{ "spore": "profile", "id": "stainless-14418", "spore_version": "0.2", "family": "stainless-martensitic", "name": "Martensitic stainless steel (EN 1.4418, X4CrNiMo16-5-1)", "abbreviation": "1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1)", "role": "quenched and tempered corrosion-resistant steel for shafts, axles and pump parts", "category": "metals", "type": "steels-and-stainless", "summary": "EN 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1) is a soft martensitic stainless steel with 15.00 to 17.00 percent chromium, 4.00 to 6.00 percent nickel and 0.80 to 1.50 percent molybdenum, according to the Deutsche Edelstahlwerke datasheets. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke sells it as Acidur 4418 and gives quenched and tempered strength levels QT760 and QT900, with minimum tensile strengths of 760 and 900 MPa. Its datasheets list shafts, axles, pump and centrifuge parts, the chemical industry and aviation and aerospace as uses.\n", "best_for": "Quenched and tempered shafts, axles and pump parts that need strength, toughness and good general corrosion resistance, with limited marine exposure (DEW)", "weakest_at": "Chloride pitting: DEW gives a risk of pitting corrosion in saturated sodium chloride and in sea water at 20 C, and welds need heat treatment afterwards (DEW)", "identity": { "formula": "Fe balance; C max. 0.06; Si max. 0.7; Mn max. 1.5; P max. 0.04; S max. 0.03; Cr 15.00 to 17.00; Ni 4.00 to 6.00; Mo 0.80 to 1.50; N min. 0.02 (mass percent, DIN EN 10088-3)", "designations": [ { "system": "EN", "code": "1.4418", "note": "Material number. Both DEW sheets print it for this grade; the composition and mechanical tables cite DIN EN 10088-3.", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Normen und Bezeichnungen table, DIN EN 10088-3 row" }, { "system": "EN name", "code": "X4CrNiMo16-5-1", "note": "EN name. The German sheet prints it against DIN EN 10272, the pressure vessel standard it cites for delivery.", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block and General comments table, EN 10088-3 row" }, { "system": "DIN", "code": "17440", "note": "Standard number printed beside 1.4418 in the English sheet's General comments table.", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "General comments table, DIN 17440 row" }, { "system": "AFNOR", "code": "Z6CND16-05-01", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Normen und Bezeichnungen table, AFNOR row" }, { "system": "SS", "code": "2387", "note": "Swedish standard number. The English sheet prints it as SIS 2387.", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Normen und Bezeichnungen table, SS row" }, { "system": "SIS", "code": "2387", "note": "Swedish standard number as printed on the English sheet (the German sheet prints SS 2387).", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "General comments table, SIS row" }, { "system": "Trade name", "code": "Acidur 4418", "note": "DEW trade name for this grade, printed in the header of each German sheet page.", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Page header, Werkstoffdatenblatt title block" } ], "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block of the English sheet: C max. 0.06, Cr 15.00 - 17.00, Ni 4.00 - 6.00, Mo 0.80 - 1.50, N >= 0.02. Si, Mn, P and S maxima from the chemical composition table (min./max. row) of the German sheet" }, "tags": { "environments": [], "stresses": [ "extreme-cold" ], "applications": [ "structures", "mechanisms" ] }, "properties": [ { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, +QT760, diameter up to 160 mm (minimum)", "value": 550, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 550)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rp0,2 ≥ 550)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, +QT760, diameter up to 160 mm (range)", "value": 760, "value_high": 960, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "basis": "range as printed", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +QT760 row, Rm as printed (760 to 960)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rm 760 - 960)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT760, diameter up to 160 mm, longitudinal (minimum)", "value": 16, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "direction": "longitudinal", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "A5 longitudinal column, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 16)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm (A5 in %, längs ≥ 16)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy AV, +QT760, diameter up to 160 mm, longitudinal (minimum)", "value": 90, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "direction": "longitudinal", "test_temperature": "not printed in this table", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "AV longitudinal column, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 90)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, diameter up to 160 mm (AV in J, längs ≥ 90)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength, +QT900, diameter up to 160 mm (minimum)", "value": 700, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 700)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rp0,2 ≥ 700)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, +QT900, diameter up to 160 mm (range)", "value": 900, "value_high": 1100, "bound": "range", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "basis": "range as printed", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +QT900 row, Rm as printed (900 to 1100)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (Rm 900 - 1100)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT900, diameter up to 160 mm, longitudinal (minimum)", "value": 16, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "direction": "longitudinal", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "A5 longitudinal column, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 16)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (A5 in %, längs ≥ 16)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy AV, +QT900, diameter up to 160 mm, longitudinal (minimum)", "value": 80, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter up to 160 mm", "direction": "longitudinal", "test_temperature": "not printed in this table", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "AV longitudinal column, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 80)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, diameter up to 160 mm (AV in J, längs ≥ 80)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT760, diameter 160 to 250 mm, transverse (minimum)", "value": 14, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter 160 to 250 mm", "direction": "transverse", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "A5 transverse column, +QT760 row, diameter 160 to 250 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 14)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, 160 < d ≤ 250 (A5 in %, quer ≥ 14)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy AV, +QT760, diameter 160 to 250 mm, transverse (minimum)", "value": 70, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter 160 to 250 mm", "direction": "transverse", "test_temperature": "not printed in this table", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "AV transverse column, +QT760 row, diameter 160 to 250 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 70)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, 160 < d ≤ 250 (AV in J, quer ≥ 70)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT900, diameter 160 to 250 mm, transverse (minimum)", "value": 14, "bound": "lower", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter 160 to 250 mm", "direction": "transverse", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "A5 transverse column, +QT900 row, diameter 160 to 250 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 14)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, 160 < d ≤ 250 (A5 in %, quer ≥ 14)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy AV, +QT900, diameter 160 to 250 mm, transverse (minimum)", "value": 60, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "form": "round product, diameter 160 to 250 mm", "direction": "transverse", "test_temperature": "not printed in this table", "basis": "minimum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "AV transverse column, +QT900 row, diameter 160 to 250 mm, printed as a plain number (minimum 60)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, 160 < d ≤ 250 (AV in J, quer ≥ 60)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 100 C, +QT760 (minimum)", "value": 520, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "100 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT760 row, 100 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 520)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, 100 C column (≥ 520)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 200 C, +QT760 (minimum)", "value": 500, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "200 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT760 row, 200 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 500)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, 200 C column (≥ 500)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 300 C, +QT760 (minimum)", "value": 480, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "tempering": "590 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "300 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT760 row, 300 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 480)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT760 row, 300 C column (≥ 480)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 100 C, +QT900 (minimum)", "value": 660, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "100 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT900 row, 100 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 660)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, 100 C column (≥ 660)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 200 C, +QT900 (minimum)", "value": 620, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "200 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT900 row, 200 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 620)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, 200 C column (≥ 620)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0,2 at 300 C, +QT900 (minimum)", "value": 580, "bound": "lower", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "tempering": "550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (heat-treatment table)", "temperature": "300 C", "form": "not stated in the elevated-temperature table", "basis": "minimum Rp0,2 at temperature", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Elevated-temperature table, +QT900 row, 300 C column, Rp0,2 as printed (minimum 580)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen im vergüteten Zustand (+QT) nach DIN EN 10088-3, +QT900 row, 300 C column (≥ 580)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "hardness", "label": "Hardness, soft annealed +A, all diameters (maximum)", "value": 320, "bound": "upper", "unit": "HB", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+A (soft annealed), all diameters", "basis": "maximum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +A row, hardness as printed (maximum 320)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +A row (Härte in HB ≤ 320)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, soft annealed +A, all diameters (maximum)", "value": 1100, "bound": "upper", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+A (soft annealed), all diameters", "basis": "maximum", "standard": "DIN EN 10088-3" }, "method": "Room-temperature table, +A row, Rm as printed (maximum 1100)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Mechanische Eigenschaften bei Raumtemperatur im wärmebehandelten Zustand nach DIN EN 10088-3, +A row (Rm in MPa ≤ 1100)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, +QT760, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 820, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column, Rp0.2 as printed (820)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column (yield strength Rp0.2 820 N/mm2)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, +QT760, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 940, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column, tensile strength as printed (940)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column (tensile strength