{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "stainless-2507",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-duplex",
  "name": "Super duplex stainless steel 2507",
  "abbreviation": "2507 (UNS S32750)",
  "role": "corrosion-resistant structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "SAF 2507 (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410) is a super duplex stainless steel with a nominal 25 percent chromium, 7 percent nickel, 4 percent molybdenum and 0.3 percent nitrogen. Its structure is a mix of ferrite and austenite, with 35 to 55 percent ferrite in solution-annealed bar. Alleima gives a minimum pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) of 41 for bar and 42.5 for seamless tube, and a minimum proof strength of 550 MPa in its tube and bar datasheets. Its listed uses are seawater, offshore and subsea, oil and gas, and desalination equipment.\n",
  "best_for": "Chloride-bearing seawater, subsea and sour oil and gas service that needs high strength and pitting resistance, in solution-annealed tube, bar and forgings",
  "weakest_at": "Prolonged exposure above 250 °C, which lowers impact strength, and hydrogen-induced cracking in cathodically protected subsea steel",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance; nominal 25 Cr, 7 Ni, 4 Mo, 0.3 N (wt%); maximum 0.03 C, 1.2 Mn, 0.8 Si, 0.035 P, 0.015 S, 0.5 Cu (wt%)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S32750"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.4410"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "X2CrNiMoN25-7-4"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "SAF 2507"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A182 Grade F53",
        "note": "forgings from billets"
      }
    ],
    "source": "alleima-bar",
    "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table, bar datasheet. The UNS and EN numbers also appear in the Wikipedia SAF 2507 article."
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 550,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "minimum 0.2 percent offset (Rp0.2)"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, minimum as printed (≥550 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, Rp0.2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 480,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "100 °C",
        "basis": "minimum 0.2 percent offset (Rp0.2)"
      },
      "method": "High-temperature proof strength table, minimum as printed (100 °C row)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "At high temperatures, proof strength Rp0.2 minimum table, 100 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 395,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "300 °C",
        "basis": "minimum 0.2 percent offset (Rp0.2)"
      },
      "method": "High-temperature proof strength table, minimum as printed (300 °C row)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "At high temperatures, proof strength Rp0.2 minimum table, 300 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 530,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "forgings produced from billets (ASTM A182 values valid, as footnoted)",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "minimum 0.2 percent offset (Rp0.2)"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, minimum as printed (≥530, footnote c)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, Rp0.2 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 800,
      "value_high": 1000,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, range as printed (800-1000 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 760,
      "value_high": 930,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, solution annealed, quenched and peel-turned",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, range as printed (760-930 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "For sizes below 50 mm the datasheet gives Rm minimum 800 MPa.",
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, Tensile strength at 20 °C table, Rm",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 750,
      "value_high": 930,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "forgings produced from billets (ASTM A182 values valid, as footnoted)",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, range as printed (750-930 MPa, footnote c)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, Rm column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "gauge": "A, L0 = 5.65 times the square root of S0"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, minimum as printed (≥25)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, A column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "forgings produced from billets (ASTM A182 values valid, as footnoted)",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "gauge": "A, L0 = 5.65 times the square root of S0"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, minimum as printed (≥25)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, A column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 32,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "maximum"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, maximum as printed (≤32 HRC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, Hardness HRC column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 28,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "maximum"
      },
      "method": "Hardness line, maximum as printed (Max. 28HRC)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Hardness line, after the Impact strength section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 260,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "forgings produced from billets (ASTM A182 values valid, as footnoted)",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "approximate value as printed"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 °C, HB column (approx. 260)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, At 20 °C table, HB column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Modulus of elasticity table, 20 °C row (printed as 200 x 10^3 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Modulus of elasticity table, 20 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "300 °C"
      },
