            "line": "The fwmetals table shows elongation falling from 48 % at 0 % cold work to 2.2 % at 80 % cold work."
          },
          {
            "label": "Magnetism",
            "line": "The AZoM page says cold working makes the alloy magnetic, so annealing restores a non-magnetic condition."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Handling and storage",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Heat treatment",
            "line": "Solution anneal at 1000 to 1100 °C with air or water cooling, and stress relief at 250 °C for 1 hour."
          },
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "AZoM recommends resistance or shielded fusion welding with filler AWS E/ER308 or 312."
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-25",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 29,
    "unreachable": 1,
    "caveats": 5,
    "note": "Values read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-25 from the pages and PDFs named in each entry. Unreachable: makeitfrom.com (403). Caveats: the datasheets disagree on density, elastic modulus, service temperature, silicon and carbon limits; the Elgiloy datasheet is a PDF read through text extraction; supply shares are calculated from USGS tonnages; no grade-specific SDS was found."
  },
  "sources": {
    "elgiloy-302": {
      "title": "Elgiloy Specialty Metals, Alloy 302 Stainless Steel material datasheet",
      "id": "UNS S30200, REV 2024 06 04",
      "url": "https://www.elgiloy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/302-Alloy-Data-Sheet-06042024.pdf",
      "year": 2024,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "azom-302": {
      "title": "AZoM, Stainless Steel - Grade 302 (UNS S30200)",
      "id": "Article 8197",
      "url": "https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8197",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Reference article, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "alloywire-302": {
      "title": "Alloy Wire International, Stainless Steel 302",
      "id": "Alloy details, properties and designations",
      "url": "https://www.alloywire.us.com/alloys/stainless-steel-302/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "agst-4310": {
      "title": "AGST Draht & Biegetechnik, AISI 302 / EN 1.4310 data sheet",
      "id": "DIN EN ISO 6931-1 data sheet",
      "url": "https://www.agst.de/4310?lang=en",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier data sheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "roymech-302": {
      "title": "RoyMech, 302 Stainless Steel material properties",
      "id": "Ferrous metals, 302 stainless steel",
      "url": "https://www.roymech.co.uk/material-properties/metals/ferrous-metals/302-Stainless-Steel-Q000cQ",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "Reference page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "fwmetals-302": {
      "title": "fwmetals, 302 stainless steel (ASTM A313 chemical composition and physical properties)",
      "id": "ASTM A313 product page",
      "url": "https://www.fwmetals.com/what-we-do/materials/stainless-steel/302-stainless-steel",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier product page, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "hsm-stahl-1-4310": {
      "title": "HSM Stahl, 1.4310 material datasheet",
      "id": "Werkstoff 14310",
      "url": "https://www.hsm-stahl.de/en/werkstoff/14310/",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Supplier datasheet, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "nas-sds": {
      "title": "North American Stainless, Stainless Steel Products, All Grades, Safety Data Sheet",
      "id": "June 2015, revised March 2018",
      "url": "https://www.northamericanstainless.com/wp-content/uploads/NAS_SDS.pdf",
      "year": 2018,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "Manufacturer SDS, cited not reproduced"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-nickel": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel, USGS",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government, public domain"
    },
    "usgs-mcs2026-chromium": {
      "title": "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium, USGS",
      "id": "USGS MCS 2026",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "US government, public domain"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-302/"
}