Rm 940 N/mm2)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT760, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 18, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column, elongation as printed (18)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, Typical column (elongation A5 18 %)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "yield_strength", "label": "Yield strength Rp0.2, +QT900, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 920, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column, Rp0.2 as printed (920)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column (yield strength Rp0.2 920 N/mm2)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "label": "Tensile strength, +QT900, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 1050, "bound": "exact", "unit": "MPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column, tensile strength as printed (1050)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column (tensile strength Rm 1050 N/mm2)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elongation", "label": "Elongation A5, +QT900, typical value (not a minimum)", "value": 18, "bound": "exact", "unit": "%", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "gauge": "A5 as printed", "basis": "typical column, not a minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet", "form": "not stated on this sheet; sections of 160 mm and above are to be agreed" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column, elongation as printed (18)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, Typical column (elongation A5 18 %)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy ISO-V at 25 C, +QT760 (minimum)", "value": 90, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT760 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 760 MPa)", "test": "ISO-V notch", "temperature": "25 C", "basis": "minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, impact energy row, 25 C ISO-V, minimum 90 as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT760 block, impact energy (J) 25 C ISO-V ≥ 90", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "charpy_impact_energy", "label": "Impact energy ISO-V at 25 C, +QT900 (minimum)", "value": 80, "bound": "lower", "unit": "J", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "+QT900 (quenched and tempered, minimum tensile strength 900 MPa)", "test": "ISO-V notch", "temperature": "25 C", "basis": "minimum", "tempering": "not printed on this sheet" }, "method": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, impact energy row, 25 C ISO-V, minimum 80 as printed", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Mechanical properties table, QT900 block, impact energy (J) 25 C ISO-V ≥ 80", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "density", "label": "Density", "value": 7.7, "bound": "exact", "unit": "kg/dm3", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "not stated in the physical properties block" }, "method": "Physical properties block, density row, printed as 7.70 kg/dm3", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Physical properties block, density (kg/dm3) 7.70", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "thermal_conductivity", "label": "Thermal conductivity at 20 C", "value": 15, "bound": "exact", "unit": "W/m K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, thermal conductivity at 20 C in W/m K, printed as 15", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Physical properties block, thermal conductivity at 20 C (W/m K) 15", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "specific_heat", "label": "Specific heat capacity at 20 C", "value": 430, "bound": "exact", "unit": "J/kg K", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, specific heat capacity at 20 C in J/kg K, printed as 430", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Physical properties block, specific heat capacity at 20 C (J/kg K) 430", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 100 C", "value": 10.8, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10-6 K-1", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature_range": "20 to 100 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, thermal expansion row, 20 to 100 C, printed as 10.8 x 10-6 (K-1). The German sheet prints 10,3 for this range (see gaps)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Physical properties block, thermal expansion (K-1), 20 - 100 C: 10.8 x 10-6", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "cte", "label": "Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20 to 400 C", "value": 11.6, "bound": "exact", "unit": "10-6 K-1", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature_range": "20 to 400 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, thermal expansion row, 20 to 400 C, printed as 11.6 x 10-6 (K-1)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Physical properties block, thermal expansion (K-1), 20 - 400 C: 11.6 x 10-6", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus at 20 C", "value": 200, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, E-Modul in GPa row, 20 C column, printed as 200", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Physikalische Eigenschaften, E-Modul in GPa bei 20 °C (200)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "elastic_modulus", "label": "Elastic modulus at 400 C", "value": 170, "bound": "exact", "unit": "GPa", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "temperature": "400 C" }, "method": "Physical properties block, E-Modul in GPa row, 400 C column, printed as 170", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Physikalische Eigenschaften, E-Modul in GPa bei 400 °C (170)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "min_service_temp", "label": "Lowest usable temperature (German sheet)", "value": -30, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "usable range as printed; no temper printed" }, "method": "Besondere Eigenschaften text: suitable for temperatures between -30 C and 300 C", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Besondere Eigenschaften text (für den Einsatz bei Temperaturen zwischen -30°C und 300°C geeignet)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "label": "Highest usable temperature (German sheet)", "value": 300, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "usable range as printed; no temper printed" }, "method": "Besondere Eigenschaften text: suitable for temperatures up to 300 C", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Besondere Eigenschaften text (für den Einsatz bei Temperaturen zwischen -30°C und 300°C geeignet)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } }, { "benchmark": "max_service_temp", "label": "Use temperature around 550 C (English sheet, approximate)", "value": 550, "bound": "exact", "unit": "°C", "scope": "material", "conditions": { "condition": "stated as around 550 C (approximate); no temper printed" }, "method": "Special properties list: can be used to temperatures around 550 C. This conflicts with the German 300 C limit (see gaps)", "status": "ground", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Special properties list (can be used to temperatures around 550 °C)", "source_detail": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" } } ], "corrosion": [ { "environment": "General corrosion resistance", "headline": "Good (English sheet); gut (German sheet)", "effect": "The English sheet rates corrosion resistance good, says 1.4418 is more resistant than 1.4057 because of its higher alloy content, and says molybdenum allows limited exposure to marine environments. It is extremely resistant to intergranular corrosion, corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking.", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "basis": "DEW general statements, not test results" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "General properties table (corrosion resistance good); corrosion resistance text" }, { "environment": "Saturated sodium chloride at 20 C", "headline": "Risk of pitting corrosion (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table: NaCl saturated at 20 C gives 'Gefahr der Lochkorrosion' (risk of pitting corrosion). DEW bases these figures on laboratory tests with pure agents and optimal specimens and calls them non-binding.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "concentration": "saturated", "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, NaCl row (Gefahr der Lochkorrosion)" }, { "environment": "Sea water at 20 C", "headline": "Risk of pitting corrosion (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table gives 'Gefahr der Lochkorrosion' (risk of pitting corrosion) for sea water at 20 C. The English sheet says molybdenum allows limited exposure to marine environments.", "rating": "moderate", "conditions": { "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Meerwasser row (Gefahr der Lochkorrosion)" }, { "environment": "Water vapour at 400 C", "headline": "Resistant (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table: water vapour at 400 C is 'beständig' (resistant).", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "temperature": "400 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Wasserdampf row (beständig)" }, { "environment": "Nitric acid, 7 percent, at 20 C", "headline": "Resistant (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table: nitric acid at 7 percent and 20 C is 'beständig' (resistant).", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "concentration": "7 percent", "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Salpetersäure row (beständig)" }, { "environment": "Sulphuric acid, 1 percent, at 20 C", "headline": "Resistant (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table: sulphuric acid at 1 percent and 20 C is 'beständig' (resistant).", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "concentration": "1 percent", "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Schwefelsäure row (beständig)" }, { "environment": "Formic acid, 10 percent, at 20 C", "headline": "Resistant (DEW)", "effect": "DEW table: formic acid at 10 percent and 20 C is 'beständig' (resistant).", "rating": "low", "conditions": { "concentration": "10 percent", "temperature": "20 C", "basis": "laboratory tests, pure agents, optimal specimens; non-binding" }, "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, Ameisensäure row (beständig)" }, { "environment": "Intergranular corrosion, corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking", "headline": "Extremely resistant (English sheet)", "effect": "The English sheet says 1.4418 is extremely resistant to intergranular corrosion, corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking.", "rating": "low", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Corrosion resistance text" }, { "environment": "Pitting resistance index (PRE or PREN)", "headline": "Printed as PRE 17.95 to 22.27 (English sheet)", "effect": "The English sheet prints PRE = 17.95 to 22.27. The German sheet prints PREN = 17,9 to 22,3. Neither sheet prints the formula.", "rating": "unknown", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Corrosion resistance heading (PRE = 17.95 - 22.27)" } ], "risks": { "hazards": [ { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental nickel (CID 935): H317 and H351 under Warning, H372 under Danger, and H412 with no signal word in the record. PubChem describes these for the element, not for the 1.4418 alloy.", "ghs": [ "H317", "H351", "H372", "H412" ], "source": "pubchem-nickel", "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated notifications (CID 935)" }, { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental chromium (CID 23976): H334 under Danger, H317 and H319 under Warning, with notified ratios of 20.3, 20.7 and 19.1 percent. PubChem says 50 percent of reports do not meet GHS criteria. These describe the element, not the alloy.", "ghs": [ "H317", "H319", "H334" ], "source": "pubchem-chromium", "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated notifications (CID 23976)" }, { "text": "PubChem aggregated GHS for elemental molybdenum (CID 23932): H225 and H228 under Danger, H361, H315, H319 and H335 under Warning. PubChem says 57.4 percent of reports do not meet GHS criteria, and the codes vary by notification. These describe the element, not the alloy.", "ghs": [ "H225", "H228", "H315", "H319", "H335", "H361" ], "source": "pubchem-molybdenum", "where": "GHS Classification section, aggregated notifications (CID 23932)" } ], "failure_risks": [ { "mode": "Pitting corrosion in chloride media", "trigger": "Saturated sodium chloride or sea water at 20 C (DEW)", "consequence": "DEW table: risk of pitting corrosion (Gefahr der Lochkorrosion) in both media", "severity": "moderate", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Korrosionsbeständigkeit table, NaCl and Meerwasser rows" }, { "mode": "Weld zone properties differ from the base metal", "trigger": "Welding without heat treatment afterwards", "consequence": "DEW: without additional heat treatment after welding, properties in the heat-affected zone and the weld can differ strongly from the base metal", "severity": "moderate", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Schweißen text (Ohne eine zusätzliche Wärmenachbehandlung)" }, { "mode": "Lower corrosion resistance from sulphur additions", "trigger": "Sulphur added for machinability, up to 0,03 percent (German sheet)", "consequence": "DEW: sulphur additions improve machinability but can negatively affect corrosion resistance and mechanical properties", "severity": "low", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Spanende Bearbeitung text (Schwefelzusätze)" } ], "side_effects": [], "handling": [ { "text": "Forging: heat gradually to about 800 C, then rapidly to 1150 to 1180 C, forge between 1180 and 950 C, and cool slowly in an oven or in dry ash (English sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Forging paragraph" }, { "text": "Forging: heat gradually above 800 C, then rapidly to 1150 to 1180 C, forge between 1180 and 950 C, then cool in air or in dry ash (German sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Schmieden text and Warmumformung table (1150 - 900, Luft)" }, { "text": "Hardening at 1000 to 1050 C, cooled in air, oil or polymer (English sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Heat treatment paragraph" }, { "text": "Hardening window 950 to 1050 C with polymer, oil or air (German sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Wärmebehandlung table, Härten row" }, { "text": "Soft annealing at about 600 C, not above 625 C, then slow cooling in air (English sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Heat treatment paragraph" }, { "text": "Tempering: QT760 at 590 to 620 C and QT900 at 550 to 620 C, water or air cooled (German sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Wärmebehandlung table, Anlassen rows" }, { "text": "Tempering: pass the range from 420 to 510 C rapidly, and cool the steel to below 40 C before the final tempering (English sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Heat treatment note" }, { "text": "Machining: similar to structural steel of the same hardness; drilling 20 to 60 m/min, turning 35 to 95 m/min, milling 80 to 175 m/min (German sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Spanende Bearbeitung text and Schnittbedingungen table" }, { "text": "Cold forming is possible and cold heading is not common (English and German sheets)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Processing properties table (cold forming yes; cold heading not common)" }, { "text": "Suited to polishing (English sheet; German sheet: polierfähig ja)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Processing properties table (suited to polishing yes)" } ], "mitigations": [ { "text": "Preheat to 100 to 200 C before welding (German sheet, below the Ms temperature; English sheet, the same range)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Schweißen text" }, { "text": "Anneal or temper after welding (both sheets)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Schweißen text" }, { "text": "Use a matching filler or Novonit 4430 (English sheet); the German sheet names filler 1.4430", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Welding paragraph" }, { "text": "Avoid hydrogen- or nitrogen-containing shielding gases (German sheet) and hydrogen- or carbon-containing gases (English sheet)", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Schweißen text (wasserstoff- oder stickstoffhaltiger Gase)" } ] }, "uses": [ { "application": "structures", "device": "Aviation and aerospace parts (no part named)", "example": "Both sheets list aviation and aerospace as an application (German sheet: Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie). No spacecraft part is named.", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Typical applications list (English); Anwendungsgebiete list (German)" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Shafts and axles", "example": "German sheet: mechanically and corrosively loaded parts such as shafts (Wellen) and axles (Achsen) in the automotive, chemical, aerospace and machinery industries", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Verwendungshinweise text" }, { "application": "mechanisms", "device": "Pump and centrifuge parts", "example": "German sheet: centrifuge parts (Zentrifugenteile) and pump parts (Pumpenteile) in the same list of uses", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Verwendungshinweise text" } ], "supply": [ { "subject": "Chromium production by country", "abundance": "World mine production 51,000 thousand t gross weight in 2025 (estimated; 49,600 thousand t in 2024). World resources greater than 12 billion t of shipping-grade chromite, 95 percent in Kazakhstan and southern Africa (USGS MCS 2026). Shares computed from the printed 2025 gross-weight tonnages.", "producers": [ { "country": "South Africa", "share_percent": 45.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Turkey", "share_percent": 17.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Kazakhstan", "share_percent": 13.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "India", "share_percent": 5.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Brazil", "share_percent": 3.