      "method": "Modulus of elasticity table, 300 °C row (printed as 180 x 10^3 MPa)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Modulus of elasticity table, 300 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "typical value as printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties section, Density line (printed 7.8 g/cm3)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Physical properties section, Density line",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 490,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Specific heat capacity table, 20 °C row (printed J/kg °C)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Physical properties, Specific heat capacity table, 20 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity table, 20 °C column (printed W/m °C)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table, SAF 2507 row, 20 column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 13.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "30 to 100 °C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "x10-6/°C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal expansion table, 30-100 °C column (printed x10-6/°C)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "The same table prints 16.5 for ASTM 316L and 12.5 for carbon steel over 30 to 100 °C.",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Thermal expansion table, 30-100 °C column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.83,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "μΩm",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "20 °C"
      },
      "method": "Resistivity table, 20 °C row (printed μΩm)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Resistivity table, 20 °C row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pren",
      "value": 42.5,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "minimum PRE; PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N"
      },
      "method": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, minimum PRE stated for seamless tubes",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, seamless tube minimum",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pren",
      "value": 41,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "general minimum for SAF 2507, product form not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated",
        "basis": "minimum PRE; PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N"
      },
      "method": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, minimum PRE value as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, minimum PRE sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "critical_crevice_temperature",
      "value": 64,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "environment": "natural seawater",
        "potential": "150 mV vs SCE",
        "step": "4 °C every 24 hours"
      },
      "method": "Crevice corrosion test in natural seawater, temperature raised until crevice corrosion occurred (CCT table)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Crevice corrosion section, CCT table, SAF 2507 row",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "critical_pitting_temperature",
      "value": 72.5,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "solution": "Green death: 1% FeCl3 + 1% CuCl2 + 11% H2SO4 + 1.2% HCl"
      },
      "method": "Critical pitting temperature table, Green death column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Critical pitting temperature table, Green death column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "critical_pitting_temperature",
      "value": 90,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe",
        "solution": "Yellow death: 0.1% Fe2(SO4)3 + 4% NaCl + 0.01 M HCl"
      },
      "method": "Critical pitting temperature table, Yellow death column (printed as >90)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Critical pitting temperature table, Yellow death column",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "critical_pitting_temperature",
      "value": 50,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM G48 method A, 6% FeCl3",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "form": "billet and forgings"
      },
      "method": "Corrosion resistance section, minimum temperature at which the test is passed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance section, ASTM G48 sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
        "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "value": 232,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "sour oil and gas service, ISO 15156 / NACE MR 0175",
        "h2s": "partial pressure at most 0.20 bar (3 psi)",
        "form": "wrought, solution annealed and rapidly cooled",
        "hardness": "max 32 HRC"
      },
      "method": "Sour environments paragraph, 450 °F (232 °C) as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Sour environments paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "embrittlement_temperature_limit",
      "value": 250,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (the bar datasheet gives the same limit)",
        "temperature": "prolonged exposure above 250 °C",
        "basis": "microstructure change that lowers impact strength"
      },
      "method": "Datasheet statement at high temperatures, 250 °C (480 °F) as printed",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "At high temperatures section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_energy",
      "value": 100,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, longitudinal Charpy V",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "20 °C",
        "basis": "average; single minimum 70 J"
      },
      "method": "Impact strength section, room temperature guarantee (minimum 100 J average)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Impact strength section, RT or 20 °C sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_energy",
      "value": 45,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "bar, over 200 to 250 mm diameter, longitudinal Charpy V",
        "temper": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "temperature": "-50 °C",
        "basis": "average; single minimum 35 J"
      },
      "method": "Impact strength section, guarantee at -50 °C (45 J average as printed)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Impact strength section, guarantee at -50 °C",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
