{
  "spore": "profile",
  "id": "stainless-2205",
  "spore_version": "0.2",
  "family": "stainless-duplex",
  "name": "Duplex stainless steel 2205",
  "abbreviation": "2205 (UNS S32205)",
  "role": "structural alloy",
  "category": "metals",
  "type": "steels-and-stainless",
  "summary": "Duplex 2205 is an austenite-ferrite stainless steel with 22 to 23 percent chromium, 3.0 to 3.5 percent molybdenum and 0.14 to 0.20 percent nitrogen (ASTM A240, UNS S32205). ATI gives a typical PREN of 35.8, and the minimum 0.2 percent proof strength for plate is 450 MPa (ATI, ICAST). It resists chloride stress corrosion cracking substantially better than 300-series steels, but ATI says the 343 to 530 C range must be avoided in fabrication and service.",
  "best_for": "Chloride-bearing and sour service where 300-series steels crack, in welded pipe, tube, sheet and plate (ATI, Alleima)",
  "weakest_at": "Extended exposure at 343 to 530 C (475 C embrittlement), welds made with straight chromium filler, and sour service above 232 C (ATI, Alleima)",
  "identity": {
    "formula": "Fe balance, 22.0 to 23.0 Cr, 4.5 to 6.5 Ni, 3.0 to 3.5 Mo, 0.14 to 0.20 N, max 0.030 C, max 2.0 Mn, max 1.0 Si, max 0.030 P, max 0.020 S (wt%, ASTM A240 UNS S32205)",
    "designations": [
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S32205"
      },
      {
        "system": "UNS",
        "code": "S31803"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "1.4462"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN name",
        "code": "X2CrNiMoN 22-5-3"
      },
      {
        "system": "DIN",
        "code": "X2CrNiMoN 22 5 3"
      },
      {
        "system": "SS",
        "code": "2377"
      },
      {
        "system": "AFNOR",
        "code": "Z2.CND22.05.03"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A240",
        "note": "plate, sheet and strip"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASME",
        "code": "SA-240",
        "note": "plate, sheet and strip"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A790",
        "note": "seamless and welded pipe"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A789",
        "note": "seamless and welded tube"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "10216-5",
        "note": "seamless tube"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "NFA 49-217",
        "note": "seamless tube"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A815",
        "note": "fittings"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A276",
        "note": "bar and shapes"
      },
      {
        "system": "ASTM",
        "code": "A479",
        "note": "bar"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "10088-2",
        "note": "plate, sheet and strip"
      },
      {
        "system": "EN",
        "code": "10088-3",
        "note": "bar, shapes and forged billets"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "SAF 2205",
        "note": "Alleima"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "ATI 2205",
        "note": "ATI"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "Alloy 2205",
        "note": "Langley"
      },
      {
        "system": "Name",
        "code": "2205 Duplex",
        "note": "Rolled Alloys"
      }
    ],
    "source": "icast-s32205",
    "where": "Chemical Composition table (ASTM A240 UNS S32205)"
  },
  "tags": {
    "environments": [],
    "stresses": [],
    "applications": [
      "structures",
      "mechanisms"
    ]
  },
  "properties": [
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.82,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed on the page",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Product table, printed as 0.283 lb/in3 and 7.82 g/cm3 (same for plate, sheet and strip)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-product",
      "where": "Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables (Density row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
        "id": "ati-2205",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "density",
      "value": 7.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "g/cm3",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties section, printed as 7.8 g/cm3 and 0.28 lb/in3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Physical properties section (density line)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 200,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Modulus of elasticity table, printed as 200 (x10^3 MPa) and 29.0 ksi at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Physical properties, Modulus of elasticity table (20 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 180,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "GPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "300 C"
      },
      "method": "Modulus of elasticity table, 300 C row printed as 180 (x10^3 MPa) and 26.2 ksi at 600 F",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Physical properties, Modulus of elasticity table (300 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
      "value": 190,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "kN/mm2",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties block, Young's Modulus printed as 190 kN/mm2",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from Alleima 200 GPa at 20 C; both kept, not averaged",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties block (Young's Modulus row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "poissons_ratio",
      "value": 0.3,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "not stated"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, Poisson Ratio row printed as 0.3",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (Poisson Ratio row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
        "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 14,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/(m °C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Thermal conductivity table, metric units, SAF 2205 row, 20 C column",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal conductivity table (metric, SAF 2205 row, 20 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity",
      "value": 15,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "W/m.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties block, printed as 15 W/m.K at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from Alleima 14 W/(m °C) at 20 C; both kept, not averaged",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties block (Thermal conductivity row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 13,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "30 to 100 C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "X10-6 per C (mean over the range)"
      },
      "method": "Thermal expansion table, metric units, SAF 2205 row, 30-100 C column, printed as 13.0 (X10-6 per C)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Thermal expansion table (metric, SAF 2205 row, 30-100 C column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "cte",
      "value": 11,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6/K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "20 to 300 C mean",
        "unit_in_source": "10-6 m/m/C"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties block, mean coefficient printed as 11 x 10-6 m/m/C for 20 to 300 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Temperature range differs from Alleima 13.0 for 30 to 100 C; both kept",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties block (Mean coefficient of thermal expansion row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 480,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/(kg °C)",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Specific heat capacity table, printed as 480 J/(kg °C) at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Specific heat capacity table (20 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "specific_heat",