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Zimbabwe", "share_percent": 3.9, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Recycled chromium in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts was 21 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (USGS MCS 2026).", "substitutes": [ "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys (USGS MCS 2026)." ], "source": "usgs-chromium-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Chromium import reliance", "abundance": "US net import reliance was 79 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). Chromite imports 2021 to 2024: South Africa 96 percent, Turkey 3 percent, other 1 percent (USGS MCS 2026).", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-chromium-2026", "where": "Salient Statistics (net import reliance row); Import Sources (2021-24)" }, { "subject": "Nickel production by country", "abundance": "World mine production 3,900,000 t of nickel content in 2025 (estimated; 3,710,000 t in 2024). World reserves more than 140,000,000 t, of which Indonesia 62,000,000 t (USGS MCS 2026). Shares computed from the printed 2025 tonnages.", "producers": [ { "country": "Indonesia", "share_percent": 66.7, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Philippines", "share_percent": 6.9, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Russia", "share_percent": 5.1, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "New Caledonia", "share_percent": 3.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Canada", "share_percent": 3.6, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "China", "share_percent": 3.1, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Nickel recovered from scrap was about 60 percent of US apparent consumption in 2025; most secondary nickel is the nickel content of stainless-steel scrap (USGS MCS 2026).", "substitutes": [ "Nickel-free specialty steels are sometimes used in place of stainless steel in the power-generating and petrochemical industries (USGS MCS 2026).", "Low-nickel, duplex or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction (USGS MCS 2026)." ], "source": "usgs-nickel-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Recycling; Substitutes" }, { "subject": "Nickel use, US import reliance and critical-mineral policy", "abundance": "Stainless and alloy steel and nickel-containing alloys typically account for more than 85 percent of US domestic consumption. US net import reliance was 41 percent of apparent consumption in 2025 (estimated). The page notes Executive Order 14285 (April 2025) on seabed minerals to help secure critical minerals such as nickel, but prints no critical-mineral list (USGS MCS 2026).", "producers": [], "critical_lists": [], "substitutes": [], "source": "usgs-nickel-2026", "where": "Domestic Production and Use; Salient Statistics (net import reliance row); Events, Trends, and Issues" }, { "subject": "Molybdenum production by country", "abundance": "World mine production 260,000 t of molybdenum content in 2025 (estimated; 256,000 t in 2024). World reserves 17,000 thousand t (USGS MCS 2026). China imposed export controls on molybdenum powders in February 2025, and the United States is a net exporter (E) of molybdenum. Shares computed from the printed 2025 tonnages.", "producers": [ { "country": "China", "share_percent": 37.3, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Chile", "share_percent": 16.2, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "United States", "share_percent": 15.4, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Peru", "share_percent": 15, "year": 2025 }, { "country": "Mexico", "share_percent": 6.5, "year": 2025 } ], "critical_lists": [], "recycling": "Molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30 percent of apparent supply (USGS MCS 2026).", "substitutes": [ "There is little substitution for molybdenum in steels and cast irons. Potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium and vanadium in alloy steels (USGS MCS 2026)." ], "source": "usgs-molybdenum-2026", "where": "World Mine Production and Reserves table; Events, Trends, and Issues; Recycling; Substitutes" } ], "media": [], "documents": [ { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English (Revision-No. 4418-1)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf" }, { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418 (datasheet 2015-0028)", "type": "datasheet", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "type": "report", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON" }, { "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON" }, { "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS classification", "type": "database", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON" } ], "gaps": [ "Web search was unavailable in this run (its budget was used up), so the datasheets, USGS reports and PubChem records were fetched directly. No ASTM, JIS, AISI, UNS or other cross-reference for 1.4418 is printed on any page read, so none is listed.", "No UNS number is printed on the 1.4418 sheets. UNS S41500 is a different grade (13Cr-4Ni, EN 1.4313), and no value or designation from that grade was used.", "The German sheet's standards table prints AIR9160C beside the name Z8CND17-04. The table does not say which grade the standard covers, so it is not listed as a designation. It also prints DIN EN 10250-4 with no code, so that is not listed either.", "The two DEW sheets disagree: the English sheet (Revision-No. 4418-1) gives hardening at 1000 to 1050 C, a use limit around 550 C and cryogenic use, while the German sheet (2015-0028) gives 950 to 1050 C and -30 to 300 C. Both are kept, each with its own source.", "Electrical resistivity is printed as 0.70 (unit Ω mm2/m) on the English sheet and as 0,8 on the German sheet. The unit is not in the unit registry and the German value has a decimal comma, so it is not in the properties.", "The German sheet's decimal-comma values (density 7,7; mean thermal expansion 10,3 at 20 to 100 C) are not in the properties because the gate cannot match decimal commas. The English sheet gives 10.8 for 20 to 100 C, which conflicts with the German 10,3.", "The 160 to 250 mm rows repeat the Rp0,2 and tensile values of the 160 mm rows. Only the transverse elongation and impact values differ, and those are recorded.", "Elevated-temperature Rp0,2 values at 150 and 250 C are printed in the German table but are not recorded. The English sheet gives only a diagram without numbers.", "Hardness and charpy_impact_energy are not in spores/property-canon.yaml, so short snake_case names are used. The English typical values are recorded as typical, not as minimums.", "No melting point, fracture toughness, fatigue strength, sour-service (NACE) limit or hydrogen-cracking limit is printed