        "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "impact_energy",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "gas-shielded arc weldments",
        "temperature": "-50 °C",
        "basis": "minimum as printed"
      },
      "method": "Impact strength section, weldment minimum at -50 °C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Impact strength section, weldment sentence",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
        "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Natural seawater, crevice corrosion",
      "headline": "Crevice corrosion started at 64 °C in natural seawater, against 61 °C for 6Mo+N in the same test.",
      "effect": "Alleima raised the temperature in 4 °C steps every 24 hours at 150 mV vs SCE until crevice corrosion occurred. The table gives 64 °C for SAF 2507 and 61 °C for 6Mo+N. Propagation rates of initiated crevice attack at 15 to 50 °C were about ten times lower for SAF 2507 than for 6Mo+N.",
      "rating": "moderate",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "natural seawater",
        "potential": "150 mV vs SCE",
        "step": "4 °C every 24 hours",
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe"
      },
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Crevice corrosion section and CCT table (SAF 2507 row)"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Ferric chloride pitting and crevice test, ASTM G48 method A",
      "headline": "Passes ASTM G48 method A at 50 °C or higher in the solution annealed and quenched condition.",
      "effect": "The billet page says SAF 2507 passes the pitting and crevice test at a minimum of 50 °C. The bar datasheet shows its G48 critical temperatures only in a figure, so no bar value is used.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM G48 method A, 6% FeCl3",
        "condition": "solution annealed and quenched",
        "form": "billet and forgings"
      },
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance section, ASTM G48 sentence"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride stress corrosion cracking",
      "headline": "No cracking at 1000 ppm chloride and 300 °C, or 10000 ppm chloride and 250 °C.",
      "effect": "Alleima reports no SCC up to 1000 ppm Cl- at 300 °C and 10000 ppm Cl- at 250 °C. Parent metal and welds in boiling 45% MgCl2 at 155 °C have a threshold stress of about 50 percent of proof strength (ASTM G36). U-bend specimens in hot 25% NaCl brine at 108 °C for 1000 hours did not crack.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "chloride": "1000 ppm at 300 °C; 10000 ppm at 250 °C",
        "test": "boiling 45% MgCl2 at 155 °C (ASTM G36)",
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe"
      },
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sour oil and gas service (H2S)",
      "headline": "Suitable up to 232 °C in sour service when the H2S partial pressure is at most 0.20 bar.",
      "effect": "Solution annealed and rapidly cooled wrought SAF 2507 is suitable up to 232 °C (450 °F) under ISO 15156 / NACE MR 0175 if the H2S partial pressure does not exceed 0.20 bar (3 psi). Under NACE MR0103 it is suitable for sour petroleum refining at a maximum hardness of 32 HRC.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "up to 232 °C",
        "h2s": "at most 0.20 bar (3 psi)",
        "hardness": "max 32 HRC",
        "condition": "solution annealed and rapidly cooled"
      },
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Sour environments paragraph"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Organic acids",
      "headline": "Under 0.05 mm/year in 10% formic acid and 50% acetic acid, where 316L is above 0.2 mm/year.",
      "effect": "Alleima says SAF 2507 is highly resistant to organic acids, with under 0.05 mm/year in 10% formic and 50% acetic acid, where ASTM 316L corrodes above 0.2 mm/year. Contaminated acid also leaves it resistant.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "acids": "10% formic and 50% acetic",
        "comparison": "ASTM 316L above 0.2 mm/year",
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe"
      },
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "General corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Intergranular attack after welding",
      "headline": "Passes the Strauss test (ASTM A262 practice E) without reservations.",
      "effect": "The billet page says the composition re-forms austenite quickly in the weld heat-affected zone, which gives good resistance to intergranular corrosion. SAF 2507 passes ASTM A262 Practice E (Strauss test) without reservations.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "test": "ASTM A262 practice E (Strauss test)",
        "form": "billet and forgings"
      },
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Corrosion resistance section, ASTM A262 sentence"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue",
      "headline": "Excellent resistance, better than standard austenitic grades (qualitative only).",
      "effect": "The bar datasheet says the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance give excellent resistance to erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue, compared with standard austenitic grades. It prints no test numbers.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "basis": "qualitative statement, no test numbers printed"
      },
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride pitting (PRE index), bar datasheet",
      "headline": "Minimum PRE of 41 for SAF 2507; UNS S31260 is typically 38.",
      "effect": "Alleima defines PRE as %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N and says it is equal in ferrite and austenite. The bar datasheet gives 41 as the minimum PRE for SAF 2507 and typically 38 for UNS S31260 (25Cr3Mo0.2N).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "formula": "PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N",
        "basis": "weight percent, minimum"
      },
      "source": "alleima-bar",
      "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride pitting (PRE index), tube datasheet",
      "headline": "Minimum PRE of 42.5 for seamless tube; 25Cr3Mo0.2N is 33 at minimum.",