      "value": 400,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "J/kg.K",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties block, printed as 400 J/kg.K at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from Alleima 480 J/(kg °C) at 20 C; both kept, not averaged",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties block (Specific Heat row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.74,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6 ohm.m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe (SAF 2205 datasheet)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "micro-ohm m, printed as μΩm"
      },
      "method": "Resistivity table, printed as 0.74 μΩm at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Resistivity table (20 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "electrical_resistivity",
      "value": 0.85,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "10-6 ohm.m",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "20 C",
        "unit_in_source": "µΩ.m"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties block, Specific Electrical Resistance printed as 0.85 µΩ.m at 20 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Differs from Alleima 0.74 at 20 C; both kept, not averaged",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties block (Specific Electrical Resistance row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "melting_point",
      "value": 2525,
      "value_high": 2625,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "°F",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "not stated",
        "temperature": "melting range",
        "unit_in_source": "°F, printed as 2525 - 2625"
      },
      "method": "Physical properties table, Melting Range row, printed in °F only (2525 - 2625 F)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed in imperial units only; converted to °C on import",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Physical Properties table (Melting Range row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
        "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed on the page",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Product table, minimum printed as 65 ksi min and 450 MPa min",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-product",
      "where": "Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables (Yield Strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
        "id": "ati-2205",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 450,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealing (ICAST heat treatment column)",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table, Yield Strength in MPa, minimum 450",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-s32205",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Yield Strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S32205 chemical composition and mechanical summary",
        "id": "ASTM A240 UNS S32205",
        "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S32205.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 485,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 C, Rp0.2 printed as min 485 MPa (wall above 20 mm may be slightly lower)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, 20 C table (Rp0.2 column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 895,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, cold worked for oil and gas production",
        "heat_treatment": "cold worked, no subsequent heat treatment",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Cold-worked seamless tube table, Rp0.2 printed as min 895 MPa (130 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, cold-worked seamless tube and pipe table",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 280,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealed (mechanical properties section)",
        "temperature": "300 C"
      },
      "method": "Proof strength table versus temperature, minimum Rp0.2 at 300 C, metric units",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "At high temperatures, proof strength table (300 C row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "yield_strength",
      "value": 48.5,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "ksi",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate (Rolled Alloys minimum elevated tensile table)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "302 F (150 C)"
      },
      "method": "Minimum elevated tensile properties, plate, 0.2 percent yield at 302 F printed as 48.5 ksi",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Minimum Elevated Tensile Properties, Plate table (302 F row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
        "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 655,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed on the page",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Product table, minimum printed as 95 ksi min and 655 MPa min",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-product",
      "where": "Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables (Tensile Strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
        "id": "ati-2205",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 655,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealing (ICAST heat treatment column)",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table, Tensile Strength in MPa, minimum 655",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-s32205",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Tensile Strength row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S32205 chemical composition and mechanical summary",
        "id": "ASTM A240 UNS S32205",
        "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S32205.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 680,
      "value_high": 880,
      "bound": "range",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, wall up to 20 mm",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealed",
        "temperature": "20 C"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table at 20 C, Rm printed as 680-880 MPa",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, 20 C table (Rm column)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
      "value": 965,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "seamless tube and pipe, cold worked for oil and gas production",
        "heat_treatment": "cold worked, no subsequent heat treatment",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Cold-worked seamless tube table, Rm printed as min 965 MPa (140 ksi)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Mechanical properties, cold-worked seamless tube and pipe table",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "elongation",
      "value": 25,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "%",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed on the page",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Product table, minimum printed as 25% min",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-product",
      "where": "Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables (Elongation row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