on the fetched pages. The English sheet says the grade is ferromagnetic and the German sheet says magnetisable (vorhanden), with no number.", "The English sheet's typical values carry no tempering temperature and no product size. The German table gives tempering ranges but no typical values.", "The corrosion figures are laboratory data with pure agents and optimal specimens, which DEW calls non-binding. Ratings map DEW's words: beständig to low and Gefahr der Lochkorrosion to moderate.", "Failure-risk severities are the assistant's ratings; the sources give none.", "Hazards are PubChem element records for nickel, chromium and molybdenum, not supplier classifications of the alloy. No safety data sheet for 1.4418 was read.", "No space, flight, radiation or NASA or ESA source naming 1.4418 was read. The aerospace use is named only as a general application.", "The USGS chromium, nickel and molybdenum texts print no critical-mineral list, so critical_lists is empty. Producer shares are computed from the printed tonnages.", "The sheets name no equivalent grade. Acidur 4418 is DEW's own trade name for this grade." ], "story": { "why": "EN 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1) is a soft martensitic stainless steel with 15.00 to 17.00 percent chromium, 4.00 to 6.00 percent nickel and 0.80 to 1.50 percent molybdenum. Deutsche Edelstahlwerke sells it as Acidur 4418, quenches and tempers it to QT760 or QT900, and lists shafts, axles, pump and centrifuge parts, the chemical industry, shipbuilding and aviation and aerospace among its uses.", "uses": [ { "where": "Aviation and aerospace", "line": "Both sheets list aviation and aerospace as an application, and the German sheet names the aerospace industry. No spacecraft part is named." }, { "where": "Shafts, axles, pumps and centrifuges", "line": "The German sheet lists mechanically and corrosively loaded shafts, axles, centrifuge parts and pump parts." }, { "where": "Chemical industry and shipbuilding", "line": "Both sheets list the chemical industry, mechanical engineering, aerospace and shipbuilding. The German sheet also lists the automotive industry." } ], "can_do": [ { "label": "Strength", "line": "Quenched and tempered to QT760, the German sheet gives at least 550 MPa yield and 760 to 960 MPa tensile strength for sections up to 160 mm. QT900 gives at least 700 MPa yield and 900 to 1100 MPa tensile strength.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Toughness", "line": "The English sheet gives at least 90 J for QT760 and 80 J for QT900 at 25 C in ISO-V impact tests. The German sheet gives at least 90 J longitudinal for QT760 up to 160 mm.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Hot strength", "line": "The German sheet gives a minimum yield strength at 300 C of 480 MPa for QT760 and 580 MPa for QT900.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Low temperature", "line": "The German sheet gives -30 C as the low end of use. The English sheet says the grade can be used in cryogenic applications.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Stiffness", "line": "The German sheet gives an elastic modulus of 200 GPa at 20 C and 170 GPa at 400 C.", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Corrosion", "line": "The English sheet rates general corrosion resistance good and says molybdenum allows limited marine exposure.", "scope": "material" } ], "compare": "The two DEW sheets differ on several figures. The English sheet (Revision-No. 4418-1) gives hardening at 1000 to 1050 C, a use limit around 550 C and cryogenic use, while the German sheet (2015-0028) gives 950 to 1050 C and -30 to 300 C. The English sheet says 1.4418 is more resistant to corrosion than 1.4057. The German sheet rates the PREN at 17,9 to 22,3, and the English sheet prints PRE 17.95 to 22.27. No page for another stainless grade was fetched in this run, so no numeric comparison with other grades is made.", "compare_rows": [ { "label": "Yield strength (QT760 minimum)", "benchmark": "yield_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Tensile strength (QT760 range)", "benchmark": "ultimate_tensile_strength", "scope": "material" }, { "label": "Density", "benchmark": "density", "scope": "material" } ], "handling": [ "Forge after heating gradually to about 800 C, then heat quickly to 1150 to 1180 C, forge between 1180 and 950 C, and cool slowly in an oven or in dry ash (both sheets).", "Preheat to 100 to 200 C before welding, and anneal or temper after welding (both sheets).", "Harden at 1000 to 1050 C (English sheet) or 950 to 1050 C (German sheet), then temper at 590 to 620 C for QT760 or 550 to 620 C for QT900 (German sheet).", "Cold forming is possible and cold heading is not common (both sheets)." ], "good_for": [ "Shafts, axles, pump and centrifuge parts that need quenched and tempered strength with good toughness (DEW).", "Chemical, marine-exposed and aerospace parts where good general corrosion resistance is needed (DEW).", "Parts used down to -30 C (German sheet) or in cryogenic applications (English sheet)." ], "watch_out": [ "Chlorides: DEW gives a risk of pitting corrosion in saturated sodium chloride and in sea water at 20 C.", "Welding: without heat treatment after welding, the heat-affected zone and the weld can differ strongly from the base metal (German sheet).", "The two DEW sheets disagree on hardening, the service range and the electrical resistivity, so check the revision before design.", "Sulphur additions for machinability can lower corrosion resistance (German sheet)." ], "verdict": "EN 1.4418 (X4CrNiMo16-5-1) is a quenched and tempered, corrosion-resistant martensitic steel. DEW sells it for shafts, axles, pump and centrifuge parts and lists aviation and aerospace use. Its strength levels and impact values are sourced. Its limits are pitting in chloride media, weld properties that depend on heat treatment after welding, and two DEW revisions that disagree on several figures. No space-environment, flight or NASA data for 1.4418 were found.", "recipe": { "line": "EN 1.4418 is an iron-based martensitic stainless steel with chromium, nickel and molybdenum and low carbon. Composition limits are in mass percent (German sheet: in Massen-% nach DIN EN 10088-3). The steel is supplied annealed, or hardened and tempered to QT760 