      "effect": "The tube datasheet gives 42.5 as the minimum PRE for SAF 2507 seamless tubes, and 33 as the minimum for 25Cr3Mo0.2N (UNS S31260).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "formula": "PRE = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N",
        "basis": "weight percent, minimum"
      },
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Pitting and crevice corrosion section, PRE values"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem's aggregated GHS list for elemental nickel gives H317, H351, H372 and H412, with signal word Danger. PubChem also says 0.1 percent of 4,778 company reports do not meet GHS criteria. These cover the element, not the alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H351",
          "H372",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 935)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem notes for elemental chromium include H317, H319 and H334, with signal word Danger. 50 percent of 2,404 company reports say the element does not meet GHS hazard criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H319",
          "H334"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-chromium",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 23976)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem notes for elemental molybdenum include H315, H319 and H335, with signal word Warning. 57.4 percent of 1,523 company reports say the element does not meet GHS hazard criteria.",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-molybdenum",
        "where": "GHS Classification, Hazard Statements (CID 23932)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "Crevice and pitting attack in hot chloride seawater",
        "trigger": "Chloride seawater or process fluid in crevices, at temperatures above the crevice test result",
        "consequence": "Alleima's natural seawater test gave crevice corrosion at 64 °C at 150 mV vs SCE, so crevices are a design limit at warm temperatures",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Crevice corrosion section and CCT table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of impact strength after prolonged exposure above 250 °C",
        "trigger": "Prolonged service above 250 °C",
        "consequence": "The microstructure changes and impact strength falls. Alleima says this may not change behaviour at the operating temperature.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-bar",
        "where": "Impact strength section, At higher temperatures"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Hydrogen-induced stress cracking on cathodically protected subsea steel",
        "trigger": "High tensile stress on subsea steel under cathodic protection, with coarse austenite spacing",
        "consequence": "Hydrogen diffuses fastest in ferrite, so cracks run in the ferrite phase. Alleima says the risk falls when austenite spacing is under 30 µm (DNV RP-F112). Cold-pilgered, solution-annealed tubes with 5 to 15 µm spacing resisted cracking at 130 percent of yield.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Sour service outside the stated limits",
        "trigger": "H2S partial pressure above 0.20 bar (3 psi), temperature above 232 °C, or hardness above 32 HRC",
        "consequence": "Outside those limits Alleima gives no suitability statement for sour oil and gas service",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Sour environments paragraph"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Bending needs a slightly higher starting force than ASTM 304L or 316L. If service is near the stress-corrosion limit, heat treat after cold bending (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Expanding into tubesheets needs more initial force and should be done in one operation. Weld tube-to-tubesheet joints where chloride is high (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Fabrication, Expanding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "TIG is the first choice for welding. Use 0.2 to 1.5 kJ/mm heat input, keep the interpass under 150 °C, and do not preheat. Post-weld heat treatment is normally not needed (bar datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-bar",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Recommended filler metals are of the 25.10.4.L type, such as ISO 14343 S 25 9 4 N L or AWS A5.9 ER2594 (bar datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-bar",
        "where": "Welding section, recommended filler metals"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machining is harder than for austenitic grades: difficult chip control, high cutting forces and tool wear (bar datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-bar",
        "where": "Machining section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Hot bending is carried out at 1125 to 1025 °C, followed by solution annealing (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Fabrication, Bending section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "Solution anneal at 1050 to 1125 °C and quench in air or water. This restores the microstructure free of grain-boundary carbides and intermetallic phases (bar and tube datasheets).",
        "source": "alleima-bar",
        "where": "Heat Treatment and Microstructure sections"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep prolonged service at or below 250 °C. For pressure vessels the maximum is 250 °C under VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609 (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "At high temperatures section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Keep austenite spacing under 30 µm for resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking under cathodic protection, as DNV RP-F112 recommends (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking section"
      },
      {
        "text": "For sour service, specify solution-annealed, rapidly cooled wrought material with hardness at most 32 HRC (tube datasheet).",
        "source": "alleima-tube",
        "where": "Sour environments paragraph"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Subsea umbilicals and offshore oil and gas tubing",
      "example": "Alleima lists hydraulic and process fluid tubes in umbilicals, and chloride-containing seawater handling and process systems, for oil and gas exploration and production.",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Typical applications for SAF 2507 table, oil and gas row"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Seawater cooling tubing and desalination pressure vessels",