        "id": "ati-2205",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 293,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HB",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealing (ICAST heat treatment column)",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Mechanical properties table, Hardness in BHN 293 max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "icast-s32205",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties table (Hardness row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S32205 chemical composition and mechanical summary",
        "id": "ASTM A240 UNS S32205",
        "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S32205.pdf",
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "hardness",
      "value": 31,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "HRC",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet and strip (ASTM A240, UNS S32205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed on the page",
        "temperature": "not printed"
      },
      "method": "Product table, printed as 31 HRC max",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-product",
      "where": "Plate, Sheet and Strip product tables (Hardness row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
        "id": "ati-2205",
        "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "value": 316,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "plate, sheet, strip, seamless tube and pipe (ASME Section VIII Division 1, UNS S31803)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "maximum 600 F (316 C)"
      },
      "method": "ASME Section VIII Division 1 approval limit for S31803, printed in the mechanical properties text",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Mechanical Properties section, ASME approval paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 2205 Technical Data Sheet, version 4 (2015): Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205)",
        "id": "ati_2205_tds_en_v4",
        "url": "https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/duplex/ati_2205_tds_en_v4.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "max_service_temp",
      "value": 280,
      "bound": "upper",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "pressure vessel applications (VdTÜV-Wb 418 and NGS 1606)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "280 C (540 F) maximum for prolonged exposure"
      },
      "method": "Printed maximum for pressure vessel applications; prolonged exposure above 280 C changes the microstructure",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "At high temperatures section",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pitting_resistance_equivalent",
      "value": 35.8,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "typical ATI 2205 composition (minimum Cr 22.0, Mo 3.1, Ni 5.5, N 0.15)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "not applicable"
      },
      "method": "Printed typical PREN in the general properties text",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Typical value, not a minimum (ATI says so)",
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "General Properties, first page (typical PREN)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "ATI 2205 Technical Data Sheet, version 4 (2015): Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205)",
        "id": "ati_2205_tds_en_v4",
        "url": "https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/duplex/ati_2205_tds_en_v4.pdf",
        "year": 2015,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pitting_resistance_equivalent",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "nominal composition Cr 22, Mo 3.2, N 0.18 (SAF 2205)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "not applicable"
      },
      "method": "PRE table, SAF 2205 row, printed as greater than 35 (PRE = Cr + 3.3 Mo + 16 N)",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Printed as greater than 35 on nominal composition",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Pitting corrosion section, PRE table (SAF 2205 row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pitting_resistance_equivalent",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "2205 alloy (Rolled Alloys PREn table)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "not applicable"
      },
      "method": "Chloride Corrosion table, PREn printed as 35 for 2205 (PREn = Cr% + 3.3 x (Mo% + 0.5 x W%) + 16 x N%)",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Chloride Corrosion table (2205 row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
        "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "pitting_resistance_equivalent",
      "value": 34,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "-",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "Alloy 2205, composition basis not stated",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealed (Langley supply condition)",
        "temperature": "not applicable"
      },
      "method": "Introduction text and Product Comparison table, PREN printed as 34",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "Composition basis not stated; differs from 35.8 typical (ATI)",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Introduction text and Product Comparison table (PREN row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
        "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
        "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
        "year": 2017,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "critical_pitting_temperature",
      "value": 35,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "°C",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "2205 alloy (Rolled Alloys table)",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "35 C critical pitting temperature",
        "test": "ASTM G48 in 6 percent ferric chloride"
      },
      "method": "Chloride Corrosion table, CPT printed as 95 F (35 C) for 2205, measured in 6% ferric chloride per ASTM G48",
      "status": "ground",
      "note": "ASTM G48 result; ATI quotes a different ASTM G 150 test",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Chloride Corrosion table (CPT column, 2205 row)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
        "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
        "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "fatigue_strength",
      "value": 430,
      "bound": "exact",
      "unit": "MPa",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "rotary bending specimen without notch",
        "heat_treatment": "not printed",
        "temperature": "40 C",
        "environment": "3 percent NaCl, pH 7, 6000 rpm",
        "cycles": "2 x 10^7"
      },
      "method": "Corrosion fatigue table, printed as 430 MPa (62 ksi) for SAF 2205 without notch after 2 x 10^7 cycles",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Corrosion fatigue table (SAF 2205 row, specimen without notch)",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy",
      "value": 27,
      "bound": "lower",
      "unit": "J",
      "scope": "material",
      "conditions": {
        "form": "gas-shielded arc welded material (weld metal and heat-affected zone)",
        "heat_treatment": "as welded",
        "temperature": "-50 C",
        "test": "Charpy V notch"
      },
      "method": "Welding impact text, minimum impact strength of 27 J (20 lb) at -50 C",
      "status": "ground",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Impact strength section, welded material paragraph",
      "source_detail": {
        "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
        "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
        "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
        "year": 2026,
        "kind": "datasheet",
        "license": "cited, not reproduced"
      }
    }
  ],
  "corrosion": [