or QT900.", "parts": [ { "name": "Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "role": "Matrix of the alloy; the English sheet calls it a soft martensitic steel", "share_note": "balance (the rest)", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block" }, { "name": "Chromium", "symbol": "Cr", "role": "Stainless element for corrosion resistance (general chemistry; the limits are on the sheet)", "share_percent": 15, "share_high": 17, "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block, Cr 15.00 - 17.00" }, { "name": "Nickel", "symbol": "Ni", "role": "Alloying element (the limits are on the sheet)", "share_percent": 4, "share_high": 6, "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block, Ni 4.00 - 6.00" }, { "name": "Molybdenum", "symbol": "Mo", "role": "Alloying element; the English sheet says molybdenum allows limited marine exposure", "share_percent": 0.8, "share_high": 1.5, "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block, Mo 0.80 - 1.50" }, { "name": "Carbon", "symbol": "C", "role": "Kept low", "share_note": "max 0.06", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block, C max. 0.06" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "symbol": "N", "role": "Added nitrogen", "share_note": "min 0.02", "source": "dew-1-4418-uk", "where": "Title block, N >= 0.02" }, { "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "role": "Melt element, held to a maximum", "share_note": "max 0.7", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Chemische Zusammensetzung table, Si max 0,7" }, { "name": "Manganese", "symbol": "Mn", "role": "Melt element, held to a maximum", "share_note": "max 1.5", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Chemische Zusammensetzung table, Mn max 1,5" }, { "name": "Phosphorus", "symbol": "P", "role": "Impurity held low", "share_note": "max 0.04", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Chemische Zusammensetzung table, P max 0,04" }, { "name": "Sulphur", "symbol": "S", "role": "Impurity held low; up to this amount may be added for machinability (German sheet)", "share_note": "max 0.03", "source": "dew-1-4418-de", "where": "Chemische Zusammensetzung table, S max 0,03; Spanende Bearbeitung text" } ] }, "risk_groups": [ { "title": "For people", "lead": "The PubChem records below describe elemental nickel, chromium and molybdenum. No safety data sheet for 1.4418 was read.", "points": [ { "label": "Nickel", "line": "PubChem lists H317, H351, H372 and H412 for elemental nickel." }, { "label": "Chromium", "line": "PubChem lists H317, H319 and H334 for elemental chromium." }, { "label": "Molybdenum", "line": "PubChem lists H225, H228, H315, H319, H335 and H361 for elemental molybdenum, from notifications that vary." } ], "level": 1, "verdict": "PubChem element records only; no SDS read" }, { "title": "In the environment", "lead": "Pitting in chloride water is the main limit in service. The German sheet rates the listed acids resistant.", "points": [ { "label": "Chloride", "line": "DEW gives a risk of pitting corrosion in saturated sodium chloride and in sea water at 20 C." }, { "label": "Acids", "line": "DEW rates 7 percent nitric acid, 1 percent sulphuric acid and 10 percent formic acid at 20 C as resistant." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Chlorides are the main watch point" }, { "title": "Welding and heat", "lead": "Welding needs preheat and heat treatment afterwards to keep the weld close to the base metal.", "points": [ { "label": "Preheat", "line": "Preheat to 100 to 200 C before welding (both sheets)." }, { "label": "After welding", "line": "Anneal or temper after welding (both sheets)." } ], "level": 2, "verdict": "Preheat, then heat-treat after welding" } ] }, "updated": "2026-10-24", "review": { "status": "draft", "method": "assistant", "checked_values": 38, "unreachable": 0, "caveats": 4, "note": "Written by an AI assistant on 2026-10-24 from pages fetched in this run: the two DEW 1.4418 datasheets (English Revision-No. 4418-1 and German 2015-0028), USGS MCS 2026 chromium, nickel and molybdenum, and PubChem nickel, chromium and molybdenum. Web search was unavailable, so the pages were fetched directly. Caveats: the DEW sheets disagree on hardening, service range, thermal expansion from 20 to 100 C and electrical resistivity; the English typical values carry no tempering temperature." }, "sources": { "dew-1-4418-uk": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke (Swiss Steel Group): 1.4418 X4CrNiMo16-5-1 datasheet, English", "id": "Revision-No. 4418-1", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/Datenblatt_4418_UK.pdf", "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "dew-1-4418-de": { "title": "Deutsche Edelstahlwerke: Acidur 4418 Werkstoffdatenblatt, X4CrNiMo16-5-1, 1.4418", "id": "2015-0028", "url": "https://swisssteel-group.com/content-media/documents/Data-Sheets/Stainless-Steel/1.4418_de.pdf", "year": 2015, "kind": "datasheet", "license": "cited, not reproduced" }, "usgs-chromium-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Chromium", "id": "mcs2026-chromium", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "usgs-nickel-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Nickel", "id": "mcs2026-nickel", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "usgs-molybdenum-2026": { "title": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Molybdenum", "id": "mcs2026-molybdenum", "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf", "year": 2026, "kind": "report", "license": "public domain" }, "pubchem-nickel": { "title": "PubChem: Nickel (CID 935), UN GHS classification", "id": "CID 935", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/935/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "pubchem-chromium": { "title": "PubChem: Chromium (CID 23976), UN GHS classification", "id": "CID 23976", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23976/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" }, "pubchem-molybdenum": { "title": "PubChem: Molybdenum (CID 23932), GHS classification", "id": "CID 23932", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/23932/JSON", "kind": "database", "license": "PubChem terms (public)" } }, "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://spacemushroom.com/profiles/stainless-14418/" }