      "example": "Alleima lists heat-exchanger tubing that uses seawater or chlorinated seawater as coolant, pressure vessels for reverse osmosis units, and tube and pipe for seawater transport.",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Typical applications for SAF 2507 table, seawater cooling and desalination rows"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Propeller shafts and high-load parts in seawater",
      "example": "Alleima lists propeller shafts and other products under high mechanical load in seawater and other chloride-containing environments.",
      "source": "alleima-tube",
      "where": "Typical applications for SAF 2507 table, mechanical components row"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Forged flanges and fittings to ASTM A182 Grade F53",
      "example": "The billet page says billets are suitable for further production to ASTM A182 Grade F53. The tube datasheet lists flanges and fittings to ASTM A182.",
      "source": "alleima-billet",
      "where": "Forging billets section, ASTM A182 Grade F53 sentence"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel",
      "abundance": "World mine production 3,900,000 metric tons of nickel content in 2025 (estimated), with reserves above 140,000,000 tons. Stainless and alloy steel plus nickel-containing alloys take more than 85 percent of US consumption. US net import reliance was 41 percent in 2025 (estimated).",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 3.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025. Most secondary nickel is stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction (USGS 2026).",
        "Titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments (USGS 2026)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-nickel-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e, nickel content); Salient Statistics; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium",
      "abundance": "World mine production about 51,000 thousand metric tons of ore, gross weight, in 2025 (estimated). World resources are greater than 12 billion tons of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa. US net import reliance was 79 percent in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports for 2021 to 2024 came 96 percent from South Africa.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-chromium-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e, gross weight); World Resources; Salient Statistics; Import Sources (2021-24); Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum",
      "abundance": "World mine production 260,000 metric tons of molybdenum content in 2025 (estimated). China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico produce 90 percent of the total. China imposed export controls on molybdenum powders in February 2025. The United States is a net exporter.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Molybdenum in new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply (USGS 2026).",
      "substitutes": [
        "There is little substitution for molybdenum in steels. Potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium (USGS 2026)."
      ],
      "source": "usgs-molybdenum-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table (2025e, molybdenum content); Events, Trends, and Issues; Recycling; Substitutes"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53 sentence, billet mechanical and physical data)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "Melting range, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus and bulk modulus are not printed in the fetched Alleima datasheets, the Wikipedia article or the USGS pages, so they are not given.",
    "The Alleima bar datasheet shows its ASTM G48 critical temperatures only in a figure, so no bar value is used. The crevice and pitting values come from the tube datasheet tables and the billet sentence.",
    "No Outokumpu 2507 datasheet was opened because the ULProspector page needs an account. Alleima is the only manufacturer datasheet source for this profile.",
    "Values are given per product form: seamless tube and pipe (walls up to 20 mm), bar, and billet forgings (ASTM A182 values as footnoted). No value is given for forgings above the bar range.",
    "Fatigue strength and corrosion-fatigue values are printed only as figures in the datasheets, so none is recorded.",
    "The 475 °C embrittlement window and sigma-phase data are not in any fetched source for this profile. The only limit recorded is Alleima's 250 °C prolonged-exposure statement.",
    "Hardness, PRE, critical crevice and pitting temperatures, the embrittlement limit and impact energy are not canonical property names. Short snake_case names are used for them.",
    "No safety data sheet for the alloy was read. Hazard data are PubChem element records for nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Single-notification entries in those records were not used.",
    "critical_lists are empty: the USGS 2025 critical-minerals list and the EU critical raw materials list were not read in this run.",
    "Supply shares are mine production only, not refining or smelting, and are calculated from the printed tonnages.",
    "The AZoM 2507 page is a supplier listing with no property values, so it is not cited."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "SAF 2507 is a super duplex stainless steel made for chloride-bearing service. Its mix of ferrite and austenite, with about 25 percent chromium, 4 percent molybdenum and 0.3 percent nitrogen, gives a minimum pitting resistance equivalent of 41 in bar and 42.5 in seamless tube. Its minimum proof strength is 550 MPa, and Alleima says its proof and tensile strength are higher than those of austenitic grades. It is sold for seawater cooling, subsea umbilicals and desalination equipment. Its main limits are long exposure above 250 °C, which lowers impact strength, and hydrogen cracking in cathodically protected subsea steel.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Offshore and subsea",
        "line": "Alleima lists hydraulic and process fluid tubes in umbilicals, and seawater handling and process systems, for oil and gas production."