    {
      "environment": "Seawater service, minimum PREN by alloy family",
      "headline": "Rolled Alloys calls a minimum PREN of 40 typical for duplex stainless steels in seawater (45 for austenitic, 35 for ferritic), and says PREN is unsuitable for specification.",
      "effect": "Rolled Alloys says that for seawater service austenitic stainless steels with a minimum PREn of 45, duplex stainless steels with a minimum PREn of 40, and ferritic stainless steels with a minimum PREn of 35 are typically considered suitable. It also says PREn is unsuitable for specification purposes and gives only a general ranking of alloys.",
      "rating": "unknown",
      "conditions": {
        "criterion": "minimum PREn by family for seawater service (typically considered suitable)",
        "limit": "PREn is a ranking, not a specification"
      },
      "source": "rolled-pren",
      "where": "Comparing Alloys with PREn section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride stress corrosion cracking, chloride-bearing service",
      "headline": "Ferrite phase gives resistance, substantially better than 300-series steels",
      "effect": "ATI says the ferrite phase in ATI 2205 provides resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, making it substantially better than standard 300 series austenitic stainless steels. Duplex grades are often preferred over austenitics where chloride SCC is a problem. The datasheet shows this comparison as a graph, which was not read as numbers.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "chloride-bearing service",
        "temperature": "not stated in the text"
      },
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Corrosion Properties, Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance section"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride stress corrosion cracking, CaCl2 and neutral chloride tests",
      "headline": "TP304L and TP316L prone above 60 C; SAF 2205 much more resistant",
      "effect": "Alleima says ASTM TP304L and TP316L are prone to stress corrosion cracking in chloride-bearing solutions above 60 C (140 F). Constant-load specimens loaded to proof strength (Figure 7) show 2205 with low susceptibility over a temperature and chloride range. In 40 percent CaCl2 at pH 6.5 and 100 C, aerated (Figure 8), 2205 resists SCC much better than TP304L and TP316L. Tests ran to failure or to a maximum of 500 h.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "40 percent CaCl2, pH 6.5, aerated; neutral chloride solutions with about 8 ppm oxygen (Figure 7)",
        "temperature": "100 C in the CaCl2 test; austenitic threshold above 60 C"
      },
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) section, Figures 7 and 8"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Chloride pitting and crevice corrosion",
      "headline": "PREN 35 and critical pitting temperature 35 C (ASTM G48, 6 percent FeCl3)",
      "effect": "Rolled Alloys gives PREn 35 for 2205 against 24 for 316/316L and 28 for 317/317L. Its critical pitting temperature is 95 F (35 C) against 50 F (10 C) for 316/316L, measured in 6 percent ferric chloride per ASTM G48. Alleima's PRE table gives 24 for TP316L and, for UNS S31803, chromium 21.0 to 23.0, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.50 and nitrogen 0.08 to 0.20 with PRE above 30. Alleima says 2205 resists crevice corrosion better than 316L.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "6 percent ferric chloride (ASTM G48)",
        "temperature": "35 C critical pitting temperature"
      },
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Chloride Corrosion table"
    },
    {
      "environment": "Sour service, hydrogen sulphide with chlorides",
      "headline": "Sour service acceptable up to 232 C at limited H2S partial pressure",
      "effect": "Alleima says solution annealed and cold-worked SAF 2205 is acceptable at up to 232 C (450 F) in sour service when the H2S partial pressure is at most 0.02 bar and hardness at most HRC 36 (NACE MR0175/ISO 15156). Solution annealed and rapidly cooled material is acceptable up to 232 C when the H2S partial pressure is at most 0.1 bar. NACE MR0103 accepts solution annealed and rapidly cooled material at HRC 28 maximum for sour refining. In NACE TM0177 solution A at room temperature, cracking needs about 1.1 times the 0.2 percent proof strength, and welded joints are slightly lower.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "up to 232 C (450 F)",
        "environment": "H2S partial pressure 0.02 bar (cold-worked) or 0.1 bar (solution annealed)",
        "heat_treatment": "solution annealed, or solution annealed and cold worked"
      },
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section, H2S paragraphs and Figure 9"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion in acids and most media",
      "headline": "Better general corrosion resistance than 316L and 317L in most media",
      "effect": "Alleima says SAF 2205 resists general corrosion better than TP316L and TP317L in most media, shown by isocorrosion diagrams for sulphuric and hydrochloric acid and by corrosion rates in boiling 50 percent acetic acid with formic acid mixtures (Figure 4). Where impurities raise corrosivity, it advises higher-alloyed grades: Alleima 2RK65, Sanicro 28 or SAF 2507.",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "temperature": "boiling 50 percent acetic acid mixtures (Figure 4); stagnant tests (Figures 3 and 5)",
        "environment": "sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic and formic acid mixtures"
      },
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "General corrosion section, Figures 3 to 5"
    },
    {
      "environment": "General corrosion in dilute and oxidizing acids; intergranular corrosion in welds",
      "headline": "Resists dilute reducing acids and moderate to high oxidizing acids (ATI)",
      "effect": "ATI says the alloy resists dilute reducing acids and moderate to high concentrations of oxidizing acids. It resists low concentrations of organic acids, but higher concentrations at elevated temperatures need caution. Welded samples resist intergranular corrosion in the 16 percent sulphuric acid copper sulphate test (ASTM A 262 Practice E).",
      "rating": "low",
      "conditions": {
        "environment": "dilute reducing acids; moderate to high oxidizing acids; welds tested in 16 percent sulphuric acid with copper sulphate",
        "temperature": "elevated temperature for organic acids (no number printed)"
      },
      "source": "ati-tds",
      "where": "Corrosion Properties, General Corrosion Resistance and Intergranular Corrosion sections"
    }
  ],
  "risks": {
    "hazards": [
      {
        "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS notifications for elemental nickel include H317, H334, H351, H372 and H412, with signal word Danger in some notifications. These cover the element, not the 2205 alloy.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H334",
          "H351",
          "H372",
          "H412"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-nickel",
        "where": "UN GHS Classification (PubChem record, CID 935)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem notifications for elemental chromium include H317, H319, H334, H335, H341, H400 and H410. Signal words differ between notifications (Danger and Warning). The record is not a supplier classification.",
        "ghs": [
          "H317",
          "H319",
          "H334",
          "H335",
          "H341",
          "H400",
          "H410"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-chromium",
        "where": "UN GHS Classification (PubChem record, CID 23976)"
      },
      {