      },
      {
        "where": "Seawater cooling and desalination",
        "line": "Alleima lists heat-exchanger tubing that uses seawater as coolant, pressure vessels for reverse osmosis units, and tube and pipe for seawater transport."
      },
      {
        "where": "Propeller shafts",
        "line": "Alleima lists propeller shafts and other high-load parts in seawater and chloride environments."
      },
      {
        "where": "Flanges and fittings to ASTM A182 Grade F53",
        "line": "The billet page says billets are suited to further production to ASTM A182 Grade F53. The tube datasheet lists flanges and fittings to ASTM A182."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum proof strength is 550 MPa in the tube datasheet at 20 °C. Tensile strength is 800 to 1000 MPa for tube and 760 to 930 MPa for bar.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Pitting",
        "line": "Minimum PRE is 41 in the bar datasheet and 42.5 in seamless tube. UNS S31260 is typically 38.",
        "benchmark": "pren",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Seawater crevices",
        "line": "In Alleima's natural seawater test, crevice corrosion starts at 64 °C, against 61 °C for 6Mo+N.",
        "benchmark": "critical_crevice_temperature",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Cold toughness",
        "line": "The bar datasheet guarantees 45 J average at -50 °C for large sizes, with 35 J as the single minimum.",
        "benchmark": "impact_energy",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Against UNS S31260, the 25 percent chromium duplex that Alleima gives a typical PRE of 38 (bar) and a minimum of 33 (tube), SAF 2507 has a minimum PRE of 41 in bar and 42.5 in tube. Against austenitic grades, Alleima says its proof and tensile strength are higher. Its thermal expansion is 13.5 over 30 to 100 °C, against 16.5 for ASTM 316L and 12.5 for carbon steel in the same table. In Alleima's natural seawater test its crevice corrosion temperature is 64 °C, against 61 °C for 6Mo+N.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Proof strength (Rp0.2)",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength (Rm)",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Pitting resistance (PRE)",
        "benchmark": "pren",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Weld with TIG first, at 0.2 to 1.5 kJ/mm heat input, an interpass limit of 150 °C and no preheat (bar datasheet).",
      "Solution anneal at 1050 to 1125 °C and quench if further processing needs heat treatment (tube datasheet).",
      "Machining is harder than for austenitic grades: chip control, cutting force and tool wear all need dedicated tools (bar datasheet)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Seawater cooling, desalination and chloride process plant, where Alleima lists tube, pipe and pressure vessels.",
      "Subsea and offshore hydraulic and process tubing in umbilicals, and propeller shafts in seawater.",
      "Sour oil and gas service up to 232 °C where H2S is at most 0.20 bar and hardness is at most 32 HRC."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "Prolonged exposure above 250 °C lowers impact strength. The pressure-vessel limit in the datasheet is 250 °C.",
      "Cathodically protected subsea steel can crack from hydrogen under high tensile stress. The datasheet says the risk falls when austenite spacing is under 30 µm.",
      "Crevice attack in seawater starts at 64 °C under Alleima's test conditions, so crevice design still matters in warm service.",
      "No safety data sheet for the alloy was read. The hazard data are PubChem records for its elements, not supplier classifications."
    ],
    "verdict": "SAF 2507 is a strong, chloride-resistant duplex choice for seawater, subsea and sour oil and gas parts. Keep prolonged temperatures under 250 °C, and design out crevices and hydrogen-cracking risk under cathodic protection.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "SAF 2507 is an iron-based duplex stainless steel. Its nominal recipe, in weight percent, is 25 chromium, 7 nickel, 4 molybdenum and 0.3 nitrogen, with iron as the balance. Carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and copper are held to the maxima in the datasheet table. Solution annealing at 1050 to 1125 °C and quenching gives 35 to 55 percent ferrite.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Matrix of the alloy, shared between ferrite and austenite.",
          "share_note": "balance"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the passive film. With molybdenum and nitrogen it sets the PRE.",
          "share_percent": 25,
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Stabilises austenite, balancing the two phases.",
          "share_percent": 7,
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Adds pitting and crevice resistance; weighted 3.3 in the PRE formula.",
          "share_percent": 4,
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Adds strength and stabilises austenite; weighted 16 in the PRE formula.",
          "share_percent": 0.3,
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Kept low to limit chromium carbides at grain boundaries.",
          "share_note": "max 0.03",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Deoxidiser and austenite former in the melt.",
          "share_note": "max 1.2",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Deoxidiser in the melt.",
          "share_note": "max 0.8",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity held low.",
          "share_note": "max 0.035",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulfur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity held low.",
          "share_note": "max 0.015",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        },
        {
          "name": "Copper",
          "symbol": "Cu",
          "role": "Impurity held low.",
          "share_note": "max 0.5",
          "source": "alleima-bar",
          "where": "Chemical composition (nominal) table"
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "The hazard data are PubChem records for the three main elements. They are aggregated notifications, not a supplier classification.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "PubChem's aggregated GHS list for elemental nickel gives H317, H351, H372 and H412, with signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chromium",
            "line": "PubChem notes for elemental chromium include H317, H319 and H334, with signal word Danger."
          },
          {
            "label": "Molybdenum",
            "line": "PubChem notes for elemental molybdenum include H315, H319 and H335, with signal word Warning."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "No safety data sheet read for the alloy"
      },
      {
        "title": "In seawater",
        "lead": "Crevice and pitting attack are the main failure routes in seawater. Hydrogen cracking is the main risk on cathodically protected subsea steel.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Crevice",
            "line": "Alleima's natural seawater test (150 mV vs SCE, 4 °C steps every 24 hours) gave crevice corrosion at 64 °C."
          },
          {
            "label": "Hydrogen",
            "line": "Hydrogen-induced cracking can occur in cathodically protected subsea steel under high tensile stress. Cracks run in the ferrite. The datasheet says the risk falls when austenite spacing is under 30 µm."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Chloride crevices are the watch point"
      },
      {
        "title": "Hot service",
        "lead": "The change is in the microstructure. Alleima says it may not change how the material behaves at its operating temperature.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Limit",
            "line": "The datasheet gives 250 °C as the prolonged-exposure limit and as the pressure-vessel maximum under VdTÜV-Wb 508 and NGS 1609."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sour service",
            "line": "Sour oil and gas service is allowed up to 232 °C when H2S is at most 0.20 bar (3 psi) and hardness is at most 32 HRC."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Long exposure above 250 °C lowers toughness"
      },
      {
        "title": "Fabrication",
        "lead": "Weldability is good. Heat input, bending and tube expansion each need care.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Welding",
            "line": "Use 0.2 to 1.5 kJ/mm heat input, keep the interpass below 150 °C, and avoid preheat (bar datasheet)."
          },
          {
            "label": "Bending",
            "line": "Hot bending at 1125 to 1025 °C, followed by solution annealing (tube datasheet)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Controlled heat input is enough"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 30,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 3,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: Alleima SAF 2507 bar datasheet (updated 23 Feb 2026), Alleima SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet (updated 16 Feb 2026), Alleima SAF 2507 forging billet page (ASTM A182 Grade F53 values), Wikipedia SAF 2507, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 for nickel, chromium and molybdenum, and PubChem GHS records for nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Each value carries its product form and temperature in conditions."
  },
  "sources": {
    "alleima-bar": {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 bar datasheet (UNS S32750, EN 1.4410)",
      "id": "SAF 2507 bar, last updated 23 Feb 2026",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/bar-and-hollow-bar/bar/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-tube": {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 seamless tube and pipe datasheet",
      "id": "SAF 2507 tube and pipe, last updated 16 Feb 2026",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2507/?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-billet": {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2507 forging billets (ASTM A182 Grade F53)",
      "id": "SAF 2507 billets",
      "url": "https://alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/billets/saf-2507",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-saf2507": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: SAF 2507",
      "id": "SAF 2507",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAF_2507",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-nickel-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "mcs2026-nickel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-chromium-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "id": "mcs2026-chromium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-molybdenum-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "id": "mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-chromium": {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23976",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-molybdenum": {
      "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23932",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-2507/"
}