        "text": "PubChem notifications for elemental molybdenum include H315, H319, H335 and H361 (suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child), with signal words Warning and Danger across notifications.",
        "ghs": [
          "H315",
          "H319",
          "H335",
          "H361"
        ],
        "source": "pubchem-molybdenum",
        "where": "UN GHS Classification (PubChem record, CID 23932)"
      }
    ],
    "failure_risks": [
      {
        "mode": "885 F (475 C) embrittlement of the ferrite phase",
        "trigger": "Extended exposure at 343 to 530 C (650 to 1000 F)",
        "consequence": "Raises the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. ATI says this range must be avoided in fabrication and service, and heat treatment above 590 C reverses the embrittlement.",
        "severity": "high",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Impact Properties and Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties sections"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Loss of impact strength after prolonged high-temperature exposure",
        "trigger": "Prolonged exposure above 280 C (540 F)",
        "consequence": "The microstructure changes and impact strength falls. For pressure vessels, 280 C is the maximum (VdTÜV-Wb 418 and NGS 1606).",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "At high temperatures section"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Brittle weld metal from straight chromium filler or a fully ferritic weld",
        "trigger": "Welding with straight chromium stainless steel filler metals, or a fully ferritic weld",
        "consequence": "Raises the weld's susceptibility to brittle impact behaviour. Matching AWS E2209 fillers are commercially available.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Impact Properties and Welding sections"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Sulphide stress cracking in sour service",
        "trigger": "H2S partial pressure above 0.02 bar with hardness above HRC 36 (cold-worked), above 0.1 bar (solution annealed), or temperature above 232 C",
        "consequence": "Cracking risk rises, and welded joints are slightly less resistant than base metal",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Stress corrosion cracking section, H2S paragraphs"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Pitting and crevice attack in chloride service",
        "trigger": "Chloride service above the 35 C critical pitting temperature (ASTM G48, 6 percent FeCl3)",
        "consequence": "Local attack. The datasheets rank 2205 above 316L, but no service temperature limit for chloride pitting is printed in the fetched sources.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "rolled-2205",
        "where": "Corrosion Resistance, Chloride Corrosion table"
      },
      {
        "mode": "Damage from stress relief and cold bending in chloride service",
        "trigger": "Stress relief between 316 and 926 C, or heavy cold bending in chloride service without a full anneal",
        "consequence": "Stress relief in this range adversely affects the properties. Heavily cold-bent sections should be fully annealed when SCC is possible.",
        "severity": "moderate",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Forming section (page 6)"
      }
    ],
    "side_effects": [],
    "handling": [
      {
        "text": "Solution anneal at 1020 to 1100 C and cool quickly in air or water (Alleima, ATI). Langley gives 1060 to 1120 C for at least one hour, followed by an immediate water quench.",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Heat treatment, Solution annealing"
      },
      {
        "text": "Weld with E2209 or ER2209 filler, without preheating, at heat input of 0.5 to 2.5 kJ/mm and interpass temperature below 150 C (Alleima).",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Welding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cold bending to 25 percent deformation needs no subsequent heat treatment, though heat treatment is advised where SCC risk rises (Alleima). Use a bend radius of at least twice the thickness (ATI).",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Bending section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Expansion into tubesheets needs higher initial force and should be done in one operation (Alleima).",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Expanding section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Machine at a lower cutting speed than 304 or 316, with a tougher insert grade, since built-up edges and chipping are expected (Alleima).",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "Machining section"
      }
    ],
    "mitigations": [
      {
        "text": "A full anneal and rapid cooling removes 475 C embrittlement, and heat treatment above 590 C reverses it (ATI).",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties"
      },
      {
        "text": "Where active corrosion is a risk, choose a higher-alloyed grade such as Alleima 2RK65 or Sanicro 28, or super-duplex SAF 2507 (Alleima).",
        "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
        "where": "General corrosion section"
      },
      {
        "text": "Use matching AWS E2209 fillers so the weld keeps a phase balance close to the base metal (ATI).",
        "source": "ati-tds",
        "where": "Welding section"
      }
    ]
  },
  "uses": [
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Chemical process vessels, piping and heat exchangers",
      "example": "Rolled Alloys lists chemical process vessels, piping and heat exchangers, FGD scrubber systems, pulp mill digesters, bleach washers, chip presteaming vessels and food process equipment for 2205.",
      "source": "rolled-2205",
      "where": "Applications list"
    },
    {
      "application": "structures",
      "device": "Oil and gas production tubing, flowlines and heat exchangers in sour service",
      "example": "Alleima lists production tubing and flowlines for sour wells, refineries and chloride-contaminated process solutions, and heat exchangers that use chloride-bearing or brackish cooling water.",
      "source": "alleima-saf2205-pdf",
      "where": "Applications section"
    },
    {
      "application": "mechanisms",
      "device": "Marine propellers, shafts, rudders, pumps and valves",
      "example": "Langley lists marine propellers, shafts, rudders, shaft seals, pumps and valves, and oil and chemical tankers for Alloy 2205.",
      "source": "langley-2205",
      "where": "Applications list"
    }
  ],
  "supply": [
    {
      "subject": "Nickel production by country (USGS 2026)",
      "abundance": "World mine production about 3,900,000 t in 2025 (estimated, world total rounded). World reserves more than 140,000,000 t, of which Indonesia holds 62,000,000 t. Stainless and alloy steel plus nickel-containing alloys take more than 85 percent of US domestic consumption, and US net import reliance was 41 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Shares are computed from the printed tonnage divided by the printed world total.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "share_percent": 66.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_percent": 6.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_percent": 5.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_percent": 3.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 3.1,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025, and most secondary nickel is stainless-steel scrap.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-nickel-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves; Domestic Production and Use; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Chromium production by country (USGS 2026)",
      "abundance": "World mine production 51,000 thousand t in 2025 (estimated, gross weight). World resources greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa. US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports for 2021 to 2024 came 96 percent from South Africa and 3 percent from Turkey. Shares are computed from the printed gross-weight tonnage.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_percent": 45.1,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "share_percent": 17.6,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_percent": 13.7,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_percent": 5.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "share_percent": 3.9,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Recycled chromium in stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-chromium-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves; World Resources; Salient Statistics; Recycling; Substitutes"
    },
    {
      "subject": "Molybdenum production by country (USGS 2026)",
      "abundance": "World mine production 260,000 t of molybdenum content in 2025 (estimated). China, Chile, the United States, Peru and Mexico account for 90 percent of world production. China imposed export controls on molybdenum powders in February 2025. The United States is a net exporter of molybdenum. Shares are computed from the printed tonnage divided by the printed world total.",
      "producers": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_percent": 37.3,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_percent": 16.2,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "share_percent": 15.4,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_percent": 15,
          "year": 2025
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_percent": 6.5,
          "year": 2025
        }
      ],
      "critical_lists": [],
      "recycling": "Molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply.",
      "substitutes": [
        "Little substitution for molybdenum in steels; potential substitutes are boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium in alloy steels (USGS 2026)"
      ],
      "source": "usgs-molybdenum-2026",
      "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves; Recycling; Substitutes; Events, Trends, and Issues"
    }
  ],
  "media": [],
  "documents": [
    {
      "title": "ATI 2205 Technical Data Sheet, version 4 (2015)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/duplex/ati_2205_tds_en_v4.pdf",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "title": "ATI 2205 duplex stainless steel product page (UNS S31803 and/or S32205)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Alleima SAF 2205 tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys 2205 Duplex data sheet",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "Langley Alloys DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S32205 summary",
      "type": "datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S32205.pdf"
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "type": "report",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON"
    },
    {
      "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), UN GHS classification",
      "type": "database",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    "The 300 C embrittlement limit is not printed in any fetched source. Printed limits are 280 C for pressure vessels (Alleima), 316 C (600 F) under ASME Section VIII (ATI, Rolled Alloys), and an avoidance band of 343 to 530 C (ATI).",
    "No cryogenic 2205 data (4 K or 20 K yield or tensile) were found. A NASA NTRS search returned no 2205 record.",
    "No Outokumpu 2205 datasheet was reached. The search returned only a Prospector listing behind a sign-up, so no Outokumpu values are used.",
    "The ATI TDS room-temperature mechanical table and the chloride SCC and critical pitting results are images in the PDF. Only printed text was used, so their numbers are not in this file.",
    "The ATI product page prints carbon max 0.30 for plate, sheet and strip. The ASTM A240 sources print 0.030, so 0.030 is used.",
    "Langley's composition table did not parse cleanly and its ksi conversions are wrong (450 N/mm2 printed as 91.4 ksi). Only Langley's metric physical values are used, and its composition is not used.",
    "Physical values differ between sources and are kept side by side, not averaged: density (ATI 7.82, Alleima 7.8 g/cm3), modulus (Alleima 200 GPa at 20 C, Langley 190 kN/mm2), CTE (Alleima 13.0 for 30 to 100 C, Langley 11 for 20 to 300 C), specific heat (480 and 400 J/kg K), thermal conductivity (14 and 15 W/m K), resistivity (0.74 and 0.85 micro-ohm m).",
    "PREN depends on the composition basis: 35.8 typical (ATI), above 35 on nominal composition (Alleima), 35 (Rolled Alloys), 34 (Langley). None was calculated for this file.",
    "The MDPI Metals 2016 paper on 2205 atmospheric SCC after 475 C ageing refused the fetch (Access Denied), so it gives no test numbers here.",
    "The chloride SCC and critical pitting results in the ATI and Alleima datasheets are graphs. Only their text claims are recorded.",
    "The melting range is printed only in imperial units by Rolled Alloys (2525 to 2625 F), so it is kept as printed.",
    "Hardness is not in the canonical property list, so the name hardness is used (ICAST in HB, ATI in HRC). PREN, critical pitting temperature and welded Charpy energy are also not canonical, so snake_case names are used: pitting_resistance_equivalent, critical_pitting_temperature and charpy_impact_energy.",
    "Critical-mineral lists (USGS, EU, BGS) were not read for nickel, chromium or molybdenum, so critical_lists are empty. The USGS 2026 nickel text names Executive Order 14285 only.",
    "Hazards are PubChem records for elemental nickel, chromium and molybdenum. No safety data sheet for 2205 was read, so welding-fume hazards for this grade are not covered.",
    "No NASA or ESA source naming 2205 in a spacecraft part was found, so the uses come from datasheets and distributors and the space link is not sourced.",
    "The UPMET 2205 PDF link returned a page with no data, the Atlas Steels 2205 sheet returned empty text, and the ORNL embrittlement page returned only a landing page. None of these is used.",
    "The Jacquet 2205 technical sheet repeats the ATI TDS text, so it is not counted as a separate source.",
    "Supply shares are computed from printed tonnages divided by printed world totals. USGS does not print them as percentages."
  ],
  "story": {
    "why": "Duplex 2205 is an austenite-ferrite steel with roughly twice the proof strength of conventional austenitic stainless steels, a typical PREN of 35.8 (ATI), and substantially better chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance than 300-series steels (ATI, Alleima). Its main limits are the 475 C embrittlement band of 343 to 530 C, which ATI says to avoid, and the 280 C maximum that Alleima gives for pressure vessels.",
    "uses": [
      {
        "where": "Chemical process vessels, piping and heat exchangers",
        "line": "Rolled Alloys lists these, plus FGD scrubber systems, pulp mill digesters and food process equipment."
      },
      {
        "where": "Oil and gas production tubing, flowlines and sour-service heat exchangers",
        "line": "Alleima lists production tubing and flowlines for sour wells, refineries and chloride-contaminated process solutions."
      },
      {
        "where": "Marine propellers, shafts, rudders and pumps",
        "line": "Langley lists these for Alloy 2205, along with oil and chemical tankers."
      }
    ],
    "can_do": [
      {
        "label": "Strength",
        "line": "Minimum 0.2 percent yield is 450 MPa for ASTM A240 plate and sheet (ATI, ICAST). Alleima gives at least 485 MPa for tube and pipe up to 20 mm wall.",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Tensile",
        "line": "Minimum tensile strength is 655 MPa for ASTM A240 (ATI, ICAST). Alleima tube and pipe reaches 680 to 880 MPa.",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Stiffness",
        "line": "Elastic modulus is 200 GPa at 20 C (Alleima), and Langley gives 190 kN/mm2.",
        "benchmark": "elastic_modulus",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "line": "Density is 7.82 g/cm3 (ATI) and 7.8 g/cm3 (Alleima).",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Chloride pitting",
        "line": "PREN is 35.8 typical (ATI). Alleima prints greater than 35 on nominal composition, against 24 for TP316L.",
        "benchmark": "pitting_resistance_equivalent",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Sour service",
        "line": "Acceptable in sour service up to 232 C at limited H2S partial pressure (Alleima, NACE MR0175/ISO 15156).",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "compare": "Against 316L, 2205 has the higher PREN: about 35 on Alleima's nominal composition, against 24 for TP316L in the same PRE table. Its proof strength is roughly twice that of conventional austenitic steels (ATI, Alleima). Alleima says TP304L and TP316L are prone to chloride stress corrosion cracking above 60 C, while 2205 resists it much better. The trade-off is the 475 C embrittlement band from 343 to 530 C that ATI says to avoid.",
    "compare_rows": [
      {
        "label": "Tensile strength",
        "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Density",
        "benchmark": "density",
        "scope": "material"
      },
      {
        "label": "Yield strength",
        "benchmark": "yield_strength",
        "scope": "material"
      }
    ],
    "handling": [
      "Solution anneal at 1020 to 1100 C and cool quickly in air or water (Alleima, ATI).",
      "Weld with E2209 or ER2209 filler, without preheating, at a heat input of 0.5 to 2.5 kJ/mm (Alleima).",
      "Avoid stress relief between 316 and 926 C, which harms the properties (ATI).",
      "Expand tubes in one operation with higher initial force (Alleima)."
    ],
    "good_for": [
      "Chloride service above 60 C, where TP304L and TP316L are prone to stress corrosion cracking (Alleima).",
      "Pressure parts and piping: 280 C maximum for pressure vessels (Alleima), 316 C under ASME (ATI).",
      "Heavy-load structures and tubing that need roughly twice the strength of austenitic steels (ATI, Alleima)."
    ],
    "watch_out": [
      "The 475 C embrittlement band from 343 to 530 C, which must be avoided in fabrication and service (ATI).",
      "Sour service is limited to 232 C, and to 0.02 or 0.1 bar H2S partial pressure depending on heat treatment (Alleima).",
      "Welds made with straight chromium filler metal, or a fully ferritic weld, lose impact toughness (ATI)."
    ],
    "verdict": "Duplex 2205 is a strong, chloride-resistant option, with a typical PREN of 35.8 (ATI) and a minimum yield of 450 MPa for plate (ATI, ICAST). Use solution annealed material, avoid 343 to 530 C in fabrication and service, and respect the 280 C pressure-vessel maximum (Alleima). No source in this file ties it to a space part, so the space link is open.",
    "recipe": {
      "line": "Duplex 2205 is a nitrogen-enhanced austenite-ferrite steel with nearly equal parts of each phase in the annealed condition (ATI). Composition limits in wt percent for UNS S32205 under ASTM A240 are chromium 22.0 to 23.0, nickel 4.5 to 6.5, molybdenum 3.0 to 3.5, nitrogen 0.14 to 0.20, carbon 0.030 max, manganese 2.0 max, silicon 1.0 max, phosphorus 0.030 max, sulphur 0.020 max and iron as the balance (ICAST, Rolled Alloys). Wikipedia says UNS S31803 came first and UNS S32205 followed from later changes to it. Langley describes the route as VOD or AOD refining, optional ESR, a forging ratio of at least 4 to 1, then solution treatment at 1060 to 1120 C for at least one hour and a water quench.",
      "parts": [
        {
          "name": "Iron",
          "symbol": "Fe",
          "role": "Matrix of the alloy, with the austenite and ferrite phases.",
          "share_note": "balance (the rest)"
        },
        {
          "name": "Chromium",
          "symbol": "Cr",
          "role": "Forms the passive film and gives most of the pitting resistance (PREN).",
          "share_percent": 22,
          "share_high": 23
        },
        {
          "name": "Nickel",
          "symbol": "Ni",
          "role": "Stabilises the austenite; the ferrite carries less nickel than the austenite (ATI).",
          "share_percent": 4.5,
          "share_high": 6.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Molybdenum",
          "symbol": "Mo",
          "role": "Raises pitting and crevice resistance and strength at elevated temperature.",
          "share_percent": 3,
          "share_high": 3.5
        },
        {
          "name": "Nitrogen",
          "symbol": "N",
          "role": "Raises pitting resistance and welded properties; ATI produces to a higher minimum than the ASTM range.",
          "share_percent": 0.14,
          "share_high": 0.2
        },
        {
          "name": "Carbon",
          "symbol": "C",
          "role": "Kept low to limit chromium carbide precipitation (maximum limit).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.03
        },
        {
          "name": "Manganese",
          "symbol": "Mn",
          "role": "Deoxidiser and austenite former in the melt (maximum limit).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 2
        },
        {
          "name": "Silicon",
          "symbol": "Si",
          "role": "Deoxidiser in the melt (maximum limit).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 1
        },
        {
          "name": "Phosphorus",
          "symbol": "P",
          "role": "Impurity held low (maximum limit).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.03
        },
        {
          "name": "Sulphur",
          "symbol": "S",
          "role": "Impurity held low (maximum limit).",
          "share_percent": 0,
          "share_high": 0.02
        }
      ]
    },
    "risk_groups": [
      {
        "title": "For people",
        "lead": "PubChem lists hazards for elemental nickel, chromium and molybdenum. No 2205 safety data sheet was read.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Nickel",
            "line": "PubChem lists H317, H334, H351, H372 and H412 for elemental nickel."
          },
          {
            "label": "Chromium",
            "line": "PubChem lists H317, H319, H334, H335, H341, H400 and H410 for elemental chromium."
          },
          {
            "label": "Molybdenum",
            "line": "PubChem lists H315, H319, H335 and H361 for elemental molybdenum."
          }
        ],
        "level": 0,
        "verdict": "Element records, not alloy tests"
      },
      {
        "title": "In the environment",
        "lead": "Pitting, crevice attack and sour cracking are the main routes in service.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Chloride",
            "line": "Critical pitting temperature 35 C in 6 percent FeCl3 (ASTM G48), with PREN 35 or above."
          },
          {
            "label": "Sour service",
            "line": "Alleima limits sour service to 232 C at 0.02 to 0.1 bar H2S, depending on heat treatment."
          }
        ],
        "level": 1,
        "verdict": "Chloride and sour service are the watch points"
      },
      {
        "title": "Heat history",
        "lead": "The 475 C embrittlement band and the stress relief range both come from heat history.",
        "points": [
          {
            "label": "Band",
            "line": "ATI says extended exposure at 343 to 530 C must be avoided in fabrication and service."
          },
          {
            "label": "Fix",
            "line": "A full anneal and rapid cooling removes the embrittlement, and heat treatment above 590 C reverses it (ATI)."
          }
        ],
        "level": 2,
        "verdict": "Heat history sets the risk"
      }
    ]
  },
  "updated": "2026-10-24",
  "review": {
    "status": "draft",
    "method": "assistant",
    "checked_values": 37,
    "unreachable": 0,
    "caveats": 10,
    "note": "Read by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: ATI 2205 TDS version 4 and product page, Alleima SAF 2205 datasheet, Rolled Alloys 2205 data sheet, Langley Alloys DS-Alloy 2205, ICAST ASTM A240 UNS S32205 summary, Wikipedia SAF 2205 (history and designations only), USGS MCS 2026 nickel, chromium and molybdenum, and PubChem nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Not used: UPMET 2205 link (no data), Atlas Steels 2205 (empty text), ORNL landing page (no data), MDPI Metals 2016 (Access Denied). The ATI product page prints carbon max 0.30; the ASTM A240 sources print 0.030, so 0.030 is used. identity.designations is kept as requested; the site schema has no such field."
  },
  "sources": {
    "ati-tds": {
      "title": "ATI 2205 Technical Data Sheet, version 4 (2015): Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205)",
      "id": "ati_2205_tds_en_v4",
      "url": "https://atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/datasheets/stainless-specialty-steel/duplex/ati_2205_tds_en_v4.pdf",
      "year": 2015,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "ati-product": {
      "title": "ATI: 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, UNS S31803 and/or S32205 (plate, sheet and strip)",
      "id": "ati-2205",
      "url": "https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-2205",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "alleima-saf2205-pdf": {
      "title": "Alleima: SAF 2205 Tube and pipe, seamless datasheet (updated 2026-02-11)",
      "id": "SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe",
      "url": "https://www.alleima.com/en/technical-center/material-datasheets/tube-and-pipe-seamless/saf-2205?show=pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "rolled-pren": {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys: PREN Calculator (comparing alloys by pitting resistance equivalent)",
      "id": "PREN Calculator",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/pren-calculator/",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "rolled-2205": {
      "title": "Rolled Alloys: 2205 Duplex data sheet",
      "id": "2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys",
      "url": "https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2205_Duplex_Stainless_DataSheet_RolledAlloys.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "langley-2205": {
      "title": "Langley Alloys: DS-Alloy 2205 data sheet (5/2017)",
      "id": "DS-Alloy 2205",
      "url": "https://www.langleyalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Datasheet-DS-Alloy-2205-rev2.pdf",
      "year": 2017,
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "icast-s32205": {
      "title": "ICAST Alloys: ASTM A240 UNS S32205 chemical composition and mechanical summary",
      "id": "ASTM A240 UNS S32205",
      "url": "https://www.icastllp.com/material_db_pdf/ASTM%20A240%20UNS%20S32205.pdf",
      "kind": "datasheet",
      "license": "cited, not reproduced"
    },
    "wiki-saf2205": {
      "title": "Wikipedia: SAF 2205 (history and designations only)",
      "id": "SAF 2205",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAF_2205",
      "kind": "web",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0 (cited, not reproduced)"
    },
    "usgs-nickel-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel",
      "id": "mcs2026-nickel",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-chromium-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium",
      "id": "mcs2026-chromium",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "usgs-molybdenum-2026": {
      "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum",
      "id": "mcs2026-molybdenum",
      "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "year": 2026,
      "kind": "report",
      "license": "public domain"
    },
    "pubchem-nickel": {
      "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 935",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-chromium": {
      "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23976",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    },
    "pubchem-molybdenum": {
      "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), UN GHS classification",
      "id": "CID 23932",
      "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON",
      "kind": "database",
      "license": "PubChem terms (public)"
    }
  },
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-2205/"
}